Innovations in imaging modalities: a comparative review of MRI, long-axial field-of-view PET, and full-ring CZT-SPECT in detecting bone metastases.

The accurate diagnosis of bone metastasis, a condition in which cancer cells have spread to the bone, is essential for optimal patient care and outcome. This review provides a detailed overview of the current medical imaging techniques used to detect and diagnose this critical condition focusing on three cardinal imaging modalities: positron emission tomography (PET), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Each of these techniques has unique advantages: PET/CT combines functional imaging with anatomical imaging, allowing precise localization of metabolic abnormalities; the SPECT/CT offers a wider range of radiopharmaceuticals for visualizing specific receptors and metabolic pathways; MRI stands out for its unparalleled ability to produce high-resolution images of bone marrow structures. However, as this paper shows, each modality has its own limitations. The comprehensive analysis does not stop at the technical aspects, but ventures into the wider implications of these techniques in a clinical setting. By understanding the synergies and shortcomings of these modalities, healthcare professionals can make diagnostic and therapeutic decisions. Furthermore, at a time when medical technology is evolving at a breakneck pace, this review casts a speculative eye towards future advances in the field of bone metastasis imaging, bridging the current state with future possibilities. Such insights are essential for both clinicians and researchers navigating the complex landscape of bone metastasis diagnosis.

Use of secondary air kerma from dose area product and fluoroscopy time for preventive effective dose estimation in interventional radiology procedures for staff.

INTRODUCTION: interventional radiology workers are potentially exposed to high levels of ionizing radiation, therefore preventive dose estimation is mandatory for the correct risk classification of staff. Effective dose (ED) is a radiation protection quantity strictly related to the secondary air kerma (KS), using appropriate multiplicative conversion factors (ICRP 106). The aim of this work is to evaluate the accuracy ofKSestimated from physically measurable quantities such as dose-area product (DAP) or fluoroscopy time (FT). METHODS: radiological units (n= 4) were characterized in terms of primary beam air kerma and DAP-meter response, consequently defining a DAP-meter correction factor (CF) for each unit.KS, scattered from an anthropomorphic phantom and measured by a digital multimeter, was then compared with the value estimated from DAP and FT. Different combinations of tube voltages, field sizes, current and scattering angles were used to simulate the variation of working conditions. Further measurements were performed to estimate the couch transmission factor for different phantom placements on the operational couch, defining a CF as the mean transmission factor. RESULTS: when no CFs were applied, the measuredKSshowed a median percentage difference of between 33.8% and 115.7% with respect toKSevaluated from DAP, and between -46.3% and 101.8% forKSevaluated from FT. By contrast, when previously defined CFs were applied to the evaluatedKS, the median percentage difference between the measuredKSand the value evaluated from DAP ranged from between -7.94% and 15.0%, and between -66.2% and 17.2% for that evaluated from FT. CONCLUSION: when appropriate CF are applied, the preventive ED estimation from the median DAP value seems to be more conservative and easier to obtain with respect to the one obtained from the FT value. Further measurements should be performed with a personal dosimeter during routine activities to assess the properKSto ED conversion factor.

Delphi consensus on the monitoring tools of main individual risk factors for chronic diseases by the company doctor. / Ricerca di consenso Delphi sugli strumenti per il monitoraggio da parte del medico competente dei principali fattori di rischio individuali per malattie croniche.

BACKGROUND: Data on individual risk factors for chronic diseases (smoking, physical activity, body mass) are collected by company physicians in heterogeneous ways. This makes comparisons, researches and evaluations difficult. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to find a consensus on evaluation tools for chronic diseases risk factors and for health promotion programs in workplaces that could be performed by company physicians during their clinical activity. METHODS: A first set of tools, proposed by a working group of occupational physicians in Bergamo, was submitted through the Delphi technique to a national expert panel of 22 persons including recognized national experts in specific fields and occupational physicians skilled in health promotion. RESULTS: In three Delphi rounds, the panel selected a set of tools to monitor the main individual risk factors for chronic diseases (smoking, alcohol, physical activity, nutrition, stress and mental health) as well as general data related to the worker and his job. CONCLUSIONS: The use of these specific tools, collected in a homogeneous format, should be recommended to all Italian company physicians, in particular those who work in WHP-programs, in order to allow analysis, comparison and evaluation of health promotion programs effectiveness at a national level.

