Fatal Head Injury in a 1-Year-Old Child Secured in a Rear-Facing Child Seat by Offset Car-to-Car Collision.

This case study describes a fatal head injury in a 1-year-old child involved in a motor vehicle accident in Japan. The child, secured in a rear-facing child seat, was a passenger in a car driven by their mother when the offset car-to-car collision occurred. The car rotated counterclockwise before coming to a stop. Despite remaining secured in the child seat, the child suffered severe head trauma, leading to cardiac arrest. Autopsy computed tomography revealed a right open depressed fracture, left head contusion, traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage, intraventricular hemorrhage, and pneumocephalus. The injury mechanism involved the child's head striking the right headrest, followed by a swing to the left, induced by the initial impact and subsequent rotational movement. This case highlights the importance of age-specific data in understanding pediatric injuries in motor vehicle accidents and improving child seat safety measures.

Bladder deformity accompanied by pelvic fracture indirectly indicates clinical severity.

BACKGROUND: That the bladder can be compressed by extraperitoneal hematoma induced by obstetrics and gynecologic diseases, is well known. However, there have been no reports on the clinical significance of compressed bladder induced by pelvic fracture (PF). We therefore retrospectively investigated the clinical features of compressed bladder induced by the PF. METHODS: From January 2018 to December 2021, we performed a retrospective review of the hospital medical charts of all emergency outpatients who were treated by emergency physicians at the department of acute critical care medicine in our hospital, and who were diagnosed with PF based on computed tomography (CT) on arrival. The subjects were divided into two groups: the Deformity group, in which the bladder was compressed by extraperitoneal hematoma, and the Normal group. Variables were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: During the investigation period, 147 patients with PF were enrolled as subjects. There were 44 patients in the Deformity group and 103 in the Normal group. There were no significant differences between the two groups with regard to sex, age, GCS, heart rate or final outcome. However, the average systolic blood pressure in the Deformity group was significantly lower, and the average respiratory rate, injury severity score, rate of unstable circulation, rate of transfusion and duration of hospitalization in the Deformity group were significantly greater in comparison to the Normal group. CONCLUSIONS: The present study showed that bladder deformity induced by PF tended to be a poor physiological sign that was associated with severe anatomical abnormality, unstable circulation requiring transfusion, and long hospitalization. Accordingly, physicians should evaluate shape of bladder when treating PF.

Usefulness of Key Word Methods to Execute Early Requests for a Physician-Staffed Helicopter Emergency Medical Service Dispatch to Facilitate Early Medical Intervention by Physicians.

OBJECTIVE: A physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service is called a doctor helicopter (DH) in Japan. We retrospectively investigated this service using a data bank provided by the Japan DH registry system. METHODS: The following details of the dispatch activity were collected: patient age and sex, vital signs (Japan Coma Scale [JCS], systolic blood pressure, heart rate, and respiratory rate) at the scene measured by emergency medical technicians (EMTs), dispatch of the DH before the EMTs made contact with patients (key words group) or after (control group), and the survival outcome at 1 month. RESULTS: During the investigation period, 28,357 patient records were analyzed (key words group, n = 13,861; control group, n = 14,496). The age, JCS, and respiratory rate were significantly smaller in the key words group than in the control group. The rates of male sex and survival in the key words group were significantly greater than those in the control group. In the multivariate analysis, dispatch of the DH after EMTs made contact with the patients (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.92), female sex (OR = 0.86; 95% CI, 0.75-0.98), older age (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.96-0.97), elevated respiratory rate (OR = 0.97; 95% CI, 0.97-0.98), and high JCS (OR = 0.99; 95% CI, 0.99-0.99) were associated with a decreased 1-month survival (P > .0001). CONCLUSION: This is the first report to describe the key words method as a potential factor influencing optimal outcomes/potential survival rates in patients evacuated by the DH using the JDRS. Our study results suggest that the firefighting central command room should consider adopting the key words method when the helicopter emergency medical service is used.

A Comparison of Tube Thoracostomy for Chest Trauma Between Prehospital and Inhospital Settings.

