(+)-Lipoic acid reduces mitochondrial unfolded protein response and attenuates oxidative stress and aging in an in vitro model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a liver disorder characterized by the ac-cumulation of fat in hepatocytes without alcohol consumption. Mitochondrial dysfunction and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress play significant roles in NAFLD pathogenesis. The unfolded protein response in mitochondria (UPRmt) is an adaptive mechanism that aims to restore mitochondrial protein homeostasis and mitigate cellular stress. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ( +)-Lipoic acid (ALA) on UPRmt, inflammation, and oxidative stress in an in vitro model of NAFLD using HepG2 cells treated with palmitic acid and oleic acid to induce steatosis. RESULTS: Treatment with palmitic and oleic acids increased UPRmt-related proteins HSP90 and HSP60 (heat shock protein), and decreased CLPP (caseinolytic protease P), indicating ER stress activation. ALA treatment at 1 µM and 5 µM restored UPRmt-related protein levels. PA:OA (palmitic acid:oleic acid)-induced ER stress markers IRE1α (Inositol requiring enzyme-1), CHOP (C/EBP Homologous Protein), BIP (Binding Immunoglobulin Protein), and BAX (Bcl-2-associated X protein) were significantly reduced by ALA treatment. ALA also enhanced ER-mediated protein glycosylation and reduced oxidative stress, as evidenced by decreased GPX1 (Glutathione peroxidase 1), GSTP1 (glutathione S-transferase pi 1), and GSR (glutathione-disulfide reductase) expression and increased GSH (Glutathione) levels, and improved cellular senescence as shown by the markers ß-galactosidase, γH2Ax and Klotho-beta. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, ALA ameliorated ER stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation in HepG2 cells treated with palmitic and oleic acids, potentially offering therapeutic benefits for NAFLD providing a possible biochemical mechanism underlying ALA beneficial effects.

Interactions of Gram-Positive Bacterial Membrane Vesicles and Hosts: Updates and Future Directions.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are lipid bilayers derived from cell membranes, released by both eukaryotic cells and bacteria into the extracellular environment. During production, EVs carry proteins, nucleic acids, and various compounds, which are then released. While Gram-positive bacteria were traditionally thought incapable of producing EVs due to their thick peptidoglycan cell walls, recent studies on membrane vesicles (MVs) in Gram-positive bacteria have revealed their significant role in bacterial physiology and disease progression. This review explores the current understanding of MVs in Gram-positive bacteria, including the characterization of their content and functions, as well as their interactions with host and bacterial cells. It offers a fresh perspective to enhance our comprehension of Gram-positive bacterial EVs.

Carnosine Counteracts the Molecular Alterations Aß Oligomers-Induced in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) has been described as a progressive eye disease characterized by irreversible impairment of central vision, and unfortunately, an effective treatment is still not available. It is well-known that amyloid-beta (Aß) peptide is one of the major culprits in causing neurodegeneration in Alzheimer's disease (AD). The extracellular accumulation of this peptide has also been found in drusen which lies under the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and represents one of the early signs of AMD pathology. Aß aggregates, especially in the form of oligomers, are able to induce pro-oxidant (oxidative stress) and pro-inflammatory phenomena in RPE cells. ARPE-19 is a spontaneously arising human RPE cell line validated for drug discovery processes in AMD. In the present study, we employed ARPE-19 treated with Aß oligomers, representing an in vitro model of AMD. We used a combination of methods, including ATPlite, quantitative real-time PCR, immunocytochemistry, as well as a fluorescent probe for reactive oxygen species to investigate the molecular alterations induced by Aß oligomers. In particular, we found that Aß exposure decreased the cell viability of ARPE-19 cells which was paralleled by increased inflammation (increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators) and oxidative stress (increased expression of NADPH oxidase and ROS production) along with the destruction of ZO-1 tight junction protein. Once the damage was clarified, we investigated the therapeutic potential of carnosine, an endogenous dipeptide that is known to be reduced in AMD patients. Our findings demonstrate that carnosine was able to counteract most of the molecular alterations induced by the challenge of ARPE-19 with Aß oligomers. These new findings obtained with ARPE-19 cells challenged with Aß1-42 oligomers, along with the well-demonstrated multimodal mechanism of action of carnosine both in vitro and in vivo, able to prevent and/or counteract the dysfunctions elicited by Aß oligomers, substantiate the neuroprotective potential of this dipeptide in the context of AMD pathology.

