A Review of Linear Lichen Planus Case Reports.

ABSTRACT: Lichen linear planus is a rare variant of lichen planus that appears as pruritic, polygonal, purple papules in a blaschkoid distribution. This review critically assesses all reported cases of linear lichen planus (LLP) for proposed etiology, clinical and histologic traits, treatment options, and recurrence. A PubMed search from inception through March 2023, followed by article screening and full-text review, identified 51 unique cases of LLP. Data from each case including the sex of the patient, anatomic distribution of lesions, biopsy results, proposed etiology, treatment, and recurrence were recorded. LLP did not show a significant gender or age predilection, most frequently presented unilaterally with pruritus, and involved numerous anatomic regions. Various triggers including metal implants, vaccinations, infections, malignancy, and pregnancy were identified. The most common histopathologic descriptions included band-like lymphocytic or lichenoid infiltrate, basal liquefactive, vacuolar degeneration, hypergranulosis, hyperkeratosis, civatte or colloid bodies, melanin incontinence, and orthokeratosis. Treatment options, duration of treatment, and recurrence rate of LLP lesions were variable. Although LLP is rare, dermatologists should be aware of this presentation and appropriate diagnostic and treatment options because swift diagnosis can reduce patient morbidity.

Invisible palmar needles: thyroid disorder associated spiny keratoderma and the importance of proper light for visualization.

Spiny keratoderma is a rare skin condition that presents on the palmar and plantar surfaces of the hands and/or feet. This condition is difficult to appreciate under ambient lighting but can be both physically and emotionally distressing to patients. Furthermore, because of the association with various neoplasms and systemic diseases, timely diagnosis and appropriate follow-up is of importance. We evaluate a case of spiny keratoderma in a patient with recently diagnosed hypothyroidism and emphasize the importance of proper lighting during a dermatology-focused physical examination. The patient's palmar lesions were only appreciable under LED light and with physical examination. A biopsy of the lesions confirmed the diagnosis of spiny keratoderma.

The First Report of Multiple, Bilateral Axillary Epidermal Inclusion Cysts.

Epidermal inclusion cysts (EICs) are benign masses that often develop on the face, scalp, neck, and back. Typically, EICs occur secondary to acne or obstructed hair follicles. However, the development of multiple EICs is associated with various syndromes and invasive procedures. Despite their relatively benign nature, a small percentage of EICs have been found to undergo malignant transformation. The complete excision of EICs is essential for their definitive treatment because of their ability to rupture, causing pain and infection. We present the first reported case of a patient without a history of acne, axillary surgery, or genetic syndromes who presented with multiple, painless, bilateral axillary EICs.

A Unilateral, Pruritic Papular Eruption Following Primigravida Pregnancy.

Linear lichen planus (LLP), also known as blaschkolinear or blaschkoid lichen planus, is a rare subtype of lichen planus that presents along the lines of Blaschko. While LLP has been associated with vaccinations, neoplasms, medications, and successive pregnancies, we present a case of LLP following a primary pregnancy. A 29-year-old G1P1 female presented to dermatology for the evaluation of an intensely pruritic, whorled rash confined to her left lower leg that appeared shortly after the birth of her first child. A biopsy of the lesion and subsequent histopathology confirmed the diagnosis of LLP. The patient was treated with topical steroids with minimal response to therapy and declined further treatment.

A New-Onset Facial Lesion in a Hospitalized COVID-19 Patient.

Pressure ulcers form when skin is compressed against a bony prominence, often in the context of prolonged supine or prone-based care. Hospitalized, bedridden patients are at the highest risk of this complication, especially when preventative measures like regular rotational bed treatment are not employed. In this case report, we present a rare case of a COVID-19-related facial pressure ulcer that occurred in the context of regular rotational bed treatment. The lesion was managed by wound care and allowed to heal by secondary intention. Ultimately, we hope that this manuscript will raise awareness for this atypical ulcer location, especially as prone-position treatment approaches take hold.

An Atypical Migration Pattern of Tattoo Pigment.

