Pooled Knockin Targeting for Genome Engineering of Cellular Immunotherapies.

Adoptive transfer of genetically modified immune cells holds great promise for cancer immunotherapy. CRISPR knockin targeting can improve cell therapies, but more high-throughput methods are needed to test which knockin gene constructs most potently enhance primary cell functions in vivo. We developed a widely adaptable technology to barcode and track targeted integrations of large non-viral DNA templates and applied it to perform pooled knockin screens in primary human T cells. Pooled knockin of dozens of unique barcoded templates into the T cell receptor (TCR)-locus revealed gene constructs that enhanced fitness in vitro and in vivo. We further developed pooled knockin sequencing (PoKI-seq), combining single-cell transcriptome analysis and pooled knockin screening to measure cell abundance and cell state ex vivo and in vivo. This platform nominated a novel transforming growth factor ß (TGF-ß) R2-41BB chimeric receptor that improved solid tumor clearance. Pooled knockin screening enables parallelized re-writing of endogenous genetic sequences to accelerate discovery of knockin programs for cell therapies.

Functional CRISPR dissection of gene networks controlling human regulatory T cell identity.

Human regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential for immune homeostasis. The transcription factor FOXP3 maintains Treg cell identity, yet the complete set of key transcription factors that control Treg cell gene expression remains unknown. Here, we used pooled and arrayed Cas9 ribonucleoprotein screens to identify transcription factors that regulate critical proteins in primary human Treg cells under basal and proinflammatory conditions. We then generated 54,424 single-cell transcriptomes from Treg cells subjected to genetic perturbations and cytokine stimulation, which revealed distinct gene networks individually regulated by FOXP3 and PRDM1, in addition to a network coregulated by FOXO1 and IRF4. We also discovered that HIVEP2, to our knowledge not previously implicated in Treg cell function, coregulates another gene network with SATB1 and is important for Treg cell-mediated immunosuppression. By integrating CRISPR screens and single-cell RNA-sequencing profiling, we have uncovered transcriptional regulators and downstream gene networks in human Treg cells that could be targeted for immunotherapies.

Estimating the impact of enhanced care at minority-serving hospitals on disparities in the treatment of breast, prostate, lung, and colon cancers.

BACKGROUND: The objective of this study was to quantify disparities in cancer treatment delivery between minority-serving hospitals (MSHs) and non-MSHs for breast, prostate, nonsmall cell lung, and colon cancers from 2010 to 2019 and to estimate the impact of improving care at MSHs on national disparities. METHODS: Data from the National Cancer Database (2010-2019) identified patients who were eligible for definitive treatments for the specified cancers. Hospitals in the top decile by minority patient proportion were classified as MSHs. Multivariable logistic regression adjusted for patient and hospital characteristics compared the odds of receiving definitive treatment at MSHs versus non-MSHs. A simulation was used to estimate the increase in patients receiving definitive treatment if MSH care matched the levels of non-MSH care. RESULTS: Of 2,927,191 patients from 1330 hospitals, 9.3% were treated at MSHs. MSHs had significant lower odds of delivering definitive therapy across all cancer types (adjusted odds ratio: breast cancer, 0.83; prostate cancer, 0.69; nonsmall cell lung cancer, 0.73; colon cancer, 0.81). No site of care-race interaction was significant for any of the cancers (p > .05). Equalizing treatment rates at MSHs could result in 5719 additional patients receiving definitive treatment over 10 years. CONCLUSIONS: The current findings underscore systemic disparities in definitive cancer treatment delivery between MSHs and non-MSHs for breast, prostate, nonsmall cell lung, and colon cancers. Although targeted improvements at MSHs represent a critical step toward equity, this study highlights the need for integrated, system-wide efforts to address the multifaceted nature of racial and ethnic health disparities. Enhancing care at MSHs could serve as a pivotal strategy in a broader initiative to achieve health care equity for all.

