Mechanistic Insights into Bisphenol A-Mediated Male Infertility: Potential Role of Panax Ginseng Extract.

Male infertility is identified by the inability of a man to successfully impregnate his fertile female partner, even following a year of regular unprotected sexual intercourse. About half of all infertility cases are attributed to what is known as "male factor" infertility. The escalating prevalence of male infertility in the contemporary era across the globe can be largely attributed to environmental pollution, which is the common etiological factor due to the ubiquitous presence of the environmental contaminants. Bisphenol A is recognized as an endocrine-disrupting chemical that has adverse effects on both male and female reproductive systems. On the other hand, numerous studies have demonstrated that Panax ginseng possessed the potential to improve male infertility parameters; promote spermatogenesis, recover the quality and motility of sperm and enhance testicular functions as it acted as a natural androgen supplement. The objective of this review is to offer a summary of the findings obtained from the current research data on the insult of bisphenol A (BPA) on male infertility and its supposed mode of action, as well as shed light on the potent ameliorative role of Panax ginseng extract, with a special focus on the mechanism behind its action. This review delivers a clear understanding of BPA mechanism of action on male infertility and the presumed risks deriving from its exposure. Also, this review provides evidence for the functional role of Panax ginseng extract in restoring male fertility.

Anti-proliferative, Morphological and Molecular Docking Studies of New Thiophene Derivatives and their Strategy in Ionic Liquids Immobilized Reactions.

BACKGROUND: A number of research were conducted on the pyran and thiophene derivatives, which were attributed to have a wide range of biological activities, including anti-plasmodial, as well as acting as caspase, hepatitis C and cancer inhibitors. OBJECTIVE: The multicomponent reactions of the 5-acetyl-2-amino-4-(phenylamino)-thiophene-3-carbonitrile produced biologically active target molecules like pyran and their fused derivatives. Comparison between regular catalytic multi-component reactions and solvent-free ionic liquids immobilized multicomponent was studied. METHODS: The multicomponent reactions in this work were carried out not only under the reflux conditions using triethylamine as a catalyst but also in solvent-free ionic liquids immobilized magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) catalysts. RESULTS: Through this work, thirty-one new compounds were synthesized and characterized and were evaluated toward the six cancer cell lines, namely A549, HT-29, MKN-45, U87MG, and SMMC-7721 and H460. The most active compounds were further screened toward seventeen cancer cell lines classified according to the disease. In addition, the effect of compound 11e on the A549 cell line was selected to make further morphological changes in the cell line. The Molecular docking studies of 11e and 11f were carried and promising results were obtained. CONCLUSION: The synthesis of heterocyclic compounds derived from thiophene derivatives has been receiving significant attention. After a detailed optimizing study, it has been found that the solvent-free ionic liquids immobilized multi-component syntheses afforded a high yield of compounds, opening a greener procedure for this synthetically relevant transformation. Many of the synthesized compounds can be considered anticancer agents, enhancing further studies.

Ionic Liquids Immobilized Synthesis of New Xanthenes Derivatives and their Antiproliferative, Molecular Docking, and Morphological Studies.

BACKGROUND: Xanthenes and benzoxanthenesare are highly valuable compounds in organic chemistry and medicinal chemistry. Xanthene derivatives were found to have many applications in medicinal chemistry. OBJECTIVE: This work aims to explore the synthesis of xanthene derivatives with various substituents and find the possibility of their uses as anticancer agents. METHODS: The basic starting compound through this work was the 2,3-dihydro-1H-xanthen-1-one (3), which was synthesized from the reaction of cyclohexan-1,3-dione and 2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Compound 3 was used to synthesize new thiophene, pyrimidine, isoxazole, and thiazole derivatives based on the xanthenes nucleus. Fused xanthene derivatives were obtained through further heterocyclization reactions. Multicomponent reactions expressed in this work were carried out in the presence of solvent catalyzed by Et3N and in solvent-free ionic liquid immobilized catalyst. RESULTS: Cytotoxicity for the newly synthesized compounds toward cancer cell lines was measured, and the results revealed that many compounds exhibited high inhibitions. CONCLUSION: The antiproliferative activity of the synthesized compounds was studied on six selected cancer cell lines. The nature of the heterocyclic ring and the variations of substituted groups showed a high effect through the inhibitions of the tested compound.