Label-Free Enrichment of Circulating Tumor Plasma Cells: Future Potential Applications of Dielectrophoresis in Multiple Myeloma.

In multiple myeloma (MM), circulating tumor plasma cells (CTPCs) are an emerging prognostic factor, offering a promising and minimally invasive means for longitudinal patient monitoring. Recent advances highlight the complex biology of plasma cell trafficking, highlighting the phenotypic and genetic signatures of intra- and extra-medullary MM onset, making CTPC enumeration and characterization a new frontier of precision medicine for MM patients, requiring novel technological platforms for their standardized and harmonized detection. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is an emerging label-free cell manipulation technique to separate cancer cells from healthy cells in peripheral blood samples, based on phenotype and membrane capacitance that could be successfully tested to enumerate and isolate CTPCs. Herein, we summarize preclinical data on DEP development for CTPC detection, as well as their clinical and research potential.

Antiproliferative Effect and Cell Cycle Alterations Induced by Salvia officinalis Essential Oil and Its Three Main Components in Human Colon Cancer Cell Lines.

Colon cancer is one of the most common human malignancies, and chemotherapy cannot yet prevent recurrence in all patients. Essential oils are phytocomplexes with antiproliferative properties. In this study, we elucidated the antiproliferative properties and the effect on cell cycle progression of Sicilian Salvia officinalis essential oil and its three main compounds, α-thujone, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) and camphor, on three human colon cancer cell lines. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by gas chromatography. Cell proliferation was evaluated by MTT assay, and the cell cycle distribution was determined by flow cytometry. Thirty-four compounds were identified in the tested essential oil. Growth inhibition was observed after 72 h, with an impact on cell cycle progression and no effect on the viability of normal colonic epithelial cells. The study shows that S. officinalis essential oil and its three main components have an in vitro antiproliferative effect on colon cancer cells.

Dihydrotanshinone, a Natural Diterpenoid, Preserves Blood-Retinal Barrier Integrity via P2X7 Receptor.

Activation of P2X7 signaling, due to high glucose levels, leads to blood retinal barrier (BRB) breakdown, which is a hallmark of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Furthermore, several studies report that high glucose (HG) conditions and the related activation of the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) lead to the over-expression of pro-inflammatory markers. In order to identify novel P2X7R antagonists, we carried out virtual screening on a focused compound dataset, including indole derivatives and natural compounds such as caffeic acid phenethyl ester derivatives, flavonoids, and diterpenoids. Molecular Mechanics/Generalized Born Surface Area (MM/GBSA) rescoring and structural fingerprint clustering of docking poses from virtual screening highlighted that the diterpenoid dihydrotanshinone (DHTS) clustered with the well-known P2X7R antagonist JNJ47965567. A human-based in vitro BRB model made of retinal pericytes, astrocytes, and endothelial cells was used to assess the potential protective effect of DHTS against HG and 2'(3')-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl)adenosine-5'-triphosphate (BzATP), a P2X7R agonist, insult. We found that HG/BzATP exposure generated BRB breakdown by enhancing barrier permeability (trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER)) and reducing the levels of ZO-1 and VE-cadherin junction proteins as well as of the Cx-43 mRNA expression levels. Furthermore, HG levels and P2X7R agonist treatment led to increased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (TLR-4, IL-1ß, IL-6, TNF-α, and IL-8) and other molecular markers (P2X7R, VEGF-A, and ICAM-1), along with enhanced production of reactive oxygen species. Treatment with DHTS preserved the BRB integrity from HG/BzATP damage. The protective effects of DHTS were also compared to the validated P2X7R antagonist, JNJ47965567. In conclusion, we provided new findings pointing out the therapeutic potential of DHTS, which is an inhibitor of P2X7R, in terms of preventing and/or counteracting the BRB dysfunctions elicited by HG conditions.

Modulation of Pro-Oxidant and Pro-Inflammatory Activities of M1 Macrophages by the Natural Dipeptide Carnosine.