Metabolic, cardiac, and bone health testing in patients with prostate cancer on androgen-deprivation therapy: A population-based assessment of adherence to therapeutic monitoring guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Androgen-deprivation therapy (ADT) remains a cornerstone in treatment for patients with advanced prostate cancer. ADT is associated with several adverse effects, including osteoporosis, metabolic syndrome, and cardiovascular events, leading to guidelines recommending routine testing to monitor for these toxicities. There is a lack of data assessing adherence to these recommendations. METHODS: The authors conducted a retrospective cohort study using administrative data from Ontario, Canada between 2008 and 2021. They identified all older men (aged 65 years and older) who received ADT for prostate cancer using comprehensive provincial health databases. The primary outcomes were the use of testing for lipids, dysglycemia (glucose), bone health serum, and bone density between 6 weeks before and 1 year after the initiation of ADT. RESULTS: In total, 29,097 patients were examined, of whom 52.8% were prescribed ADT by urologists, 37.9% were prescribed ADT by radiation oncologists, 2.8% were prescribed ADT by medical oncologists, and 2.4% were prescribed ADT by other physicians. Adherence to guidelines was low: only 21.3% of patients received a bone density scan, 41.2% underwent bone health-related serum tests, 51.3% completed a lipid profile, and 65.9% underwent dysglycemia testing within 1 year of diagnosis. Overall, only 11.9% of patients received all of the recommended investigations. Adherence to testing did not appear to improve over time (2008-2021) or with guideline publication. Patient (age) and physician (specialty) factors had important associations with adherence to testing. CONCLUSIONS: Most patients receiving ADT for prostate cancer do not receive recommended testing to monitor for treatment-related toxicity. Further study is required to address barriers to therapeutic monitoring of men on ADT and to reduce treatment-associated adverse events.

Prospective Multicenter Evaluation of Pain Before and After Removal of Nonobstructing Renal Calculi: A CoRE Initiative.

PURPOSE: Flank pain associated with stone disease is typically caused by a stone that obstructs urine flow. However, it is plausible that nonobstructing kidney stones may still cause pain. We performed a multicenter, observational trial to evaluate whether treatment of small nonobstructing calyceal stones improves pain and kidney stone-specific health-related quality of life. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients aged 18 years or older with nonobstructing renal stone(s) up to 10 mm in longest diameter and moderate to severe pain were recruited. All participants completed 3 questionnaires: the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI), the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System pain interference form 6a, and the Wisconsin Stone Quality of Life questionnaire. Thereafter, all participants underwent ureteroscopy for renal stone treatment. All 3 questionnaires were repeated at 2, 6 to 8, and at 12 weeks postprocedure. The primary outcomes were change in preoperative to 12-week postoperative mean BPI score and worst BPI pain score. RESULTS: A total of 43 patients with nonobstructing kidney stones and associated flank pain were recruited. All stones were removed. Preoperatively, BPI scores for mean pain and worst pain were 5.5 and 7.2, respectively which decreased to 1.8 and 2.8 respectively at 12 weeks postoperatively. Wisconsin Stone Quality of Life questionnaire mean score increased from 70.4 to 115.3 at 12 weeks postoperatively. A total of 86% and 69% of patients had at least a 20% and 50% reduction in their mean pain scores, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: This study determined that patients benefit significantly from the removal of calyceal nonobstructing kidney stones for at least 12 weeks with a reduction in pain and an increase in quality of life. Therefore, surgical removal of these stones in this patient population should be offered as a treatment option.

SAMHD1 Promotes the Antiretroviral Adaptive Immune Response in Mice Exposed to Lipopolysaccharide.

SAMHD1 is a potent HIV-1 restriction factor that blocks reverse transcription in monocytes, dendritic cells and resting CD4+ T cells by decreasing intracellular dNTP pools. However, SAMHD1 may diminish innate immune sensing and Ag presentation, resulting in a weaker adaptive immune response. To date, the role of SAMHD1 on antiretroviral immunity remains unclear, as mouse SAMHD1 had no impact on murine retrovirus replication in prior in vivo studies. Here, we show that SAMHD1 significantly inhibits acute Friend retrovirus infection in mice. Pretreatment with LPS, a significant driver of inflammation during HIV-1 infection, further unmasked a role for SAMHD1 in influencing immune responses. LPS treatment in vivo doubled the intracellular dNTP levels in immune compartments of SAMHD1 knockout but not wild-type mice. SAMHD1 knockout mice exhibited higher plasma infectious viremia and proviral DNA loads than wild-type mice at 7 d postinfection (dpi), and proviral loads inversely correlated with a stronger CD8+ T cell response. SAMHD1 deficiency was also associated with weaker NK, CD4+ T and CD8+ T cell responses by 14 dpi and weaker neutralizing Ab responses by 28 dpi. Intriguingly, SAMHD1 influenced these cell-mediated immune (14 dpi) and neutralizing Ab (28 dpi) responses in male but not female mice. Our findings formally demonstrate SAMHD1 as an antiretroviral factor in vivo that could promote adaptive immune responses in a sex-dependent manner. The requirement for LPS to unravel the SAMHD1 immunological phenotype suggests that comorbidities associated with a "leaky" gut barrier may influence the antiviral function of SAMHD1 in vivo.

