Malignancy Trends in HIV-Infected Patients Over the Past 10 Years in a Single-Center Retrospective Observational Study in the United States.

The introduction of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in 1995 had a dramatic impact on the morbidity and mortality of the HIV population, and subsequently, the natural history of cancer has changed. The purpose of our study was to review the prevalence of AIDS-defining malignancies and non-AIDS defining cancers (NADC), taking into consideration racial and gender variations. After the institutional review board approval, the study was conducted as a retrospective chart review of 279 HIV-infected patients who were treated at the Moffitt Cancer Center between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2010. The demographic characteristics included gender, ethnicity, race, presence or absence of ART, and the type of malignancy reviewed. Of 233 men, 78 (33.5%) had AIDS-defining malignancies. AIDS-related non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) was detected in 49 (21%) patients and Kaposi sarcoma (KS) in 29 (12%) patients. Two-thirds of male patients had NADC, with anal cancer being the most prevalent (8.5%), followed by Hodgkin lymphoma (6%). AIDS-related NHL was also the predominant malignancy for women with a prevalence of 19.5% followed by invasive cervical cancer (ICC) and breast cancer, both with a similar prevalence of 11%. Kaposi sarcoma and anal cancer were equally detected in 2% of women. The prevalence rates of AIDS-defining malignancies among those of white race were 34%, ranging from 21% for NHL to 13% for KS and 1.5% for ICC. Twenty-one (7.7%) patients had anal cancer. AIDS-defining malignancies were found in 36% of patients of black race and 60% had NHL. Non-AIDS-related NHL was the second most common malignancy, followed by breast cancer and anal cancer with a similar prevalence of 6.5%. Of 279 patients, 53% were taking ART; 39.4% were not taking ART; and in 7.5% of the patients, it was unknown if they were taking ART. In the ART era, our study found NADC to be more prevalent than AIDS-defining malignancies with 60% versus 40%, respectively. Non-Hodgkin lymphoma remained the most common AIDS-related malignancy in both genders. Among the patients with NADC, anal cancer was the predominant malignancy. The increasing incidence of some of the NADC is expected as this population is living longer with chronic exposure of viral replication of virus with oncogenic potential such as Human papillomavirus (HPV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and Human herpesvirus 8 (HHV-8). Early ART initiation, aggressive vaccination, and judicious cancer screening are the cornerstone of cancer prevention of this growing population.

Infectious Causes of Right Middle Lobe Syndrome.

Right middle lobe (RML) syndrome is defined as recurrent or chronic obstruction or infection of the middle lobe of the right lung. Nonobstructive causes of middle lobe syndrome include inflammatory processes and defects in the bronchial anatomy and collateral ventilation. We report on 2 case patients with RML syndrome, one due to infection with Mycobacterium avium complex followed by M asiaticum infection and the other due to allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis. A history of atopy, asthma, or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has been reported in up to one-half of those with RML. The diagnosis can be made by plain radiography, computed tomography, and bronchoscopy. Medical treatment consists of bronchodilators, mucolytics, and antimicrobials. Patients whose disease is unresponsive to treatment and those with obstructive RML syndrome can be offered surgical treatment.

Serotonin Syndrome Complicating Treatment of Ifosfamide Neurotoxicity With Methylene Blue.

Methylene blue is a widely used treatment for ifosfamide neurotoxicity. We present a case of severe encephalopathy complicating ifosfamide-based therapy for recurrent retroperitoneal leiomyosarcoma. After treatment with methylene blue, the patient experienced clinical decompensation and was diagnosed with serotonin syndrome based on a constellation of clinical findings. Withdrawal of methylene blue and other serotonergic medications led to clinical stabilization and ultimately neurological recovery. Our case highlights the challenge of diagnosing serotonin syndrome in the face of preexisting ifosfamide neurotoxicity, as there is significant clinical overlap between these 2 syndromes. Practitioners must remain vigilant of this potential life-threatening complication in this vulnerable population.

A Case Report of Steroid Responsive Nivolumab-Induced Encephalitis.