Carnosine is a natural endogenous dipeptide widely distributed in mammalian tissues, existing at particularly high concentrations in the muscles and brain and possesses well-characterized antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. In an in vitro model of macrophage activation, induced by lipopolysaccharide + interferon-gamma (LPS + IFN-γ), we here report the ability of carnosine to modulate pro-oxidant and pro-inflammatory activities of macrophages, representing the primary cell type that is activated as a part of the immune response. An ample set of parameters aimed to evaluate cytotoxicity (MTT assay), energy metabolism (HPLC), gene expressions (high-throughput real-time PCR (qRT-PCR)), protein expressions (western blot) and nitric oxide production (qRT-PCR and HPLC), was used to assess the effects of carnosine on activated macrophages challenged with a non cytotoxic LPS (100 ng/mL) + IFN-γ (600 U/mL) concentration. In our experimental model, main carnosine beneficial effects were: (1) the modulation of nitric oxide production and metabolism; (2) the amelioration of the macrophage energy state; (3) the decrease of the expressions of pro-oxidant enzymes (Nox-2, Cox-2) and of the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde; (4) the restoration and/or increase of the expressions of antioxidant enzymes (Gpx1, SOD-2 and Cat); (5) the increase of the transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) and the down-regulation of the expressions of interleukins 1ß and 6 (IL-1ß and IL-6) and 6) the increase of the expressions of Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1). According to these results carnosine is worth being tested in the treatment of diseases characterized by elevated levels of oxidative stress and inflammation (atherosclerosis, cancer, depression, metabolic syndrome, and neurodegenerative diseases).

Transcriptome analysis reveals an altered expression profile of zinc transporters in colorectal cancer.

Zinc is a transition metal and catalytic cofactor involved in many biological processes including proliferation, development, differentiation, and metabolism. Zinc transporters (ZnTs) play a fundamental role in cellular zinc homeostasis. ZnTs are responsible of zinc efflux and are encoded by 10 genes belonging to solute carrier family 30A (SLC30A1-10), while zinc-regulated transporter (ZRT)/iron-regulated transporter (IRT)-like protein (ZIP) transporters are responsible for the influx of zinc into the cytoplasm and are encoded by 14 genes belonging to solute carrier family 39A (SLC39A1-14). In this study, we analyzed, by transcriptome analysis, the microRNA levels of ZnT-encoding and ZIP-encoding genes in colorectal cancer (CRC) samples matched to normal colon tissues and in CRC cell lines. Results revealed an upregulation of specific ZnT and ZIP transcripts in CRC. Upregulation of SLC30A5, SLC30A6, SLC30A7 transcripts, encoding zinc efflux transporters ZnT5, ZnT6, ZnT7, localized on endoplasmic reticulum membranes, might be part of a coordinated transcriptional program associated to the increased activity of the early secretory pathway, while transcriptional upregulation of several specific ZIP transporters (SLC39A6, SLC39A7, SLC39A9, SLC39A10, and SLC39A11) could contribute in meeting the increased demand of zinc in cancer cells. Moreover, exon-level analysis of SLC30A9, a nuclear receptor coactivator involved in the transcriptional regulation of Wnt-responsive genes, revealed the differential expression of alternative transcripts in CRC and normal colonic mucosa.

Gene expression profiles in genome instability-based classes of colorectal cancer.

BACKGROUND: Broad copy number aberrations (BCNAs) represent a common form of genome instability in colorectal cancer (CRC). CRCs show large variations in their level of aneuploidy: microsatellite-instable (MSI) tumors are known to have a near-diploid karyotype while microsatellite-stable (MSS) tumors show high level of chromosomal instability. However, MSS tumors have great heterogeneity in the number of BCNAs, with a minor percentage of samples showing an almost normal karyotype. In the present work we subdivided MSS CRCs according to a "BCNA score" and characterized their transcriptome profiles, considered as a proxy to their phenotypic features. METHODS: Microsatellite testing, genome-wide DNA copy number and whole-transcript expression analysis (HTA) were performed on 33 tumor samples and 25 normal colonic tissue samples from 32 CRC patients. 15.1% of the samples were MSI tumors (n = 5), whereas 84.9% were MSS tumors (n = 28). Gene expression data of 34 additional MSI tumors was retrieved from a public functional genomics data repository. RESULTS: Using as a threshold the first quartile of the BCNA score distribution, MSS samples were classified as low-BCNA (LB, n = 7) or high-BCNA (HB, n = 21). LB tumors were enriched for mucinous CRCs and their gene-expression profile resembled that of MSI samples for what concerns a subset of genes involved in secretory processes, mucosal protection, and extracellular matrix remodeling. HB tumors were predominantly non-mucinous adenocarcinomas and showed overexpression of a subset of genes typical of surface colonocytes and EGF signaling. A large percentage of unclassified samples according to the consensus molecular subtypes (CMS) classifier was found in the LB group (43%), whereas 76% HB tumors belonged to CMS2. CONCLUSIONS: A classification of colorectal tumors based on the number of BCNAs identifies two groups of MSS tumors which differ for histopathology and gene expression profile. Such information can be exploited for its translational relevance in different aspects of CRC clinical management.