OBJECTIVE: We compared the outcomes of patients with tube thoracostomy for chest trauma between the prehospital and inhospital settings. METHODS: The subjects were then divided into 2 groups: the prehospital group, which included subjects who underwent tube thoracostomy in the prehospital setting, and the inhospital group, which included subjects who underwent tube thoracostomy in the inhospital setting. The variables were compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: There were no significant differences between the 2 groups with regard to gender, age, history, mechanism of injury, infusion of antibiotics, white blood cell count, duration of insertion of a chest drain, mechanical ventilation, complication of drain infection, duration of admission, or final outcome. However, the Injury Severity Score, maximum C-reactive protein level, and maximum temperature during hospitalization in the prehospital group (n = 15) were significantly greater than those in the inhospital group (n = 119). CONCLUSION: The present study suggested that thoracostomy performed by physicians in the prehospital setting was safe and did not have an increased risk of infection. In addition, thoracostomy for chest injury in the prehospital setting suggested an improvement in the likelihood of a survival outcome.

Patients With Atrioventricular Block Transported by a Physician-Staffed Helicopter in Japan From 2015 to 2020.

OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively investigated the current status of patients with atrioventricular block (AVB) who had been transported by the physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service and their final outcome using data from the Japan Doctor Helicopter Registry (JDHR) system. METHODS: The following details of the dispatch activity were collected from the database of the JDHR: age and sex, vital signs when emergency medical technicians encountered the patient at the scene and on arrival at the receiving hospitals, contents of the medical intervention, new cardiac arrest during transportation, the main etiology of AVB, and the number of deaths in 1 month. The changes in vital signs between the scene and upon arrival at the hospital were compared. RESULTS: A total of 99 patients had complete AVB. The average age of the patients was 75 years, and there was a male predominance. All subjects were evacuated from the scene. Among the 62 subjects who received the drugs, 18 received atropine. Six patients underwent percutaneous pacing. None of the patients developed a new cardiac arrest during transportation. The average Glasgow Coma Scale score and heart rate upon arrival at the hospital were significantly greater than those at the scene. CONCLUSION: The present study showed the current status of patients with AVB who were transported by a doctor helicopter using registry data from the JDHR. The present findings suggest that a doctor helicopter could provide safe transportation for patients with AVB.

A Report Concerning Collaboration Between a Physician-Staffed Helicopter (Doctor Helicopter) and Police Helicopter.

A 35-year-old man injured his right foot by slipping down 200 m into a crater on top of Mount Fuji, where some snow still remained. The next day the patient climbed up from the crater with his friend's assistance and began to descend the mountain; he met the Shizuoka police mountain distress rescue team at the 9th station. The Shizuoka police mountain distress rescue team transported the patient on foot to the snowless 7th station. The Shizuoka police aviation unit, flying a helicopter, then collected the patient. They transported the patient to the nearby Fujinomiya fire department station. The eastern Shizuoka physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service landed there, and the patient was transported to Juntendo Shizuoka Hospital. On arrival, he had stable vital signs, but his right foot showed a dislocated fracture with frostbite. This is the first case report of collaboration between a helicopter emergency medical service and a police helicopter to rescue a victim from Mount Fuji. When managing victims in high-altitude settings, such as Mount Fuji, collaboration between multiple organizations is necessary.

Analysis of the Activities of a Physician-Staffed Helicopter in the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic Phase.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in the duration of activity of a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) in Eastern Shizuoka Prefecture before and during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated the duration of dispatch activities from February 2020 to June 2021 (pandemic group, n = 1,032) and from April 2016 to January 2020 (control group, n = 3,054). RESULTS: There were no significant differences in the average age, percentage of male patients, interval from the request of HEMS dispatch to arrival, interval from arrival at the scene to leaving the scene, interval from leaving the scene to arrival at the hospital, or the ratio of requests for HEMS dispatch from the local fire department between the control and pandemic groups. In contrast, the interval from the first call to HEMS dispatch in the control group was significantly shorter than that in the pandemic group, and the ratio of requests for HEMS dispatch before contacting patients in the control group was significantly greater than that in the pandemic group. CONCLUSION: The interval from the first call to HEMS dispatch was prolonged in the COVID-19 pandemic period. However, the actual activity time of the HEMS was not affected.

Ultrafast Synthesis of Silica-Based Molecular Sieve Membranes in Dielectric Barrier Discharge at Low Temperature and Atmospheric Pressure.

Microporous silica membranes have shown promise as potential candidates for energy-efficient chemical separation. Herein, we report the ultrafast synthesis of silica membranes, on the order of minutes, in atmospheric-pressure, low-temperature plasma. Direct deposition in the discharge region of atmospheric-pressure plasma enables the immediate formation of a thin silica layer on a porous substrate. The plasma-deposited layer had a thickness of ∼13 nm and was confined to the immediate surface of the substrate. With an increase in deposition temperature, we observed an increase in the inorganic nature of the plasma-deposited layer and simultaneous improvement in the membrane performance. Consequently, the resulting membranes exhibited outstanding permeance for small-sized gas molecules, such as H2 (>10-6 mol m-2 s-1 Pa-1), with a high H2/SF6 permeance ratio of ∼6300, providing a nonthermal alternative for the fabrication of silica-based membranes.