A public health e-learning master's programme with a focus on health workforce development targeting francophone Africa: the University of Geneva experience.

BACKGROUND: Shortage of a competent public health workforce is as a worldwide problem. The situation is especially bad in sub-Saharan Africa. In 2008, the World Health Organization and the Global Health Workforce Alliance launched a call for proposals for a public health training programme with an emphasis on health workforce development specifically targeting Africa. Our article presents the development, implementation and evaluation of an e-learning Master of Advanced Studies in Public Health on Workforce Development. The project was developed in collaboration with academic partner institutions of 10 French-speaking African countries and local/regional/HQ WHO offices. METHODS: A five-step approach was adopted. First, a needs assessment study was done in the target countries, with identification of priority health issues. Second, student and tutor selection was done in collaboration with local WHO offices, health authorities and partner universities. Third, the e-platform was developed and a training workshop for tutors was organized. Fourth, the learning objectives were derived from the needs assessment study and an interactive educational approach was adopted. Fifth, the participation of students, their perception of the programme, their performance on assignments and community outcomes were monitored. RESULTS: The needs assessment allowed the identification of 12 priority health issues (trauma related to road accidents, maternal and child health, HIV/AIDS, mental heath, food and malnutrition, health resource management, infectious diseases, access to essential drugs, chronic diseases, health promotion, ageing and violence/conflicts) of which 10 were studied through the lens of the key public health disciplines (epidemiology, human resources, health project/service planning, health policy, communication, health economics/management, informatics and ethics/human rights), each validated through a certifying examination. Student participation, measured through connection hits (total: 58 256; mean: 168/student/module) and posted messages (total: 5994; mean: 18/student/module), was good, and global satisfaction was high (7.7/10). Twenty-nine students out of 37 obtained their master's degree from the University of Geneva. Outcomes reported include career development, strengthening of inter-country networks and common projects. CONCLUSIONS: Keys to the success of the programme were the enthusiasm and commitment of students, the availability of the coordination team, the simplicity of the electronic platform and the support of local/regional/WHO offices. Yet, the sustainability of the programme is not assured.

[Assessment of the impact over one year of a workplace health promotion programme in the province of Bergamo]. / Stima dell's effecto ad un anno di un programma di promozione della salute nei luoghi di lavoro in provincia di Bergamo.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate short-term effects of integrated health promotion in the workplace within the framework of the Bergamo WHP (Workplace Health Promotion) network, which involves 94 companies and about 21,000 workers. METHODS: A controlled non-randomized, before-after evaluation was carried out. Data were collected through anonymous questionnaires before (t0) and after participation in a 12-month health promotion programme (t1). The "control" group consisted of workers of companies participating in the programme who had not yet undertaken any interventions in the theme areas covered by the assessment. RESULTS: In the workers participating in the programme, positive early effects (after 12 months) were related to intake of food providing protection (fruit and vegetables) and increased rates of smoking cessation. The effects were more evident in males and in white collars. The physical activity and alcohol consumption trends went in the desired direction and with more effects than in the non-participating group, but without statistical significance. In the short term, no evident changes in events of road injury risk or in the quality of personal relationships were seen, probably due to the small size of the sample involved in these study areas. CONCLUSIONS: The results, although within the methodological limitations of the study, showed that after 12 months there was a reduction in some important risk factors for chronic diseases in workers participating in the programme, particularly for fruit and vegetable intake and smoking cessation. It will be important to monitor the effects of the programme on other risk factors in the medium and long term, and also the impact of employment status and gender so as to adjust the programme interventions accordingly. Cooperation with occupational/authorized physicians with use of their data collected from health surveillance, together with a limited set of general risk factor indicators, would be a desirable development for further studies.

Impact of data transfer between treatment planning systems on dosimetric parameters.