Reprogramming human T cell function and specificity with non-viral genome targeting.

Decades of work have aimed to genetically reprogram T cells for therapeutic purposes1,2 using recombinant viral vectors, which do not target transgenes to specific genomic sites3,4. The need for viral vectors has slowed down research and clinical use as their manufacturing and testing is lengthy and expensive. Genome editing brought the promise of specific and efficient insertion of large transgenes into target cells using homology-directed repair5,6. Here we developed a CRISPR-Cas9 genome-targeting system that does not require viral vectors, allowing rapid and efficient insertion of large DNA sequences (greater than one kilobase) at specific sites in the genomes of primary human T cells, while preserving cell viability and function. This permits individual or multiplexed modification of endogenous genes. First, we applied this strategy to correct a pathogenic IL2RA mutation in cells from patients with monogenic autoimmune disease, and demonstrate improved signalling function. Second, we replaced the endogenous T cell receptor (TCR) locus with a new TCR that redirected T cells to a cancer antigen. The resulting TCR-engineered T cells specifically recognized tumour antigens and mounted productive anti-tumour cell responses in vitro and in vivo. Together, these studies provide preclinical evidence that non-viral genome targeting can enable rapid and flexible experimental manipulation and therapeutic engineering of primary human immune cells.

Particle separator with vortex claw: an efficient and new technology.

Despite facing many challenges, the exploration of using natural forces and mechanisms besides gravity to enhance particle settling has never ceased. A novel particle separator design, which utilizes multiple vortexes to enhance particle settling, was proposed in this study. The basic principle is using the fluid's energy to generate small swirling currents in a specially designed vortex claw generator. These currents bring suspended particles from the rapid and turbulent inflow to relatively quiet water regions, separating them from the main flows and reducing their travel distance to the wall. To verify the new separator design's performance, comparison studies were carried out in the laboratory using physical models. The results showed that the new design had much higher particle capture rates for the same inflow rates and tested particle sizes. Most importantly, it was able to effectively remove small particles, and particle capture rates were much less affected by fluctuations in inflow rates. Since most existing particle separators failed to perform well under large inflow rates, these characteristics make the new design stand out from other separators. Due to its special structure, its treatment capacity can also be easily increased without changing its horizontal separator size.

Cortico-Striatal Control over Adaptive Goal-Directed Responding Elicited by Cues Signaling Sucrose Reward or Punishment.

The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been associated with the expression of adaptive and maladaptive behavior elicited by fear-related and drug-associated cues. However, reported effects of mPFC manipulations on cue-elicited natural reward-seeking and inhibition thereof have been varied, with few studies examining cortico-striatal contributions in tasks that require adaptive responding to cues signaling reward and punishment within the same session. The current study aimed to better elucidate the role of mPFC and NAc subdivisions, and their functional connectivity in cue-elicited adaptive responding using a novel discriminative cue responding task. Male Long-Evans rats learned to lever-press on a VR5 schedule for a discriminative cue signaling reward, and to avoid pressing the same lever in the presence of another cue signaling punishment. Postacquisition, prelimbic (PL) and infralimbic (IL) areas of the mPFC, NAc core, shell, PL-core, or IL-shell circuits were pharmacologically or chemogenetically inhibited while animals performed under (1) nonreinforced (extinction) conditions, where the appetitive and aversive cues were presented in alternating trials alone or as a compound stimulus; and (2) reinforced conditions, whereby cued responding was accompanied by associated outcomes. PL and IL inactivation attenuated nonreinforced and reinforced goal-directed cue responding, whereas NAc core and shell inactivation impaired nonreinforced responding for the appetitive, but not aversive cue. Furthermore, PL-core and IL-shell inhibition disinhibited nonreinforced but not reinforced cue responding. Our findings implicate the mPFC as a site of confluence of motivationally significant cues and outcomes, and in the regulation of nonreinforced cue responding via downstream NAc targets.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The ability to discriminate and respond appropriately to environmental cues that signal availability of reward or punishment is essential for survival. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) and nucleus accumbens (NAc) have been implicated in adaptive and maladaptive behavior elicited by fear-related and drug-associated cues. However, less is known about the role they play in orchestrating adaptive responses to natural reward and punishment cues within the same behavioral task. Here, using a novel discriminative cue responding task combined with pharmacological or chemogenetic inhibition of mPFC, NAc and mPFC-NAc circuits, we report that mPFC is critically involved in responding to changing cued response-outcomes, both when the responses are reinforced, and nonreinforced. Furthermore, the mPFC coordinates nonreinforced discriminative cue responding by suppressing inappropriate responding via downstream NAc targets.