Nivolumab (Opdivo) approval for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) prompts recognition of its future use in various cancers. Although rare, occurring in 1% to 3% of treated cases, nivolumab along with other immune checkpoint inhibitors are associated with immune-related encephalitis. With its prospective use, nivolumab-induced encephalitis illustrates the necessity of early recognition and successful management to decrease morbidity and mortality. We describe a treated case of nivolumab-induced encephalitis. A 74-year-old male with a history of stage 4 squamous NSCLC presenting with insidious altered mental status following his first dose of nivolumab. After an extensive workup that proved negative, the patient received intravenous steroids with gradual improvement of mental status. Patient subsequently returned to baseline and was discharged with oral steroid taper. Nivolumab-induced encephalitis is a diagnosis of exclusion with nonspecific signs and symptoms. Immediate recognition of patients prescribed nivolumab chemotherapy could potentially prevent fatal complications of neurotoxicity.

Thrombotic Microangiopathy in a Patient Treated With Gemcitabine.

Thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes consist of a collection of disorders with a varied etiology that share common clinical and pathological features. Although thrombotic microangiopathy is rare, it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Without early recognition and intervention, the prognosis of the disease is poor. This report illustrates the case of a 56-year-old man with advanced-stage metastatic pancreatic cancer who presented with hemolytic uremic syndrome associated with gemcitabine use. His condition was managed with eculizumab, a monoclonal antibody, although he was dependent on dialysis. This report reflects the importance of considering thrombotic microangiopathy syndromes in the differential diagnosis, because many malignancies and use of chemotherapeutic agents can trigger hemolytic uremic syndrome.

Invasive Haemophilus influenzae Infection in Patients With Cancer.

A major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer is infection. Since the introduction of the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine in the United States in the 1990s, invasive H influenzae infection has become less common. We report on 5 patients with cancer and invasive H influenzae infection. A literature review was also performed of the dominant Haemophilus subtype and the clinical features associated with the infection and concomitant cancer. Of the 17 cases found in the literature, had hematological malignancies and 1 case each had thymoma, schwannoma, teratoma, and pancreatic, Merkel cell, pharyngeal, laryngeal, and rectal carcinomas. Two cases occurred with AIDS and Kaposi sarcoma. Pneumonia with bacteremia was seen in 8 cases, whereas pleuritis, neck cellulitis, septic arthritis, meningitis, and mediastinitis were diagnosed in the others. No focus of infection was identified in 2 cases. Nontypable H influenzae (NTHi) occurred in 4 cases, and Hib was isolated in 2 cases; serotyping was not reported in the others. Leukocytosis occurred in 7 cases and lymphopenia in 3; no cases presented with neutropenia. Four isolates were positive for beta-lactamase. Susceptibility data were unavailable in 5 case patients. Among serotyped cases, 67% were of the NTHi strain - a finding consistent with the change in the epidemiology of H influenzae since the introduction of the Hib vaccine.

Liver-Directed Embolization for the Long-Term Control of Hypercalcemia of Malignancy in Metastatic Breast Cancer.

Hypercalcemia of malignancy is a common complication of certain types of cancers. No standard therapies exist for the treatment of hypercalcemia secondary to paraneoplastic syndromes that result in the long-term control of serum calcium levels. We report a case of metastatic breast cancer with parathyroid hormone-related protein associated with hypercalcemia of malignancy that was treated with transarterial embolization of the hepatic metastatic lesions.

Vancomycin Infiltrate-Induced Dermatitis Mimicking Bullous Cellulitis.

Extravasation of medications can manifest as tenderness, pain, tissue necrosis, and thrombophlebitis and lead to infection and severe long-term complications. Risk factors for leakage of medications include mechanical and pharmacologic mechanisms such as cannulation technique, vasoconstriction, and cytotoxicity. Well-known vesicants like anthracyclines, vinca alkaloids, and vasopressors are usually administered with proper caution. Often overlooked are many antimicrobial agents, which typically act via differences in osmolality and pH. Vancomycin harms the vascular wall by the latter (pH 2.5-4.5). Although similar in appearance to vancomycin hypersensitivity reactions (eg, linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis), we present a patient whose dermatitis and subsequent cellulitis likely originated due to extravasation of the drug from the peripheral intravenous catheter. The visible dermatitis mimicked bullous cellulitis from toxin-producing Staphylococcus aureus, Group A Streptococcus, and gram-negative rods or anaerobes in the setting of neutropenia. Our case illustrates the importance of getting an appropriate history and recognizing non-infectious causes of rashes that mimic chronic infections.