Significance of medical intervention for non-traumatic hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade.

BACKGROUND: The outcomes of patients with cardiac arrest induced by non-traumatic hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade are poor. PURPOSE: We retrospectively investigated the significance of medical intervention with pericardiocentesis and/or pericardiotomy for non-traumatic hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade. METHODS: From January 2013 to April 2021, we retrospectively reviewed the medical charts of all patients with cardiac arrest in a prehospital setting or emergency room due to cardiac tamponade confirmed by an ultrasound examination with or without an invasive procedure (pericardiocentesis and/or pericardiotomy) and computed tomography findings, including those obtained at autopsy imaging. The subjects were divided into two groups: the Intervention (+) group, which included subjects who underwent pericardiocentesis or pericardiotomy, and the Intervention (-) group, which included subjects who did not undergo pericardiocentesis or pericardiotomy. Variables were then compared between the two groups. RESULTS: There were 68 patients with non-traumatic cardiac tamponade. All three survival cases had witnessed collapse, and the initial rhythm was pulseless electrical activity (PEA).There were no statistically significant differences in the sex, age, means of transportation, bystander chest compression, electric shock, or adrenalineor FDP levels between the two groups.However, the number with witnessed collapse, PEA, rupture of the heart;the ratio of obtaining return of spontaneous circulation; and the survival ratio were significantly greater in the Intervention (+) group than in the Intervention (-) group. CONCLUSION: Based on the results of preliminary study, we hypothesized that invasive medical intervention for patients with cardiac arrest induced by non-traumatic hemorrhagic cardiac tamponade might be useful for obtaining return of spontaneous circulation and a survival outcome, especially for patients with witnessed collapse with PEA as the initial rhythm.

An analysis of patients with acute aortic dissection who were transported by physician-staffed helicopter.

PURPOSE: The present study aimed to determine whether or not patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD) treated by the staff of a doctor helicopter (DH) service while being transported from the scene or for interhospital transportation obtained a favorable outcome. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated all patients with AAD who were transported by DH between January 2015 and December 2019 using the registry data of the DH control room of our hospital. RESULTS: One hundred five cases were enrolled in the present study. All patients were transported within 24 h from the onset. Male patients accounted for 55.2% of the study population, the average age was 71 years and the rate of Stanford A AAD was 51.4%. Regarding transportation, 61.6% of the patients underwent interhospital transportation, and 42.8% were transported to our hospital. All patients underwent drip infusion during transportation and 81.9% of the patients received drugs (e.g., depressors, pain killers and/or antiemetics). Two patients underwent tracheal intubation due to unconsciousness and profound shock with restless state, respectively. The systolic blood pressure after transportation to hospital was significantly higher in comparison to before transportation. No patients suffered cardiac arrest or showed a deterioration of vital signs. All patients were safely transported to the destination. CONCLUSION: The present study suggests the safety of using a Dr. Heli to transport AAD patients from the scene and for interhospital transportation, even after the onset.

A comparison of physician-staffed helicopters and ground ambulances transport for the outcome of severe thoracic trauma patients.

PURPOSE: We retrospectively investigated prognostic factors for severe thoracic trauma patients evacuated by a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) and ground ambulance using the Japan Trauma Data Bank (JTDB). METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of the JTDB database. The study period was from January 2004 to May 2019. The subjects were divided into two groups, according to the type of transportation: the Heli group included cases transported by the HEMS, while the Ambulance group included cases transported by ground ambulance. RESULTS: During the investigation period, a total of 57,872 patients were enrolled as subjects, including 7238 in the Heli group and 50,634 in the Ambulance group. The average age, male ratio, average injury severity score (ISS), average revised trauma score (RTS) and survival ratio were significantly greater in the Heli group than in the Ambulance group. After performing a propensity score-matched analysis, there were no statistical differences concerning the age, sex, ISS, RTS between the two groups. However, the survival ratio in the Heli group remained greater than that in the Ambulance group. When variables that showed statistical significance in the univariate analysis were included in a multivariate analysis, the RTS, transport by the HEMS, age, ISS and female gender were identified as significant predictors of a survival outcome. The HEMS was significantly associated with an increased survival ratio (odds ratio: 1.69; 95% confidence interval: 1.51-1.88) compared with a ground ambulance. CONCLUSION: The present study showed that transport by the HEMS improved the survival rate compared to that by a ground ambulance for patients with severe thoracic trauma.