PURPOSE: In radiotherapy it is often necessary to transfer a patient's DICOM (Digital Imaging and COmmunications in Medicine) dataset from one system to another for re-treatment, plan-summation or registration purposes. The aim of the study is to evaluate effects of dataset transfer between treatment planning systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-five patients treated in a 0.35T MR-Linac (MRidian, ViewRay) for locally-advanced pancreatic cancer were enrolled. For each patient, a nominal dose distribution was optimized on the planning MRI. Each plan was daily re-optimized if needed to match the anatomy and exported from MRIdian-TPS (ViewRay Inc.) to Eclipse-TPS (Siemens-Varian). A comparison between the two TPSs was performed considering the PTV and OARs volumes (cc), as well as dose coverages and clinical constraints. RESULTS: From the twenty-five enrolled patients, 139 plans were included in the data comparison. The median values of percentage PTV volume variation are 10.8 % for each fraction, while percentage differences of PTV coverage have a mean value of -1.4 %. The median values of the percentage OARs volume variation are 16.0 %, 7.0 %, 10.4 % and 8.5 % for duodenum, stomach, small and large bowel, respectively. The percentage variations of the dose constraints are 41.0 %, 52.7 % and 49.8 % for duodenum, stomach and small bowel, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study has demonstrated a non-negligible variation in size and dosimetric parameters when datasets are transferred between TPSs. Such variations should be clinically considered. Investigations are focused on DICOM structure algorithm employed by the TPSs during the transfer to understand the cause of such variations.

Health workforce development: a needs assessment study in French speaking African countries.

In 2006, WHO alerted the world to a global health workforce crisis, demonstrated through critical shortages of health workers, primarily in Sub-Saharan Africa (WHO in World Health Report, 2006). The objective of our study was to assess, in a participative way, the educational needs for public health and health workforce development among potential trainees and training institutions in nine French-speaking African countries. A needs assessment was conducted in the target countries according to four approaches: (1) Review at national level of health challenges. (2) Semi-directed interviews with heads of relevant training institutions. (3) Focus group discussions with key-informants. (4) A questionnaire-based study targeting health professionals identified as potential trainees. A needs assessment showed important public health challenges in the field of health workforce development among the target countries (e.g. unequal HRH distribution in the country, ageing of HRH, lack of adequate training). It also showed a demand for education and training institutions that are able to offer a training programme in health workforce development, and identified training objectives and core competencies useful to potential employers and future trainees (e.g. leadership, planning/evaluation, management, research skill). In combining various approaches our study was able to show a general demand for health managers who are able to plan, develop and manage a nation's health workforce. It also identified specific competencies that should be developed through an education and training program in public health with a focus on health workforce development.

Synchronous Treatment of Breast Cancer Hepatic Metastases by Transarterial Radioembolization and Radiofrequency Thermoablation: A Case Report.

ABSTRACT: In a 51-year-old woman affected by breast cancer, hepatic recurrence of disease was managed by concurrent 90 Y-labeled glass microsphere embolization (transarterial radioembolization) and radiofrequency thermoablation. Intention-to-treat target, candidate to radioembolization, was in the IV hepatic segment; another lesion, managed with radiofrequency thermoablation, was in the VI-VII hepatic segment. Concomitant correction of a duodenocephalopancreatic shunting was performed as well. Thermoablation did not interfere with distribution of 99m Tc-macroaggregated albumin and 90 Y-labeled microspheres to the target and healthy liver. At our knowledge, this is the first report that combines 2 locoregional procedures in different hepatic segments on the same day.

Automation of pencil beam scanning proton treatment planning for intracranial tumours.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the feasibility of comprehensive automation of an intra-cranial proton treatment planning. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Class solution (CS) beam configuration selection allows the user to identify predefined beam configuration based on target localization; automatic CS (aCS) will then explore all the possible CS beam geometries. Ten patients, already used for the evaluation of the automatic selection of the beam configuration, have been also employed to training an algorithm based on the computation of a benchmark dose exploit automatic general planning solution (GPS) optimization with a wish list approach for the planning optimization. An independent cohort of ten patients has been then used for the evaluation step between the clinical and the GPS plan in terms of dosimetric quality of plans and the time needed to generate a plan. RESULTS: The definition of a beam configuration requires on average 22 min (range 9-29 min). The average time for GPS plan generation is 18 min (range 7-26 min). Median dose differences (GPS-Manual) for each OAR constraints are: brainstem -1.60 Gy, left cochlea -1.22 Gy, right cochlea -1.42 Gy, left eye 0.55 Gy, right eye -2.33 Gy, optic chiasm -1.87 Gy, left optic nerve -4.45 Gy, right optic nerve -2.48 Gy and optic tract -0.31 Gy. Dosimetric CS and aCS plan evaluation shows a slightly worsening of the OARs values except for the optic tract and optic chiasm for both CS and aCS, where better results have been observed. CONCLUSION: This study has shown the feasibility and implementation of the automatic planning system for intracranial tumors. The method developed in this work is ready to be implemented in a clinical workflow.

