Methylotrophic methanogenesis induced by ammonia nitrogen in an anaerobic digestion system.

OBJECTIVES: This lab-scale study aimed to investigate the effect of total ammonia nitrogen (TAN) stress on the methanogenic activity and the taxonomic and functional profiles of the microbial community of anaerobic sludge (AS) from a full-scale bioreactor. METHODS: The AS was subjected to a stepwise increase in TAN every 14 days at concentrations of 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, and 4 g TAN/L (Acclimated-AS or AAS). This acclimation stage was followed by an ammonia stress stage (4 g/L). A blank-AS (BAS) was maintained without TAN during the acclimation stage. In the second stress stage (ST), the BAS was divided into two new treatments: a control (BAS') and one that received a shock load of TAN of 4 g/L (SBAS'). Methane production was measured, and a metagenomic analysis was conducted to describe the microbial community. RESULTS: A decrease in the relative abundance of Methanothrix soehngenii of 16 % was related to a decrease of 23 % in the methanogenic capacity of AAS when comparing with the final stage of BAS. However, recovery was observed at 3.5 g TAN/L, and a shift to methylotrophic metabolism occurred, indicated by a 4-fold increase in abundance of Methanosarcina mazei. The functional analysis of sludge metagenomes indicated that no statistical differences (p > 0.05, RM ANOVA) were found in the relative abundance of methanogenic genes that initiate acetoclastic and hydrogenotrophic pathways (acetyl-CoA synthetase, ACSS; acetate kinase, ackA; phosphate acetyltransferase, pta; and formylmethanofuran dehydrogenase subunit A, fwdA) into the BAS and AAS during the acclimation phase. The same was observed between groups of genes associated with methanogenesis from methylated compounds. In contrast, statistical differences (p < 0.05, one-way ANOVA) in the relative abundance of these genes were recorded during ST. The functional profiles of the genes involved in acetoclastic, hydrogenotrophic, and methylotrophic methanogenic pathways were brought to light for acclimatation and stress experimental stages. CONCLUSIONS: TAN inhibited methanogenic activity and acetoclastic metabolism. The gradual acclimatization to TAN leads to metabolic and taxonomic changes that allow for the subsequent recovery of methanogenic functionality. The study highlights the importance of adequate management of anaerobic bioprocesses with high nitrogen loads to maintain the methanogenic functionality of the microbial community.

Toilet effluent separation and brown water treatment: Survey and initial feasibility testing in Mexico.

Separation of domestic effluents at the source and the utilization of low-flush toilets offer alternative approaches for developing efficient wastewater treatment systems while promoting energy generation through anaerobic digestion. This study focused on assessing toilet usage in Mexico and exploring the potential of anaerobic co-digestion of brown water (feces) and toilet paper as influential factors in wastewater treatment systems. A survey was conducted on a representative sample of Mexicans to gather information on toilet usage frequency, toilet paper use and disposal practices, as well as the type and quantity of commercial disinfectants and pharmaceutical compounds they use or consume. The survey revealed that per capita toilet paper consumption is 2.9 kg annually, that 58 % of respondents do not dispose used paper in the toilet, and that about 47 % use two to three cleaning and disinfection products. Notably, 97 % of the sampled Mexican population expressed a willingness to transition to more eco-friendly toilet options. Subsequently, in a second step, the anaerobic co-digestion of brown water with toilet paper was evaluated, demonstrating a relatively high production of volatile fatty acids but low methane production. This suggests an efficient hydrolysis/acidogenesis process coupled with restrained methanogenesis, probably due to pH decrease caused by acidogenesis. This study underscores that toilet paper and brown water are potential suitable substrates for anaerobic co-digestion. Furthermore, it sheds light on the behaviors of Mexican society regarding bathroom use and cleaning, contributing to the establishment of foundations for wastewater treatment systems with effluent separation at the source.

Efecto del oxígeno y la glucosa en la metanogénesis y mineralización de resinas poliméricas / The effect of oxygen and glucose on polymeric resin methanogenesis and mineralisation

The effect of dissolved oxygen concentration and glucose on polymeric resin compounds’ methanogenesisand mineralisation was examined in batch cultures. They were inoculated with sludge from an upflow anaerobicsludge blanket reactor fed with polymeric resin compounds and 1.0 mg L-1 steady-state dissolved oxygen.All tests were carried out with 1,500 mg L-1 chemical oxygen demand (COD), at 30±2ºC, with 23.8 g L-1 volatile suspended solids (VSS) as inoculum and 1:1 COD/VSS ratio. The effect of different dissolved oxygen concentrations showed that COD efficiently removed glucose whilst methanogenic activity remained constant at low concentrations (0.6 and 1.0 mg L-1), but polymeric resin compounds’ COD removal efficiency increased 58.1±1% whilst methane yield decreased, due to the higher aerobic mineralisation of carbon to carbon dioxide. The result of different glucose/polymeric resin compound ratios in the presence of 0.6 mg L-1 dissolved oxygen showed that glucose did not improve polymeric resin compound removal. However, methanogenic activity decreased by 75% with polymeric resin compounds as substrate compared to methanogenic activity with glucose as sole carbon source, suggesting that the presence of glucose promotes conditions for highertolerance to oxygen. The presence of low dissolved oxygen concentrations therefore promotes polymeric resin compounds’ methanogenesis and mineralisation.

En el presente trabajo se evaluó el efecto de la concentración de oxígeno disuelto (OD) y la presencia de laglucosa en la metanogénesis y mineralización de los compuestos de resinas poliméricas, mediante cultivos en lote. El inóculo utilizado para los cultivos fueron lodos procedentes de un reactor de lecho de lodos con flujoascendente UASB (por sus siglas en inglés), alimentado con glucosa y aguas residuales de resinas poliméricas,y 1,0 mg L-1 d-1 de oxígeno disuelto en estado estacionario. Todas las pruebas fueron realizadas con 1500 mgL-1 de demanda química de oxígeno, a 30±2° C, con 23,8 g L-1 de sólidos suspendidos volátiles como inóculoy una relación demanda química de oxígeno / sólidos suspendidos volátiles de 1. El efecto de diferentesconcentraciones de oxígeno disuelto mostró que, para la glucosa, con bajas concentraciones (0,6 y 1,0 mgL-1) la eficiencia de remoción de la demanda química de oxígeno y la actividad metanogénicas permanecieronconstantes, pero la eficiencia de remoción de la demanda química de oxígeno para los compuestos de resinaspoliméricas aumentó 58,1±1% y el rendimiento de metano disminuyó, debido a que una mayor fracción delcarbono alimentado fue mineralizada a dióxido de carbono, posiblemente por una ruta aerobia. Los resultadoscon diferentes proporciones de glucosa / compuestos de resinas poliméricas (CRP) en presencia de 0,6 mg L-1 de oxígeno disuelto mostraron que la presencia de glucosa no mejoró la eliminación de los compuestosde resinas poliméricas. Sin embargo, la actividad metanogénica disminuyó en un 75% cuando solamente se usó a los compuestos de resinas poliméricas como sustrato, al compararla con la actividad metanogénica con glucosa como única fuente de carbono, sugiriendo que la glucosa no favorece la eliminación de los compuestosde resinas poliméricas, pero proporciona una mejor tolerancia al oxígeno..