A case of iliopsoas hematoma as a complication of tetanus in a patient who did not receive anticoagulant therapy.

BACKGROUND: The specific clinical feature of tetanus is whole body muscle spasms. These spasms are intensely painful and sometime lead to some injuries. Vertebral fractures have been reported as a common complication of tetanus, however iliopsoas hematoma is a rare complication. We describe a case of iliopsoas hematoma in a tetanus patient who had not been treated with any anticoagulant or antiplatelet agents. CASE PRESENTATION: A 72-year-old female patient was transferred to our hospital 7 days after the onset of tetanus. An iliopsoas hematoma was identified in her right iliopsoas muscle on computed tomography. There was no extravasation; thus, the hematoma improved with conservative therapy. There were no episodes that suggested a bleeding tendency, or no factors associated with hemorrhagic conditions. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of iliopsoas hematoma as a complication in a tetanus patient who did not received anticoagulation therapy. The possibility of IPH as a complication of tetanus should be considered before and during the administration of anticoagulation therapy.

Non-tuberculosis cold abscess.

An 85-year-old cachectic man was found unconscious in his home. He had no specific medical history. On arrival, he was in a deep coma and hypothermic state. He had a soft mass the size of his fist in the right lower abdomen without redness or heat. Truncal computed tomography revealed subcutaneous fluid collection with gas formation. A test puncture for right lower abdominal subcutaneous fluid collection revealed pus, so an open incision was performed, with the administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics. Unfortunately, the patient died of sepsis-induced multiple organ failure. The results of abscess culture later revealed Proteus mirabilis, Escherichia coli, and Prevotella melaninogenica. This is the first report of a cold abscess induced by mixed bacteria.

Clinical Investigation of Burn Patients Transported by Helicopter Based on the Japan Trauma Data Bank.

OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively investigated the actual conditions of burn patients evacuated by helicopter in comparison to those evacuated by ground ambulance using the Japan Trauma Data Bank. METHODS: This study was a retrospective analysis of the data recorded in the Japan Trauma Data Bank between January 2004 and May 2019. After propensity score matching for the method of transportation, the survival rate was compared between the 2 groups. RESULTS: During the investigation period, there were 4,627 burn patients (helicopter group, n = 276; ambulance group, n = 4,351). After propensity score matching, there were no significant differences between the 2 groups in any of the assessed variables, and the survival rate did not differ to a statistically significant extent. CONCLUSION: After propensity score matching, the survival rate of the helicopter group did not appear to be superior to the ambulance group. Further prospective studies are needed to explore the proper indications for air transportation of burn patients, which could potentially improve outcomes.

Experience of the Usage of a Portable X-ray System.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to introduce the use of a portable X-ray system by the staff members of a doctor helicopter (DH). METHODS: From January 11 to 18, 2019, we were given temporary access to a portable X-ray system. This period is defined as the investigation term. During the investigation term, a medical chart review was retrospectively performed for all patients who were transported by the DH. We investigated the variables between cases in which an X-ray study had been performed (X-ray group) and had not been performed (control group). RESULTS: Thirteen subjects were classified into the X-ray group, and 17 were classified into the control group. No X-ray studies were performed for patients who underwent interhospital transportation, and the proportion of cases involving patients with exogenous disease in the X-ray group was greater than that in the control group. CONCLUSION: We reported our experience of DH staff performing X-ray studies at the scene. Further studies are required to determine the indications for using portable X-ray systems in the prehospital setting.

Prognostic Factors in Trauma Patients Transported by Physician-Staffed Helicopter in Japan: An Investigation Based on the Japan Trauma Data Bank.

OBJECTIVE: We retrospectively investigated prognostic factors for patients evacuated by the physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service using the Japan Trauma Data Bank. METHODS: The study period was from January 2004 to May 2019. The subjects were divided into 2 groups according to the outcome: the survival group and the fatal group. RESULTS: A total of 19,370 patients were enrolled as subjects. There were 17,080 patients in the survival group and 2,290 in the fatal group. In a multivariate analysis of factors that showed statistical significance in a univariate analysis, the Revised Trauma Score, age, Injury Severity Score, Maximum Abbreviated Injury Scale (MAX-AIS) for the upper extremity (negative), year of helicopter dispatch, Japan Coma Scale, MAX-AIS for the head, MAX-AIS for the abdomen/pelvis, and MAX-AIS for the spine were identified as significant predictors of a fatal outcome . CONCLUSION: This is the first report to investigate the prognostic factors of patients evacuated by helicopter emergency medical service using the Japan Trauma Data Bank. The results suggest that physiological abnormality, age, traumatic anatomic abnormality (other than upper extremity abnormality), and year of helicopter dispatch may be prognostic factors.