Juvenile elastoma without germline mutations in LEMD3 gene: A case of Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome?

We report the case of a 6-year-old Caucasian girl with clinical and histopathologic features of Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome. Histologic examination of skin lesions showed thick, curly, elastic fibers in the derma. Bone lesions compatible with Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome were found in the girl's mother. Mutations in LEMD3 are pathogenic for Buschke-Ollendorff syndrome. Analysis of all exons and exon-intron junctions of LEMD3 did not reveal any germline mutations.

Dihydrobenzofuran Neolignanamides: Laccase-Mediated Biomimetic Synthesis and Antiproliferative Activity.

The biomimetic synthesis of a small library of dihydrobenzofuran neolignanamides (the natural trans-grossamide (4) and the related compounds 21-28) has been carried out through an eco-friendly oxidative coupling reaction mediated by Trametes versicolor laccase. These products, after complete spectroscopic characterization, were evaluated for their antiproliferative activity against Caco-2 (colon carcinoma), MCF-7 (mammary adenocarcinoma), and PC-3 (prostate cancer) human cells, using an MTT bioassay. The racemic neolignamides (±)-21 and (±)-27, in being the most lipophilic in the series, were potently active, with GI50 values comparable to or even lower than that of the positive control 5-FU. The racemates were resolved through chiral HPLC, and the pure enantiomers were subjected to ECD measurements to establish their absolute configurations at C-2 and C-3. All enantiomers showed potent antiproliferative activity, with, in particular, a GI50 value of 1.1 µM obtained for (2R,3R)-21. The effect of (±)-21 on the Caco-2 cell cycle was evaluated by flow cytometry, and it was demonstrated that (±)-21 exerts its antiproliferative activity by inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis.

Resveratrol-Related Polymethoxystilbene Glycosides: Synthesis, Antiproliferative Activity, and Glycosidase Inhibition.

A small library of polymethoxystilbene glycosides (20-25) related to the natural polyphenol resveratrol have been synthesized and subjected, together with their aglycones 17-19, to an antiproliferative activity bioassay toward Caco-2 and SH-SY5Y cancer cells. Six of the compounds exhibit antiproliferative activity against at least one cell line. In particular, compounds 17 and 18 proved highly active on at least one of the two cell cultures. Compound 18 showed a GI50 value of 3 µM against Caco-2 cells, a value comparable to that of the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil. The closely related compound 19 proved inactive, and its conjugates 22 and 25 showed weak cell growth inhibition. The results indicate that minimal differences in the structure of both polymethoxystilbenes and their glycosides can substantially affect the antiproliferative activity. The possible hydrolytic release of the aglycones 17-19 by ß-glucosidase or ß-galactosidase was also evaluated. Compounds 20-25 were also tested as potential ß-glucosidase, ß-galactosidase, and α-glucosidase inhibitors. A promising inhibitory activity toward α-glucosidase was observed for 21 (IC50 = 78 µM) and 25 (IC50 = 70 µM), which might be indicative of their potential as lead compounds for development of antidiabetic or antiobesity agents.

Bio-inspired benzo[k,l]xanthene lignans: synthesis, DNA-interaction and antiproliferative properties.

In this work twelve benzo[k,l]xanthene lignans were synthesized by biomimetic, Mn-mediated oxidative coupling of caffeic esters and amides. These compounds, bearing different flexible pendants at position C1/C2 of the aromatic core, interact with DNA in a dual mode, as confirmed by DF-STD NMR analysis and molecular docking: the planar core acts as a base pair intercalant, whereas the flexible pendants act as minor groove binders. Their antiproliferative activity was evaluated on a panel of six tumor cell lines: HT-29, Caco-2, HCT-116 (human colon carcinoma), H226, A549 (human lung carcinoma), and SH-SY5Y (human neuroblastoma). All compounds under study, except 29, resulted in activity against one or more cell lines, and the markedly lipophilic esters 13 and 28 showed the highest activity. Compound 13 was more active than the anticancer drug 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) towards HCT-116 (colon, GI50 = 3.16 µM) and H226 (lung, GI50 = 4.33 µM) cell lines.

ICAM-1 and SRD5A1 gene polymorphisms in symptomatic peripheral artery disease.