Dose-response Analysis in Hepatic Tumors Treated with 90Y-TARE According to a Personalized Dosimetric Workflow: Preliminary Results.

BACKGROUND: Transarterial Radioembolization (TARE) is a widespread radiation therapy for unresectable hepatic lesions, but a clear understanding of the dose-response link is still missing. The aim of this preliminary study is to investigate the role of both dosimetric and clinical parameters as classifiers or predictors of response and survival for TARE in hepatic tumors and to present possible response cut-off. METHODS: 20 patients treated with glass or resin microspheres according to a personalized workflow were included. Dosimetric parameters were extracted from personalized absorbed dose maps obtained from the convolution of 90Y PET images with 90Y voxel S-values. RESULTS: D95 ≥ 104 Gy and tumor mean absorbed dose MADt ≥ 229 Gy were found to be optimal cut-off values for complete response, while D30 ≥ 180 Gy and MADt ≥ 117 Gy were selected as cut-off values for at least partial response and predicted better survival. Clinical parameters Alanine Transaminase (ALT) and Model for End-Stage Liver Disease (MELD) didn't show sufficient classification capability for response or survival. CONCUSION: These preliminary results highlight the importance of an accurate dosimetric evaluation and suggest a cautious approach when considering clinical indicators. Dosimetric cut-off values could be a support tool in both planning and post-treatment phases. Larger multi-centric randomized trials, with standardized methods regarding patient selection, response criteria, Regions of Interest definition, dosimetric approach and activity planning are needed to confirm these promising results.

Why we should care about gas pockets in online adaptive MRgRT: a dosimetric evaluation.

Introduction: Contouring of gas pockets is a time consuming step in the workflow of adaptive radiotherapy. We would like to better understand which gas pockets electronic densitiy should be used and the dosimetric impact on adaptive MRgRT treatment. Materials and methods: 21 CT scans of patients undergoing SBRT were retrospectively evaluated. Anatomical structures were contoured: Gross Tumour Volume (GTV), stomach (ST), small bowel (SB), large bowel (LB), gas pockets (GAS) and gas in each organ respectively STG, SBG, LBG. Average HU in GAS was converted in RED, the obtained value has been named as Gastrointestinal Gas RED (GIGED). Differences of average HU in GAS, STG, SBG and LBG were computed. Three treatment plans were calculated editing the GAS volume RED that was overwritten with: air RED (0.0012), water RED (1.000), GIGED, generating respectively APLAN, WPLAN and the GPLAN. 2-D dose distributions were analyzed by gamma analysis. Parameter called active gas volume (AGV) was calculated as the intersection of GAS with the isodose of 5% of prescription dose. Results: Average HU value contained in GAS results to be equal to -620. No significative difference was noted between the average HU of gas in different organ at risk. Value of Gamma Passing Rate (GPR) anticorrelates with the AGV for each plan comparison and the threshold value for GPR to fall below 90% is 41, 60 and 139 cc for WPLANvsAPLAN, GPLANvsAPLAN and WPLANvsGPLAN respectively. Discussions: GIGED is the right RED for Gastrointestinal Gas. Novel AGV is a useful parameter to evaluate the effect of gas pocket on dose distribution.

[A model of continuity of care for not residents through medical-nursing teleconsultation in a Hub & Spoke network]. / Un modello di continuità assistenziale per turisti e non residenti tramite teleconsulto medico-infermieristico in rete Hub & Spoke.

. A model of continuity of care for not residents through medical-nursing teleconsultation in a Hub & Spoke network. INTRODUCTION: The Seasonal Continuity of Care (CAS) is a service of the Bergamo Health Protection Agency that provides medical and healthcare services, guaranteeing outpatient or home care to Italian and foreign tourists and seasonal workers during the months of July and August. The Covid-19 pandemic and the shortage of doctors made it impossible to provide the service in 2021 as in previous summer seasons. AIMS: To activate a CAS service with the involvement of nurses. METHODS: A "Hub-Spoke" network model was activated; nurses in the Spoke sites, with the patient in attendance, through teleconsultation by video call, made remote contact with a doctor in the Hub. RESULTS: In the 3 Spoke CASs, from 2 to 22 August 2021, 274 services (of which 14.3% were teleconsultations between the nurse at the Spoke CAS site and the doctor at the Hub site) and 162 repeat prescription requests were made. Teleconsultation was mainly performed for patients with acute pathology (71.8%), mainly for arthralgia and fever. In the majority of cases, it was sufficient to answer to the needs of the patient (87.2%); a small number of cases were referred to a doctor's appointment (10.3%) or to Emergency Department (2.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Nurse triage reduced the time of medical visits, allowing more patients to be taken care of. The need for digital infrastructure, training and integration with district services emerged.