Hyperuricemia in 2 Patients Receiving Palbociclib for Breast Cancer.

The authors reviewed retrospective cases of 2 women - one aged 78 years and the other aged 86 years - with estrogen receptor (ER)-positive, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-negative breast cancer treated with combination palbociclib/letrozole who presented with hyperuricemia. In both cases, the patients experienced hyperuricemia and neutropenia that required palbociclib to be temporarily discontinued and its dose to be subsequently reduced. Although study data have demonstrated that combination palbociclib/letrozole is safe and effective as a first-line treatment option for patients with advanced ER-positive, HER2-negative breast cancer, the efficacy and safety of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors, including their adverse events, still remains an active area of research. The authors postulate that hyperuricemia may be a potential adverse event of palbociclib not yet reported in randomized control studies or in clinical practice.

Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Immunocompromised Patients.

Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a pathogen associated with respiratory tract infection and is related to avian pneumovirus. Typically, children, the elderly, and those who are immunocompromised are the most susceptible to HMPV infection; however, the virus can infect persons of all ages. In otherwise healthy individuals, HMPV infection is generally self-limiting, but immunocompromised individuals can develop fatal complications. We present a case series of 3 severely immunocompromised patients who were infected with HMPV and describe their clinical course. All 3 patients had acute myeloid leukemia, histories of neutropenic fever, and prolonged hospitalization stays. This case series highlights the severe sequelae observed in individuals infected with HMPV, particularly among those who are immunocompromised.

Infectious Disease Report: Bordetella pertussis Infection in Patients With Cancer.

We illustrate 2 cases of pneumonia associated with Bordetella pertussis infection in 72-year-old and 61-year-old patients with cancer receiving myelosuppressive therapy after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Bacterial infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with cancer, and those receiving hematopoietic stem cell transplant, solid organ transplant, or myelosuppressive therapy are at increased risk. The infection was detected and the 2 patients had good outcomes following azithromycin treatment. Pertussis, also known as whooping cough, is a contagious respiratory illness that has become a public health challenge due to decreased immunity of the pertussis vaccine. Therefore, it is critical to recognize pertussis early in the course of the disease.

Pharmacy Report: Megestrol Acetate-Induced Adrenal Insufficiency.

A man aged 65 years with metastatic renal cell carcinoma presented for evaluation after a recent fall. A thorough workup of the case was performed and secondary adrenal insufficiency induced by the administration of megestrol acetate was determined to be the cause. Adrenal insufficiency is a serious disorder that is a potential adverse event of megestrol acetate, a medication used to help patients with cancer cachexia increase their appetite and gain weight. This association is not well recognized in clinical practice, so this case highlights the importance of distinguishing possible endocrine complications induced by the long-term administration or sudden discontinuation of megestrol acetate.

Diffuse Alveolar Hemorrhage in Acute Myeloid Leukemia.

Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage is a potentially fatal pulmonary disease syndrome that affects individuals with hematological and nonhematological malignancies. The range of inciting factors is wide for this syndrome and includes thrombocytopenia, underlying infection, coagulopathy, and the frequent use of anticoagulants, given the high incidence of venous thrombosis in this population. Dyspnea, fever, and cough are commonly presenting symptoms. However, clinical manifestations can be variable. Obvious bleeding (hemoptysis) is not always present and can pose a potential diagnostic challenge. Without prompt treatment, hypoxia that rapidly progresses to respiratory failure can occur. Diagnosis is primarily based on radiological and bronchoscopic findings. This syndrome is especially common in patients with hematological malignancies, given an even greater propensity for thrombocytopenia as a result of bone marrow suppression as well as the often prolonged immunosuppression in this patient population. The syndrome also has an increased incidence in individuals with hematological malignancies who have received a bone marrow transplant. We present a case series of 5 patients with acute myeloid leukemia presenting with diffuse alveolar hemorrhage at our institution. A comparison of clinical manifestations, radiographic findings, treatment course, and outcomes are described. A review of the literature and general overview of the diagnostic evaluation, differential diagnoses, pathophysiology, and treatment of this syndrome are discussed.