The Significance of a Cooperative Medical System for Treating Decompression Illness on the Izu Peninsula in Japan.

INTRODUCTION: In 2011, our hospital on the Izu peninsula began to hold meetings to discuss how to manage patients with decompression illness (DCI) to establish a cooperative medical system. We retrospectively investigated the influence of these meetings and the changes subsequently effected. METHODS: A medical chart review was retrospectively performed to investigate all cases between January 2005 and December 2017 in which the transport of patients with DCI via a physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) was attempted. The patients were divided into 2 groups: the preprogram group and the postprogram group. RESULTS: There were 63 patients in the preprogram group and 65 in the postprogram group. There were no cases in which a patient's symptoms deteriorated during transportation by the HEMS. The frequency of dispatch to the scene for direct evacuation in the postprogram group (86%) was greater than that in the preprogram group (74%), but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.09). In the postprogram group, the duration of activities at the scene or the first aid hospital was significantly shorter in comparison to the preprogram group (P=0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This retrospective study revealed simultaneity between the introduction of the yearly meetings and a reduced duration of the HEMS staff's activity at either the scene or the first aid hospital.

The Utility of a Portable X-ray System.

Fujifilm (Tokyo, Japan) developed a portable X-ray system called the CALNEO Xair. We herein report our experience in using this portable X-ray system at the scene after transportation by a doctor helicopter (DH). An explosion suddenly occurred while a 42-year-old man was handling toluene in a factory, causing his clothes to catch on fire. When the staff of a physician-staffed helicopter (DH) equipped with a portable X-ray system checked the man at the rendezvous point, he had second- and third-degree flame burns to > 70% of his total body surface area. A chest X-ray obtained using the portable X-ray system showed clear lung fields. A noninvasive carboxyhemoglobin monitor indicated a carboxyhemoglobin value of 6%. He was transferred to a special burn center by the DH. This is the first reported case in which a portable X-ray system was used to evaluate blast injuries in the prehospital setting. This system may be useful for performing prehospital medical treatment for blast injury victims.

Convulsion Treated by a Physician-Staffed Helicopter.

OBJECTIVE: There have been no reports focusing on patients with convulsion treated by a doctor helicopter (DH). We herein report the results of a retrospective analysis investigating the changes in patients' vital signs and clinical manifestations during transportation and the outcomes of treating convulsive patients using a government-funded medical DH. METHODS: We retrospectively investigated all of the patients with convulsion who were transported by the DH between January 2013 and December 2018. RESULTS: A total of 118 cases were enrolled in the present study. The average age was 32 years old, and most were men. Fifty cases showed remaining convulsion when the staff of the DH made contact with the subject. All subjects obtained a survival outcome. Regarding anticonvulsants administered, diazepam was the most frequently used followed by midazolam. The frequency of convulsion after transportation was significantly lower than that before transportation. The Glasgow Coma Scale and peripheral capillary oxygen saturation after transportation to a hospital were higher than before transportation. The heart rate after transportation to a hospital was lower than before transportation. CONCLUSION: The present study indicated the usefulness of a physician-staffed helicopter for treating convulsive patients at the scene.

A Smartphone Video Transmission System for Verification of Transfusion.

A physician-staffed helicopter emergency medical service called a doctor helicopter (DH) in Eastern Shizuoka was equipped with a smartphone video transmission system in April 2018. We herein report on the introduction of this system for the verification of transfusion in the DH. A 51-year-old man visited a local hospital after cutting his left neck himself. He was diagnosed with jugular vein injury and underwent compressive hemostasis. As he entered profound hemorrhagic shock, he underwent tracheal intubation, massive fluid resuscitation, and administration of 3 vasopressor agents to maintain circulation. The Eastern Shizuoka DH was requested to transport this patient. After making contact with the patient, the staff of the DH started prehospital transfusion. Because this was the first case of transfusion in a prehospital setting for our hospital, we held a meeting in which we used a smartphone video transmission system to verify the condition surrounding the transfusion in the DH. By reviewing the video record, we confirmed that the transfusion was performed safely and correctly in the prehospital setting. This smartphone video transmission system was useful for verifying the activity of the staff in the DH.