Case Commentary: Another prong of attack? Topical antibiotic instillation with negative pressure wound therapy for nontuberculous mycobacterial skin and soft tissue infections.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) skin infections remain therapeutically challenging. Given the diversity in infections, host responses, and antimicrobials, clinical guidelines are often built on case series and observational studies. In this commentary, we respond to a paper by Stemkens et al. that introduces an emerging strategy: adjunctive negative pressure wound therapy with instillation and dwell time combined with topical antibiotics for refractory NTM skin and soft tissue infections. We delve into the primary considerations surrounding this innovative approach.

Tailored Treatment Based on Helicobacter pylori Genetic Markers of Resistance Is Associated With Higher Eradication Success.

INTRODUCTION: Increasing antimicrobial resistance with Helicobacter pylori infection has focused efforts to tailor eradication therapy based on identifying genetic markers of resistance to predict antimicrobial susceptibility. METHODS: In this retrospective study, we report the effect of routine inclusion of antimicrobial susceptibility testing and recommendations for eradication therapy with gastric specimens with H. pylori . RESULTS: The use of a recommended treatment regimen based on genetic markers of resistance was associated with an 84% rate of eradication success and 4.4 greater odds of eradication relative to unrecommended treatment. DISCUSSION: This is the first study describing the use of H. pylori genetic resistance testing as standard of care.

Altered Immunoglobulin Repertoire and Decreased IgA Somatic Hypermutation in the Gut during Chronic HIV-1 Infection.

Humoral immune perturbations contribute to pathogenic outcomes in persons with HIV-1 infection (PWH). Gut barrier dysfunction in PWH is associated with microbial translocation and alterations in microbial communities (dysbiosis), and IgA, the most abundant immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype in the gut, is involved in gut homeostasis by interacting with the microbiome. We determined the impact of HIV-1 infection on the antibody repertoire in the gastrointestinal tract by comparing Ig gene utilization and somatic hypermutation (SHM) in colon biopsies from PWH (n = 19) versus age and sex-matched controls (n = 13). We correlated these Ig parameters with clinical, immunological, microbiome and virological data. Gene signatures of enhanced B cell activation were accompanied by skewed frequencies of multiple Ig Variable genes in PWH. PWH showed decreased frequencies of SHM in IgA and possibly IgG, with a substantial loss of highly mutated IgA sequences. The decline in IgA SHM in PWH correlated with gut CD4+ T cell loss and inversely correlated with mucosal inflammation and microbial translocation. Diminished gut IgA SHM in PWH was driven by transversion mutations at A or T deoxynucleotides, suggesting a defect not at the AID/APOBEC3 deamination step but at later stages of IgA SHM. These results expand our understanding of humoral immune perturbations in PWH that could have important implications in understanding mucosal immune defects in individuals with chronic HIV-1 infection. IMPORTANCE The gut is a major site of early HIV-1 replication and pathogenesis. Extensive CD4+ T cell depletion in this compartment results in a compromised epithelial barrier that facilitates the translocation of microbes into the underlying lamina propria and systemic circulation, resulting in chronic immune activation. To date, the consequences of microbial translocation on the mucosal humoral immune response (or vice versa) remains poorly integrated into the panoply of mucosal immune defects in PWH. We utilized next-generation sequencing approaches to profile the Ab repertoire and ascertain frequencies of somatic hypermutation in colon biopsies from antiretroviral therapy-naive PWH versus controls. Our findings identify perturbations in the Ab repertoire of PWH that could contribute to development or maintenance of dysbiosis. Moreover, IgA mutations significantly decreased in PWH and this was associated with adverse clinical outcomes. These data may provide insight into the mechanisms underlying impaired Ab-dependent gut homeostasis during chronic HIV-1 infection.