Unwanted diffusion of pigment past the original margins of a tattoo, termed "tattoo blowout," appears as a blurred rim classically surrounding the original tattoo borders. The darkened skin is visibly noted within hours to days following the tattooing procedure. Although this complication is not largely covered in literature, in prior cases, blowout has been shown to occur in areas of thin skin such as the dorsum of the foot. We present a rare presentation of tattoo blowout in a possible gravity-dependent pattern of pigment migration, occurring years after tattoo application. This atypical presentation highlights the knowledge gap that exists in the medical literature surrounding the mechanism of tattoo blowout and reinforces that physicians should be aware of these potentially poor aesthetic outcomes.

A Case of Unilateral, Segmental Vascular Lesions: An Unusual Presentation.

We present a case of a diffuse, vascular eruption localized to the left thigh and left abdomen in an otherwise apparently healthy 63-year-old male. The patient reported that the eruption was not bothersome and had been present for as long as he could remember. Due to its benign appearance in nature, the patient declined a biopsy or further follow-up. While reports of diffuse vascular eruptions have been associated with many genetic diseases, this case offers an example of a diffuse vascular eruption in a healthy patient. Further research is needed to understand the potential genetic or environmental factors contributing to the development of such lesions in healthy patients.

Gut Microbiome in Patients With Early-Stage and Late-Stage Melanoma.

Importance: The gut microbiome modulates the immune system and responses to immunotherapy in patients with late-stage melanoma. It is unknown whether fecal microbiota profiles differ between healthy individuals and patients with melanoma or if microbiota profiles differ among patients with different stages of melanoma. Defining gut microbiota profiles in individuals without melanoma and those with early-stage and late-stage melanoma may reveal features associated with disease progression. Objective: To characterize and compare gut microbiota profiles between healthy volunteers and patients with melanoma and between patients with early-stage and late-stage melanoma. Design, Setting, and Participants: This single-site case-control study took place at an academic comprehensive cancer center. Fecal samples were collected from systemic treatment-naive patients with stage I to IV melanoma from June 1, 2015, to January 31, 2019, and from healthy volunteers from June 1, 2021, to January 31, 2022. Patients were followed up for disease recurrence until November 30, 2021. Main Outcomes and Measures: Fecal microbiota was profiled by 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing. Clinical and pathologic characteristics, treatment, and disease recurrence were extracted from electronic medical records. Fecal microbiome diversity, taxonomic profiles and inferred functional profiles were compared between groups. Results: A total of 228 participants were enrolled (126 men [55.3%]; median age, 59 [range, 21-90] years), including 49 volunteers without melanoma, 38 patients with early-stage melanoma (29 with stage I or melanoma in situ and 9 with stage II), and 141 with late-stage melanoma (66 with stage III and 75 with stage IV). Community differences were observed between patients with melanoma and volunteers. Patients with melanoma had a higher relative abundance of Fusobacterium compared with controls on univariate analysis (0.19% vs 0.003%; P < .001), but this association was attenuated when adjusted for covariates (log2 fold change of 5.18 vs controls; P = .09). Microbiomes were distinct between patients with early-stage and late-stage melanoma. Early-stage melanoma had a higher alpha diversity (Inverse Simpson Index 14.6 [IQR, 9.8-23.0] vs 10.8 [IQR, 7.2-16.8]; P = .003), and a higher abundance of the genus Roseburia on univariate analysis (2.4% vs 1.2%; P < .001) though statistical significance was lost with covariate adjustment (log2 fold change of 0.86 vs controls; P = .13). Multiple functional pathways were differentially enriched between groups. No associations were observed between the microbial taxa and disease recurrence in patients with stage III melanoma treated with adjuvant immunotherapy. Conclusions and Relevance: The findings of this case-control study suggest that fecal microbiota profiles were significantly different among patients with melanoma and controls and between patients with early-stage and late-stage melanoma. Prospective investigations of the gut microbiome and changes that occur with disease progression may identify future microbial targets for intervention.