The metastasis suppressor RARRES3 as an endogenous inhibitor of the immunoproteasome expression in breast cancer cells.

In breast cancer metastasis, the dynamic continuum involving pro- and anti-inflammatory regulators can become compromised. Over 600 genes have been implicated in metastasis to bone, lung or brain but how these genes might contribute to perturbation of immune function is poorly understood. To gain insight, we adopted a gene co-expression network approach that draws on the functional parallels between naturally occurring bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and cancer stem cells (CSCs). Our network analyses indicate a key role for metastasis suppressor RARRES3, including potential to regulate the immunoproteasome (IP), a specialized proteasome induced under inflammatory conditions. Knockdown of RARRES3 in near-normal mammary epithelial and breast cancer cell lines increases overall transcript and protein levels of the IP subunits, but not of their constitutively expressed counterparts. RARRES3 mRNA expression is controlled by interferon regulatory factor IRF1, an inducer of the IP, and is sensitive to depletion of the retinoid-related receptor RORA that regulates various physiological processes including immunity through modulation of gene expression. Collectively, these findings identify a novel regulatory role for RARRES3 as an endogenous inhibitor of IP expression, and contribute to our evolving understanding of potential pathways underlying breast cancer driven immune modulation.

Enhanced dependency of KRAS-mutant colorectal cancer cells on RAD51-dependent homologous recombination repair identified from genetic interactions in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Activating KRAS mutations drive colorectal cancer tumorigenesis and influence response to anti-EGFR-targeted therapy. Despite recent advances in understanding Ras signaling biology and the revolution in therapies for melanoma using BRAF inhibitors, no targeted agents have been effective in KRAS-mutant cancers, mainly due to activation of compensatory pathways. Here, by leveraging the largest synthetic lethal genetic interactome in yeast, we identify that KRAS-mutated colorectal cancer cells have augmented homologous recombination repair (HRR) signaling. We found that KRAS mutation resulted in slowing and stalling of the replication fork and accumulation of DNA damage. Moreover, we found that KRAS-mutant HCT116 cells have an increase in MYC-mediated RAD51 expression with a corresponding increase in RAD51 recruitment to irradiation-induced DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) compared to genetically complemented isogenic cells. MYC depletion using RNA interference significantly reduced IR-induced RAD51 foci formation and HRR. On the contrary, overexpression of either HA-tagged wild-type (WT) MYC or phospho-mutant S62A increased RAD51 protein levels and hence IR-induced RAD51 foci. Likewise, depletion of RAD51 selectively induced apoptosis in HCT116-mutant cells by increasing DSBs. Pharmacological inhibition targeting HRR signaling combined with PARP inhibition selectivity killed KRAS-mutant cells. Interestingly, these differences were not seen in a second isogenic pair of KRAS WT and mutant cells (DLD-1), likely due to their nondependency on the KRAS mutation for survival. Our data thus highlight a possible mechanism by which KRAS-mutant-dependent cells drive HRR in vitro by upregulating MYC-RAD51 expression. These data may offer a promising therapeutic vulnerability in colorectal cancer cells harboring otherwise nondruggable KRAS mutations, which warrants further investigation in vivo.

Serological evidence for exposure of dogs to Rickettsia conorii, Rickettsia typhi, and Orientia tsutsugamushi in Sri Lanka.

Vector-borne rickettsial infection is a major cause of febrile illnesses throughout the world. Although vertebrates hosting the vectors play a vital role in the natural cycle of rickettsiae, studies have not been conducted on them in Sri Lanka. Therefore, the present study was designed to determine the exposure of dog population in Rajawatta, Thambavita, and areas of the Western Slopes and Unawatuna of Sri Lanka to rickettsial pathogens. A total of 123 dog blood samples were collected from those areas. Samples were tested for antibodies against Rickettsia conorii (RC) of the spotted fever group (SFG), Rickettsia typhi (RT) of the typhus group (TG), and Orientia tsutsugamushi (OT) of the scrub typhus group (ST) of rickettsiae by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFA). Samples with titers ≥ 1:64 were considered as positive in this study. Collectively, 49% dogs were found to have antibodies against the rickettsial agents. Of the dogs, 42%, 24%, and 2% had antibodies against RC, OT, and RT, respectively. The seropositive rate of 100% was observed in areas of the Western Slopes, whereas the lowest rate of 20% was in Unawatuna. Among the positive samples, antibody titers against RC and OT ranged from 1/64 to 1/8192. In contrast, the few dogs that tested positive for RT showed very low titers of 1/64 and 1/128. Results of this study show the extent of exposure to the pathogen and its dispersion in the natural ecology. We suggest that dogs could be acting as reservoirs in the rickettsial transmission cycle or could be effective tracer animals that can be used to detect areas with potential for future outbreaks.