Liposomal delivery of gene therapy for ovarian cancer: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To systematically identify and narratively synthesize the evidence surrounding liposomal delivery of gene therapy and the outcome for ovarian cancer. METHODS: An electronic database search of the Embase, MEDLINE and Web of Science from inception until July 7, 2023, was conducted to identify primary studies that investigated the effect of liposomal delivery of gene therapy on ovarian cancer outcomes. Retrieved studies were assessed against the eligibility criteria for inclusion. RESULTS: The search yielded 564 studies, of which 75 met the inclusion criteria. Four major types of liposomes were identified: cationic, neutral, polymer-coated, and ligand-targeted liposomes. The liposome with the most evidence involved cationic liposomes which are characterized by their positively charged phospholipids (n = 37, 49.3%). Similarly, those with neutrally charged phospholipids, such as 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylcholine, were highly researched as well (n = 25, 33.3%). Eight areas of gene therapy research were identified, evaluating either target proteins/transcripts or molecular pathways: microRNAs, ephrin type-A receptor 2 (EphA2), interleukins, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), human-telomerase reverse transcriptase/E1A (hTERT/EA1), suicide gene, p53, and multidrug resistance mutation 1 (MDR1). CONCLUSION: Liposomal delivery of gene therapy for ovarian cancer shows promise in many in vivo studies. Emerging polymer-coated and ligand-targeted liposomes have been gaining interest as they have been shown to have more stability and specificity. We found that gene therapy involving microRNAs was the most frequently studied. Overall, liposomal genetic therapy has been shown to reduce tumor size and weight and improve survivability. More research involving the delivery and targets of gene therapy for ovarian cancer may be a promising avenue to improve patient outcomes.

A scoping review of office-based prostatic stents: past, present, and future of true minimally invasive treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia.

PURPOSE: To conduct a scoping review of the existing literature and recent developments on prostatic stents for the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). METHODS: A comprehensive search was performed on Embase, MEDLINE, and Web of Science to identify English literature on prostatic stents for the treatment of BPH. Additional studies and upcoming devices were identified through grey literature search and expert consultation. Study characteristics and stent information were extracted and tabulated narratively. RESULTS: Of the 1171 search results, 64 studies were included in this review. iTiND was the prostatic stent with the most long-term evidence. iTiND is a safe and effective minimally invasive treatment for BPH that preserves sexual function. Adverse events are mild and transitory. Emerging stents (e.g. Zenflow, Butterfly, Urocross, and Exime) had 7/64 eligible studies, where no studies had long-term follow-up. These newer stents show promising results for quality of life and BPH symptom management; however, long-term monitoring and head-to-head comparisons are needed. CONCLUSION: Over the last 50 years, prostatic stents have evolved and demonstrated improved clinical efficacy. iTiND provides a safe and effective outpatient treatment of LUTS secondary to BPH preserving erectile and ejaculatory function. Emerging prostatic stents are a promising, effective, and safe intervention in well-selected patients interested in its benefits.

Posterior urethral valves, pressure pop-offs, and kidney function: systematic review and meta-analysis.

PURPOSE: To determine the role of pressure pop-off mechanisms, including vesicoureteral reflux and renal dysplasia (VURD) syndrome, in determining long-term kidney outcomes in boys with posterior urethral valves (PUV). METHODS: A systematic search was performed in December 2022. Descriptive and comparative studies with a defined pressure pop-off group were included. Assessed outcomes included end-stage renal disease (ESRD), kidney insufficiency (defined as chronic kidney disease [CKD] stage 3 + or SCr > 1.5 mg/dL), and kidney function. Pooled proportions and relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) were extrapolated from available data for quantitative synthesis. Random-effects meta-analyses were performed according to the study design and techniques. The risk of bias was assessed with the QUIPS tool and GRADE quality of evidence. The systematic review was prospectively registered on PROSPERO (CRD42022372352). RESULTS: A total of 15 studies describing 185 patients with a median follow-up of 6.8 years were included. By the last follow-up, overall effect estimates demonstrate the prevalence of CKD and ESRD to be 15.2% and 4.1%, respectively. There was no significant difference in the risk of ESRD in patients with pop-off compared to no pop-off patients [RR 0.34, 95%CI 0.12, 1.10; p = 0.07]. There was a significantly reduced risk for kidney insufficiency in boys with pop-off [RR 0.57, 95%CI 0.34, 0.97; p = 0.04], but this protective effect was not re-demonstrated after excluding studies with inadequate reporting of CKD outcomes [RR 0.63, 95%CI 0.36, 1.10; p = 0.10]. Included study quality was low, with 6 studies having moderate risk and 9 having a high risk of bias. CONCLUSIONS: Pop-off mechanisms may be associated with reducing the risk of kidney insufficiency, but current certainty in the evidence is low. Further research is warranted to investigate sources of heterogeneity and long-term sequelae in pressure pop-offs.