Primary Gangrenous Cutaneous Mold Infections in a Patient With Cancer and Neutropenia.

BACKGROUND: Opportunistic fungal infections caused by Aspergillus and Candida followed by infections with Fusarium, Rhizopus, Mucor, and Alternaria species are an important cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with hematological malignancies. Cutaneous mucormycosis infections are rare, and the incidence, outcomes, and factors associated with survival in the setting of hematological malignancies are not clear. METHODS: A literature search was conducted for all cases of primary cutaneous mold infections in patients with hematological malignancy, of which 50 cases were found. Our case of a patient with a hematological malignancy who sustained a cat bite that in turn caused a primary cutaneous mold infection is also included. RESULTS: In the 51 cases identified, 66.7% were neutropenic upon presentation, and 54.9% were male with an average age of 32 years. Aspergillus species (33.3%) was the most cited followed by Rhizopus species (19.6%). Overall mortality rate was 29.4% and was observed more frequently in patients with neutropenia (60.0%) and without surgical intervention (73.3%). Survival rate was higher (35.3%) for cases utilizing both antifungal and surgical intervention. The antifungal agent with the highest survival rate was amphotericin B and its formulations (58.8%). CONCLUSIONS: Neutropenia within hematological malignancies demonstrate a risk for developing severe cutaneous fungal infections, of which primary cutaneous mucormycosis can carry significant mortality. Combination antifungal therapy and surgical debridement appears to be associated with higher survival outcomes and warrants further investigation.

Marijuana Smoking in Patients With Leukemia.

Worldwide, marijuana (cannabis) is a widely used drug. The incidence of marijuana smoking is increasing and is second only to tobacco as the most widely smoked substance in the general population. It is also the second most commonly used recreational drug after alcohol. Some adverse effects of marijuana smoking have been documented; however, the number of studies on the pulmonary effects of marijuana in individuals with leukemia is limited. In our case series, we report on 2 men with acute myeloid leukemia with miliary nodular lung patterns on computed tomography of the chest due to heavy marijuana use. We also report on 2 patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia who had a history of smoking marijuana and then developed lung opacities consistent with mold infection.

Successful Treatment of Community-Acquired Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Necrotizing Pneumonia in the Setting of Chronic Graft-Versus-Host Disease.

Necrotizing pneumonia (NP) is a rare complication of community-acquired pneumonia that results in tissue necrosis and permanent destruction of the lung parenchyma. This study presents a case of a 21-year old male patient with T-cell acute lymphoblastic lymphoma who was treated with chemotherapy and matched-unrelated donor stem cell transplantation. His post-transplant course included chronic graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and subsequent community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (CA-MRSA) necrotizing pneumonia. In addition to antibiotics, steroids were used to help blunt the proinflammatory response following CA-MRSA pneumonia and this led to a rapid improvement in our patient's clinical course. CA-MRSA pneumonia is often treated with vancomycin. Given the nature of necrotizing pneumonia, the use of a toxin reducing agent like linezolid and adjunct therapy with corticosteroids was beneficial in the management of this disease process in our patient with chronic GVHD. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate this regimen as a therapeutic alternative.

A Case Series of Elizabethkingia meningosepticum Bacteremia in the Cancer Population.