Metallome deregulation and health-related impacts due to long-term exposure to recent volcanic ash deposits: New chemical and isotopic insights.

Volcanic ash exposure can lead to significant health risks. Damage to the respiratory and pulmonary systems are the most evident toxic side effects although the causes of these symptoms remain unclear. Conversely, the effects on other organs remain largely under-explored, limiting our understanding of the long-term volcanic ash-related risk at the whole-body scale. The metallome i.e. metal concentrations and isotopic compositions within the body, is suspected to be affected by volcanic ash exposure, having thus the potential for capturing some specificities of ash toxicity. However, the means by and extent to which the metallome is affected at the entire body scale and how the consequent chemical and isotopic deregulations correlate with pathophysiological dysfunctions are currently poorly understood. Here, we adopt a transdisciplinary approach combining high precision chemical analyses (major and trace element concentrations) and CuZn isotope measurements in seven organs and two biological fluids of isogenic mice (C57BL/6) exposed to eruption products from La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (Eastern Carribean), in tandem with biological parameters including physiological and morphological data. Based on principal component analysis, we show that after one month of exposure to volcanic ash deposits, the mice metallome; originally organ-specific and isotopically-typified, is highly disrupted as shown for example by heavy metal accumulation in testis (e.g., Fe, Zn) and Cu, Zn isotopic divergence in liver, intestine and blood. These metallomic variations are correlated with early testicular defects and might reflect the warning signs of premature (entero)hepatic impairments that may seriously affect fertility and favor the emergence of liver diseases after prolonged exposure. Monitoring the temporal evolution of the Cu and Zn isotope compositions seems to be a promising technique to identify the main biological processes and vital functions that are vulnerable to environmental volcanogenic pollutants although this will require further validation on human subjects.

Impact of a population-based colorectal cancer screening program on local health services demand in Italy: a 7-year survey in a northern province.

OBJECTIVES: In 2005, the National Health Service recommended a population-based colorectal cancer (CRC) screening program using biennial fecal occult blood testing (FOBT), followed by total colonoscopy in positive patients. So far, no studies have been performed to evaluate the impact of a mass-screening CRC campaign on the health system services at the community level in Italy. We have therefore assessed the workload generated by the first two biennial rounds of screening program on the activity of hospital services involved in CRC diagnosis in the Lecco province. METHODS: Routine data from all hospital services of our province were collected on activity levels related to CRC diagnosis from January 2003 to December 2009. This time span covered the 2 years prior to, as well as the two biennial rounds of the CRC screening program. In particular, we focused on the volume of outpatient FOBTs and colonoscopies (both diagnostic and interventional) performed among subjects outside the screening program. Joinpoint models were used to test whether an apparent change in trend of examination over time was statistically significant in different age cohorts of the population (<50 years, 50-69 years, and ≥70 years). RESULTS: The volume of "extra-screening" per-patient/FOBTs and colonoscopies increased significantly over the evaluated periods in all ages, until year 2008, when a steady trend was beginning; the AAPCs (average of the annual percent changes) values were 5.7, 3.1, and 8.4 for FOBT and 14.6, 13.4, and 16.7 for colonoscopy in the three age cohorts, respectively. However, the increase in both FOBT and colonoscopy demand was maximal in the cohort ≥70 years, where three statistically significant annual percent changes (APCs) were identified (in 2003-2005, 2005-2006, and 2006-2007 APCs were 12.3, 14.9, and 15.9 for FOBT, and 18.7, 36.8, and 25.4 for colonoscopy, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: After the implementation of a FOBT-based mass-screening program for CRC, careful consideration must be given to the significant increase in the workload of hospital services involved in CRC diagnosis, outside the screening campaign. The extra-work mainly involves gastroenterologists performing colonoscopy, whose activity increased over the 5-year period by 118%, as well as laboratory services, where the demand of FOBTs rose by 40%. This phenomenon, mainly attributable to a profound change in the attitude toward CRC screening by those age cohorts outside the program, covers a time span of two full rounds of screening, whereupon a steady trend for colonoscopy is apparent.