Functional outcomes of GreenLight 180-W photoselective vaporization in patients with large (≥ 80 cc) prostates: an analysis of over 3000 men in the Global Greenlight Group (GGG) database.

INTRODUCTION: GreenLight photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) has gained widespread adoption as an option to traditional transurethral resection of the prostate. Prior reports expressed concern with the use of PVP in large prostates. The aim of this study was to investigate the adjusted outcomes of GreenLight PVP in men with large (≥ 80 cc) vs. small prostates (< 80 cc). METHODS: Data were obtained from the Global Greenlight Group which pools data from 7 high volume centers. Men with established benign prostatic hyperplasia who underwent GreenLight PVP using the XPS-180 W system between 2011 and 2019 were eligible and assigned into two groups based on their prostate size (≥ 80 and < 80 cc). 11 functional and perioperative covariates were collected. Analyses were adjusted for patient age and presence of median lobe. RESULTS: 3426 men met the inclusion criteria. 34.6% (n = 1187) of patients had a large prostate size. Baseline age and prostate volume were significantly different between the groups. The magnitude of absolute improvement in unadjusted international prostate symptom score was significantly greater in the large (≥ 80 cc) prostate group at 12 months, with an absolute change of 19.17 points (95% CI 18.46-19.88; p < 0.01). There was also a significant drop in PVR at both 6- (p = 0.007) and 12 months (p = 0.005). There were no significant differences in transfusion (p = 0.42), hematuria (p = 0.80), or 30-day readmission rates (p = 0.28). CONCLUSIONS: Greenlight PVP is a safe and effective alternative for patients with prostate sizes ≥ 80 cc, with durable outcomes relatively independent from prostate size.

Safety and efficacy of GreenLight PVP in octogenarians: evaluation of the Global GreenLight Group database.

INTRODUCTION: The present study analyzes the largest international GreenLight database, the Global GreenLight Group (GGG), to evaluate the functional and safety profile of GreenLight photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) in octogenarians. METHODS: The GGG is a database comprised of patients that underwent GreenLight PVP from 2011 to 2019 performed by 8 experienced urologists at 7 international hospitals. Patients 80 years or older at the time of surgery were categorized as octogenarians. They were compared to a similar group of PVP patients below the age of 80. RESULTS: Among 3,648 patients, 586 men were above the age of 80. Compared to patients under the age of 80, octogenarians had larger prostates (76.0 vs 71.9 ml, p = 0.02) and a lower BMI (25.6 vs 26.7, p = 0.045). Operative time was not significantly longer in octogenarians. The improvement in functional outcomes between 80-year-old patients and control patients was not significantly different at one-year follow-up, with the exception of maximum urinary flow (Qmax) that favoured younger patients (10.3 vs 12.6 ml/s, p = 0.02). The odds of transfusion were greater for older patients [OR 8.2 (95% CI 3.6-18.9, p < 0.01)], but they were not at increased risk of hematuria. Octogenarians had higher readmission rates (23.0 vs 11.9%, p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: GreenLight PVP is a safe option in well-selected octogenarians in a cohort of patients treated by surgeons experienced with the technology. The odds of transfusion were higher in patients over 80, but the absolute risk remains low. The 30-day hospital readmission rate was higher in octogenarians.

Long-Term Impact of Medicaid Expansion on Colorectal Cancer Screening in Its Targeted Population.