The genotype distribution of two gene polymorphisms, previously associated with peripheral artery disease (PAD), has been evaluated in a population of diabetic (DPAD) and non-diabetic (NDPAD) patients affected by symptomatic PAD (stages II-IV). A decreased frequency of the AA genotype of rs5498 (ICAM-1) was observed in the PAD subjects compared to controls but this result did not reach statistical significance (p=0.06 by chi-squared test). On the contrary, a significant increase in the frequency of the GG homozygous genotype of rs248793 (SRD5A1) was observed in the PAD patient group in comparison to controls (p=0.01). These data confirm that the GG genotype of rs248793 in the SRD5A1 gene is significantly associated with symptomatic PAD and show a trend towards a stronger association with the non-diabetic status.

Red light-triggerable nanohybrids of graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles and thermo-responsive polymers for combined photothermia and drug release effects.

The development of multifunctional nanohybrid systems for combined photo-induced hyperthermia and drug release is a challenging topic in the research of advanced materials for application in the biomedical field. Here, we report the first example of a three-component red-light-responsive nanosystem consisting of graphene oxide, gold nanoparticles and poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (GO-Au-PNM). The GO-Au-PNM nanostructures were characterized by spectroscopic techniques and atomic force microscopy. They exhibited photothermal conversion effects at various wavelengths, lower critical solution temperature (LCST) behaviour, and curcumin (Curc) loading capacity. The formation of GO-Au-PNM/Curc adducts and photothermally controlled drug release, triggered by red-light excitation (680 nm), were demonstrated using spectroscopic techniques. Drug-polymer interaction and drug-release mechanism were well supported by modelling simulation calculations. The cellular uptake of GO-Au-PNM/Curc was imaged by confocal laser scanning microscopy. In vitro experiments revealed the excellent biocompatibility of the GO-Au-PNM that did not affect the viability of human cells.

Electrophysiological properties and structural prediction of the SARS-CoV-2 viroprotein E.

COVID-19, the infectious disease caused by the most recently discovered coronavirus SARS- CoV-2, has caused millions of sick people and thousands of deaths all over the world. The viral positive-sense single-stranded RNA encodes 31 proteins among which the spike (S) is undoubtedly the best known. Recently, protein E has been reputed as a potential pharmacological target as well. It is essential for the assembly and release of the virions in the cell. Literature describes protein E as a voltage-dependent channel with preference towards monovalent cations whose intracellular expression, though, alters Ca2+ homeostasis and promotes the activation of the proinflammatory cascades. Due to the extremely high sequence identity of SARS-CoV-2 protein E (E-2) with the previously characterized E-1 (i.e., protein E from SARS-CoV) many data obtained for E-1 were simply adapted to the other. Recent solid state NMR structure revealed that the transmembrane domain (TMD) of E-2 self-assembles into a homo-pentamer, albeit the oligomeric status has not been validated with the full-length protein. Prompted by the lack of a common agreement on the proper structural and functional features of E-2, we investigated the specific mechanism/s of pore-gating and the detailed molecular structure of the most cryptic protein of SARS-CoV-2 by means of MD simulations of the E-2 structure and by expressing, refolding and analyzing the electrophysiological activity of the transmembrane moiety of the protein E-2, in its full length. Our results show a clear agreement between experimental and predictive studies and foresee a mechanism of activity based on Ca2+ affinity.

One-Pot Synthesis of Luminescent and Photothermal Carbon Boron-Nitride Quantum Dots Exhibiting Cell Damage Protective Effects.

Zero-dimensional boron nitride quantum dots (BNQDs) are arousing interest for their versatile optical, chemical, and biochemical properties. Introducing carbon contents in BNQDs nanostructures is a great challenge to modulate their physicochemical properties. Among the carbon moieties, phenolic groups have attracted attention for their biochemical properties and phenol-containing nanomaterials are showing great promise for biomedical applications. Herein, the first example of direct synthesis of water dispersible BNQDs exposing phenolic and carboxylic groups is presented. The carbon-BNQDs are prepared in a single-step by solvent-assisted reaction of urea with boronic reagents and are characterized by optical absorption, luminescence, Raman, Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and atomic force microscopy. The carbon-BNQDs exhibit nanodimension, stability, high photothermal conversion efficiency, pH-responsive luminescence and Z-potential. The potential of the carbon-BNQDs to provide photothermal materials in solid by embedding in agarose substrate is successfully investigated. The carbon-BNQDs exhibit biocompatibility on colorectal adenocarcinoma cells (Caco-2) and protective effects from chemical and oxidative stress on Caco-2, osteosarcoma (MG-63), and microglial (HMC-3) cells. Amplicon mRNA-seq analyses for the expression of 56 genes involve in oxidative-stress and inflammation are performed to evaluate the molecular events responsible for the cell protective effects of the carbon-BNQDs.