[Workplace health promotion: description and preliminary results of ASL of Bergamo integrated]. / Promuovere la salute in azienda: descrizione e primi risultati di un intervento interdiscliplinare dell'ASL di Bergamo.

Interventions for health promotion in the workplace (WHP programs) can improve the health of workers, acting on modifiable risk factors for chronic diseases. The effectiveness of integrated programs of health promotion in companies is well described in literature. Our project was conducted in two mid-sized companies in the province of Bergamo, respectively with 170 and 230 employees. The project issues were in the following areas: tobacco smoke (awareness and support to smoking cessation); nutrition (awareness and practical action on the workplace canteen); physical activity (awareness, information and practical ways of incentives); prevention of road accidents (training and initiatives to promote safety). The analysis of the behaviours and individual risk factors was performed by a questionnaire at the beginning of the project and a year later. 95 initial questionnaires were returned and processed for the company A and 168 for the company B; their results were discussed with company management, the company doctors and workers representatives and allowed the formulation of a "company assessment risk profile" according to the methodology of the Assessment of Health Risks with Feedback (AHRF). There have been training/awareness messages in working hours for all employees on areas of lifestyle and have started work on the canteen, actions to promote road safety, physical activity and interventions to counter the smoking. The effectiveness of group treatments for smoking cessation has been of 55.6% at 3 months and 50% at 6 months (at the present only a company has achieved 6 months of follow up).

A DROP-IN beta probe for robot-assisted 68Ga-PSMA radioguided surgery: first ex vivo technology evaluation using prostate cancer specimens.

BACKGROUND: Recently, a flexible DROP-IN gamma-probe was introduced for robot-assisted radioguided surgery, using traditional low-energy SPECT-isotopes. In parallel, a novel approach to achieve sensitive radioguidance using beta-emitting PET isotopes has been proposed. Integration of these two concepts would allow to exploit the use of PET tracers during robot-assisted tumor-receptor-targeted. In this study, we have engineered and validated the performance of a novel DROP-IN beta particle (DROP-INß) detector. METHODS: Seven prostate cancer patients with PSMA-PET positive tumors received an additional intraoperative injection of ~ 70 MBq 68Ga-PSMA-11, followed by robot-assisted prostatectomy and extended pelvic lymph node dissection. The surgical specimens from these procedures were used to validate the performance of our DROP-INß probe prototype, which merged a scintillating detector with a housing optimized for a 12-mm trocar and prograsp instruments. RESULTS: After optimization of the detector and probe housing via Monte Carlo simulations, the resulting DROP-INß probe prototype was tested in a robotic setting. In the ex vivo setting, the probe-positioned by the robot-was able to identify 68Ga-PSMA-11 containing hot-spots in the surgical specimens: signal-to-background (S/B) was > 5 when pathology confirmed that the tumor was located < 1 mm below the specimen surface. 68Ga-PSMA-11 containing (and PET positive) lymph nodes, as found in two patients, were also confirmed with the DROP-INß probe (S/B > 3). The rotational freedom of the DROP-IN design and the ability to manipulate the probe with the prograsp tool allowed the surgeon to perform autonomous beta-tracing. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the feasibility of beta-radioguided surgery in a robotic context by means of a DROP-INß detector. When translated to an in vivo setting in the future, this technique could provide a valuable tool in detecting tumor remnants on the prostate surface and in confirmation of PSMA-PET positive lymph nodes.

[High protein and vitamin cereal bars: enzymatic and vitamins C and E stability during storage]. / Barra de cereals de elevado teor protéico e vitamínico: estabilidade enzimática e das vitaminas C e E durante armazenamento.

Cereal-based products have become an excellent vehicle for delivering tasty functional food ingredients to busy consumers. One emerging trends is food products formulates with soy protein because of its proven health benefits. Because of the potential usefulness of these products, it was considered of interest to determine the stability of cereal bars based on soy protein, wheat germ and oat, enriched with vitamin C (ascorbic acid) and E (acetate of a-tocopherol 50%), during the storage. Three films with different properties of barrier (A: PET/PEBD; B: PETMET/PEBD; C: PET/PEBD/ALIPEBD) were used as packing and the cereal bars were stored at temperature (25 +/- 2 degrees C) and relative humidity ambient (56%) for six months. The stability of vitamin C, vitamin E and, its lipase and peroxidase activity was verified. During the study, the cereal bars packed in three tested films presented retention in the vitamin C lesser that 50%. However, packing structuralized with aluminum (C) leaf provided to minor speed of reaction during the storage, k = 0.00437 (-day), and greater time of half-life (146 days). The vitamin E (acetate of a-tocopherol) in the cereal bars presented a little variation during the storage. It had a significant (p < or = 0.05) increase in the peroxidase activity at 90 days of storage in the packages tested, while that the lipase activity demonstrated no significant increase during the period studied.