Elizabethkingia meningosepticum (E. meningosepticum) is a ubiquitous microorganism previously known as Chryseobacterium meningosepticum. It is emerging as a pathogen responsible for bacteremia in the immunocompromised population, particularly in cancer patients and those with a history of prolonged hospital stay and frequent instrumentations. A retrospective chart review of all cases over 10 years at the Moffitt Cancer Center showed a total of three patients with E. meningosepticum infection. The first patient (history of multiple myeloma) underwent endoscopy complicated by aspiration pneumonia and positive blood culture for E. meningosepticum infection. The second patient (current acute myelogenous leukemia) had neutropenic fever in the setting of a recent chest port infection. Blood culture from the chest port showed E. meningosepticum. The third patient (history of esophageal adenocarcinoma and acute myelogenous leukemia) had a history of recent pneumonia and cellulitis who presented with recurrent neutropenic fever. Blood culture was positive for E. meningosepticum. E. meningosepticum bacteremia has a high 28-day mortality rate (41%). As these three cases illustrate, early identification of the pathogen along with empiric treatment with a fluoroquinolone and/or minocycline is indicated to reduce morbidity and mortality.

Management of Severe Hidradenitis Suppurativa.

Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a devastating and disfiguring disease of the skin involving the terminal follicular epithelium within the apocrine-gland-bearing skin. We present an interesting case of a 58-year-old female who presented with a 10-year history of refractory HS of the gluteal, perineal, perianal, and groin region. She had been chronically treated with multiple antibiotics in the past with no improvement. The patient subsequently underwent surgical local excision with complex closure. Medical management alone may not be optimal, especially in refractory disease. Early and aggressive surgical intervention and interdisciplinary approach are needed for patients with chronic and advanced stage of HS.

A Case of Alpha-1 Antitrypsin Deficiency and Organizing Pneumonia.

Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is an autosomal dominant genetic disorder that presents with pulmonary complications and is most commonly manifested by panacinar emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. A 49-year-old Caucasian female with a history of AATD and chronic tobacco use was referred to both infectious disease and thoracic surgery clinics with worsening cough and chronic intermittent hemoptysis for the evaluation of possible superimposed infection or malignancy. She had previously been treated with multiple antibiotics and Prolastin-CÒ (alpha-1-proteinase inhibitor). Initial CT of the chest showed known chronic bronchiectasis, severe lower lung emphysema, and right-sided lower lobe pulmonary masses. CT-guided biopsy of one mass showed nonspecific inflammation, negative cultures, and negative cytology. Subsequent follow-up with chest CT scans showed a decreasing size of right-sided pulmonary masses and new left-sided nodule formation, which later stabilized in growth. Based on symptoms and radiological and pathological findings, a diagnosis of organizing pneumonia was made. We present an unusual case of bilateral pulmonary masses mimicking infection and malignancy later found to be most consistent with an organizing pneumonia in a patient with underlying AATD.

A Case Series of Staphylococcus lugdunensis Infection in Cancer Patients at an Academic Cancer Institute in the United States.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus lugdunensis is a coagulase-negative staphylococcus (CoNS) that is a part of the normal human skin flora. Even though it belongs to CoNS family, it can cause severe and destructive infections in a similar fashion to Staphylococcus aureus. Skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI), bacteremia and endocarditis are amongst the most common clinical presentations. Diagnosis and clinical presentation of infections caused by S. lugdunensis in cancer patients is limited. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We performed a retrospective chart review of 24 patients who had cultures positive for S. lugdunensis. Out of 24 patients, 14 patients were diagnosed with a true infection and 10 other patients were considered to be colonized with this pathogen. We analyzed clinical manifestation, treatment and response to therapy. RESULTS: SSTI was the most common presentation in our study patients. All patients diagnosed with SSTI had a prior surgery or an invasive procedure at the affected site. Five urinary tract infections (UTIs), one catheter-associated bloodstream infection, and a deep pelvic abscess were other reported infections in our study. We observed that S. lugdunensis remains susceptible to a variety of antibiotics, with all isolates susceptible to vancomycin and linezolid and most remain susceptible to fluoroquinolone and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole. All 14 patients received antibiotics and improved. CONCLUSION: In our case series, SSTI was common and diagnosed in 50% of the patients with clinically significant isolates for S. lugdunensis. This is consistent with prior studies indicating that S. lugdunensis is a significant pathogen in SSTIs. UTI was the second most common infection type in our patient population.