Generation and Characterization of Stable Small Colony Variants of USA300 Staphylococcus aureus in RAW 264.7 Murine Macrophages.

Intracellular survival and immune evasion are typical features of staphylococcal infections. USA300 is a major clone of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), a community- and hospital-acquired pathogen capable of disseminating throughout the body and evading the immune system. Carnosine is an endogenous dipeptide characterized by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties acting on the peripheral (macrophages) and tissue-resident (microglia) immune system. In this work, RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were infected with the USA300 ATCC BAA-1556 S. aureus strain and treated with 20 mM carnosine and/or 32 mg/L erythromycin. Stable small colony variant (SCV) formation on blood agar medium was obtained after 48 h of combined treatment. Whole genome sequencing of the BAA-1556 strain and its stable derivative SCVs when combining Illumina and nanopore technologies revealed three single nucleotide differences, including a nonsense mutation in the shikimate kinase gene aroK. Gene expression analysis showed a significant up-regulation of the uhpt and sdrE genes in the stable SCVs compared with the wild-type, likely involved in adaptation to the intracellular milieu.

Characterisation of microbial communities and quantification of antibiotic resistance genes in Italian wastewater treatment plants using 16S rRNA sequencing and digital PCR.

The spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria (ARB) and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in humans, animals and environment is a growing threat to public health. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are crucial in mitigating the risk of environmental contamination by effectively removing contaminants before discharge. However, the persistence of ARB and ARGs even after treatment is a challenge for the management of water system. To comprehensively assess antimicrobial resistance dynamics, we conducted a one-year monitoring study in three WWTPs in central Italy, both influents and effluents. We used seasonal sampling to analyze microbial communities by 16S rRNA, as well as to determine the prevalence and behaviour of major ARGs (sul1, tetA, blaTEM, blaOXA-48, blaCTX-M-1 group, blaKPC) and the class 1 Integron (int1). Predominant genera included in order: Arcobacter, Acinetobacter, Flavobacterium, Pseudarcobacter, Bacteroides, Aeromonas, Trichococcus, Cloacibacterium, Pseudomonas and Streptococcus. A higher diversity of bacterial communities was observed in the effluents compared to the influents. Within these communities, we also identified bacteria that may be associated with antibiotic resistance and pose a significant threat to human health. The mean concentrations (in gene copies per liter, gc/L) of ARGs and int1 in untreated wastewater (absolute abundance) were as follows: sul1 (4.1 × 109), tetA (5.2 × 108), blaTEM (1.1 × 108), blaOXA-48 (2.1 × 107), blaCTX-M-1 group (1.1 × 107), blaKPC (9.4 × 105), and int1 (5.5 × 109). The mean values in treated effluents showed reductions ranging from one to three log. However, after normalizing to the 16S rRNA gene (relative abundance), it was observed that in 37.5 % (42/112) of measurements, the relative abundance of ARGs increased in effluents compared to influents. Furthermore, correlations were identified between ARGs and bacterial genera including priority pathogens. This study improves our understanding of the dynamics of ARGs and provides insights to develop more effective strategies to reduce their spread, protecting public health and preserving the future efficacy of antibiotics.

The relationship between the gut microbiota, benign prostatic hyperplasia, and erectile dysfunction.

Microbiota is defined as the group of commensal microorganisms that inhabit a specific human body site. The composition of each individual's gastrointestinal microbiota is influenced by several factors such as age, diet, lifestyle, and drug intake, but an increasing number of studies have shown that the differences between a healthy microbiota and a dysbiotic one can be related to different diseases such as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and erectile dysfunction (ED). The aim of this review is to give an overview of the role of the gut microbiota on BPH and ED. Gut microbiota modifications can influence prostate health indirectly by the activation of the immune system and the production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-17, IL-23, TNF-alpha, and IFN-gamma, which are able to promote an inflammatory state. Gut dysbiosis may lead to the onset of ED by the alteration of hormone levels and metabolic profiles, the modulation of stress/anxiety-mediated sexual dysfunction, the development of altered metabolic conditions such as obesity and diabetes mellitus, and the development of hypertension. In conclusion, much evidence suggests that the intestinal microbiota has an influence on various pathologies including BPH and ED.