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer screening continuously decreased its mortality and incidence. In 2010, the Affordable Care Act extended Medicaid eligibility to low-income and childless adults. Some states elected to adopt Medicaid at different times while others chose not to. Past studies on the effects of Medicaid expansion on colorectal cancer screening showed equivocal results based on short-term data following expansion. AIMS: To examine the long-term impact of Medicaid expansion on colorectal cancer screening among its targeted population at its decade mark. METHODS: Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System data were extracted for childless adults below 138% federal poverty level in states with different Medicaid expansion statuses from 2012 to 2020. States were stratified into very early expansion states, early expansion states, late expansion states, and non-expansion states. Colorectal cancer screening prevalence was determined for eligible respondents. Difference-in-differences analyses were used to examine the effect of Medicaid expansion on colorectal cancer screening in states with different expansion statuses. RESULTS: Colorectal cancer screening prevalence in very early, early, late, and non-expansion states all increased during the study period (40.45% vs. 48.14%, 47.52% vs 61.06%, 46.06% vs 58.92%, and 43.44% vs 56.70%). Difference-in-differences analysis showed significantly increased CRC screening prevalence in very early expansion states during 2016 compared to non-expansion states (Crude difference-in-differences + 16.45%, p = 0.02, Adjusted difference-in-differences + 15.9%, p = 0.03). No statistical significance was observed among other years and groups. CONCLUSIONS: Colorectal cancer screening increased between 2012 and 2020 in all states regardless of expansion status. However, Medicaid expansion is not associated with long-term increased colorectal cancer screening prevalence.

Age-stratified potency outcomes of bilateral nerve sparing robotic-assisted radical prostatectomy.

INTRODUCTION: This study aims to report age-stratified potency outcomes in men undergoing robot-assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed on a database of 1737 patients who underwent RARP for localized prostate cancer between 2007 and 2019. Inclusion criteria consisted of patients undergoing bilateral nerve-sparing RARP. Exclusion criteria were preoperative Sexual Health Inventory for Men (SHIM) score < 17 and postoperative androgen deprivation therapy or radiotherapy. Patients were divided into four cohorts based on age: ≤ 54 years (group 1); 55-59 years (group 2); 60-64 years (group 3) and ≥ 65 years (group 4). Functional outcomes were measured up to 36 months. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to compare the time to recovery of potency stratified by age groups using log-rank testing. RESULTS: A total of 542 patients met the selection criteria. Potency rates were significantly different between groups. Groups 1 through 4 demonstrated potency recovery rates of 64.2%, 52.3%, 36.6% and 20.7% at 1-year follow up, respectively. After 3 years, groups 1 through 4 had potency rates of 77.9%, 67.0%, 50.5% and 35.0%, respectively. Recovery of potency was achieved at a median time after surgery of 199, 340 and 853 days for groups 1-3, respectively. The Cox proportional hazard model showed that older age, higher body mass index (BMI), and lower preoperative SHIM score were associated with significantly higher rates of impotence. CONCLUSION: This study shows that RARP has acceptable potency outcomes, regardless of age. However, patient factors, including older age and preoperative SHIM were significantly associated with poorer functional recovery. This data is valuable in prognostic evaluation and patient counseling.

Litigation associated with 5-alpha-reductase-inhibitor use: A Canadian legal database review.

INTRODUCTION: 5α-reductase inhibitors (5ARI) are commonly prescribed medications. There is ongoing controversy about the adverse events of these medications. The aim of this study is to characterize lawsuits in Canada involving medical complications of 5ARIs use. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Legal cases were queried from CanLII. Cases were included if they involved a party taking a 5ARI who alleged an adverse event. Relevant full cases were retained, and pertinent characteristics were extracted with the help of a legal expert. RESULTS: Our deduplicated search yielded 67 unique legal documents from December 2013 to February 2019. Twelve of these documents met the inclusion criteria (representing 3 cases, considering each case had several hearings). The medical complaints filed by the plaintiffs were all related to medication side effects (n = 3, 100%). The plaintiffs were commonly patients themselves. Defendants were exclusively pharmaceutical companies. Persistent erectile dysfunction after stopping the medication was cited as a side effect in all complaints. The prescriptions were made for male pattern hair loss (n = 3, 100%) in all cases. All cases represent class actions brought by the plaintiffs, and they have been certified by their respective court. However, the cases are still ongoing. CONCLUSION: While 5ARI use has been linked to undesired sexual side effects, there have been few litigations on this issue in Canada. Persisting sexual dysfunction after stopping the medication is the only complaint presented in legal action. To date, no judgment against a physician or pharmaceutical company was identified. Cases are still ongoing.