Experimental investigations on the explosivity of steam-driven eruptions: A case study of Solfatara volcano (Campi Flegrei).

Steam-driven eruptions, both phreatic and hydrothermal, expel exclusively fragments of non-juvenile rocks disintegrated by the expansion of water as liquid or gas phase. As their violence is related to the magnitude of the decompression work that can be performed by fluid expansion, these eruptions may occur with variable degrees of explosivity. In this study we investigate the influence of liquid fraction and rock petrophysical properties on the steam-driven explosive energy. A series of fine-grained heterogeneous tuffs from the Campi Flegrei caldera were investigated for their petrophysical properties. The rapid depressurization of various amounts of liquid water within the rock pore space can yield highly variable fragmentation and ejection behaviors for the investigated tuffs. Our results suggest that the pore liquid fraction controls the stored explosive energy with an increasing liquid fraction within the pore space increasing the explosive energy. Overall, the energy released by steam flashing can be estimated to be 1 order of magnitude higher than for simple (Argon) gas expansion and may produce a higher amount of fine material even under partially saturated conditions. The energy surplus in the presence of steam flashing leads to a faster fragmentation with respect to gas expansion and to higher ejection velocities imparted to the fragmented particles. Moreover, weak and low permeability rocks yield a maximum fine fraction. Using experiments to unravel the energetics of steam-driven eruptions has yielded estimates for several parameters controlling their explosivity. These findings should be considered for both modeling and evaluation of the hazards associated with steam-driven eruptions.

Trends in prostate cancer epidemiology in the year 2000.

In North America and Europe during the last 20 years prostate cancer incidence rates progressively increased, peaked in early 1990s and then declined. Newly diagnosed prostate cancers are being detected at an early stage in men presenting with no symptoms with abnormal prostate specific antigen (PSA) level. The proportion of patients treated by radical prostatectomy has increased and the proportion of those treated with hormonal therapy has decreased. The widespread of PSA testing seems to be the cause of the changes in the prostate cancer incidence rates and of the stage migration towards localized disease, but the effective benefit of prostate cancer screening in terms of reduction of cancer related mortality is still to be demonstrated. Definitive evidence on the effectiveness of prostate cancer screening with PSA should come from the results of large-scale screening trials that are still ongoing. In Italy the total number of newly diagnosed cases has been steadily increasing from the early 1980s to the mid 1990s both in Lombardia and Umbria regions. Survival rates dramatically improved from 37-48% to 74-76%, but no trendfor mortality was observed.

Improved 5-year survival of patients with immunochemical faecal blood test-screen-detected colorectal cancer versus non-screening cancers in northern Italy.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer screening may reduce disease-related mortality by early-stage detection of cancers. AIMS: To study the effect of a single immunochemical faecal occult blood test (i-FOBt) screening round on reduction in colorectal cancer-related-mortality among average risk subjects. METHODS: Comparison of 5-year mortality rates in 3 cohorts from a Northern Italian province: (1) colorectal cancers detected at the 1st biennial round of a mass-screening programme targeting 50-69 years old subjects, (2) non-screening cancers symptomatically diagnosed during the same time period, and (3) cancers detected in the pre-screening biennium. Multivariate analyses were performed with the Cox regression model including tumour node metastasis (TNM) stage at diagnosis, anatomical distribution of cancers, age at diagnosis, gender and patient group. Kaplan-Meyer survival estimates and log-rank test for equality of survivor functions were calculated. RESULTS: Stage distribution significantly differed between screening and non-screening colorectal cancers: 73% of screen-detected colorectal cancers were stages I and II versus 43% and 40% of non-screening and pre-screening colorectal cancers. Cumulative 5-year mortality rate was significantly lower in screening compared to non-screening or pre-screening colorectal cancers patients (19% versus 37% and 41%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal cancers were detected at earlier stages in i-FOBT-positive subjects in comparison with non-screening patients; colorectal cancers found at screening had a significantly improved 5-year survival.