The clinical and prognostic factors for biliary neuroendocrine neoplasm: a study based on the SEER database.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we aimed at elucidating the postoperative survival and prognostic factors in patients with biliary neuroendocrine neoplasm (NEN). METHODS: Cases of biliary system NEN and adenocarcinoma from 1975 to 2016 were extracted from the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database. A propensity score matching (PSM) method was used to adjust baseline differences in clinicopathological characteristics in our analysis. The Kaplan-Meier analysis was carried out for survival analysis. RESULTS: A total of 233 patients with biliary system NEN were enrolled in this study, of which 119 patients' lesions located in gallbladder, while the others' located in bile duct. The postoperative overall survival of bile duct NEN is significantly longer than that of gallbladder NEN (P < 0.001). For gallbladder NENs, surgery method (P = 0.020) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.018) were identified as independent prognostic factors. In terms of ampulla of vater (AOV) NENs, age (P = 0.017) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.006) were identified as independent prognostic factors, while grade (P = 0.002) and lymph node metastasis (P = 0.036) were identified as independent prognostic factors for extrahepatic bile duct (EBD) NENs. PSM analysis indicated that patients with biliary duct NENs have a better postoperative prognosis than biliary duct adenocarcinoma. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with NEN have better overall survival than patients with adenocarcinoma. Gallbladder NEN has an adverse prognosis than that of biliary tract NEN. The pathological subtype, differentiation, lymph node metastasis, surgery method, and lymph node resection could affect the postoperative prognosis of the gallbladder and biliary tract NEN.

Clinical correlation of cadherin-17 marker with advanced tumor stages and poor prognosis of cholangiocarcinoma.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: In this retrospective study, we examined the CA17 tissue expression and analyzed its clinical significance in cholangiocarcinoma (CCA). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess CA17 expression on tissue microarrays in a training cohort enrolling 120 CCA patients and a validation cohort comprising 60 CCA patients. Image pro plus was applied to score the staining intensity and expression level of CA17 marker. Kaplan-Meier analysis, Cox's proportional hazards regression, and nomogram were applied to evaluate the prognostic significance of CA17. RESULTS: CA17 cancer biomarker over-expression was significantly observed in CCA compared to their non-tumor counterparts, and positively correlated with aggressive tumor phenotypes, like lymph node metastasis. Meanwhile, patients with high expression of CA17 correlated with worse postoperative overall survival (OS) and recurrence-free survival. Besides, multivariate analysis identified that CA17 expression was an independent prognostic factor for cholangiocarcinoma patients, which indicated that the CA17 could be more efficient than serum CA19-9 in predicting the OS of CCA patients. Notably, the nomogram integrating CA17 expression had better prognostic performance as compared with current TNM staging systems. CONCLUSION: CA17 was an independent adverse prognostic factor for CCA patients' survival, which may serve as a promising prognostic biomarker for CCA patients.

PLAC8 overexpression correlates with PD-L1 upregulation and acquired resistance to chemotherapies in gallbladder carcinoma.

Gallbladder carcinoma (GBC) is always diagnosed at an advanced stage, and patients often miss the opportunity for surgery. Gemcitabine (GEM) and platinum-based drugs, including oxaliplatin (OXA), are mainstays of chemotherapy. However, drug resistance causes treatment failure. Hence, salvage mechanisms are critical to improve outcomes. This study revealed the positive correlation between placenta-specific protein 8 (PLAC8) overexpression and PD-L1 overexpression in GBC. Given the roles of PLAC8 and PD-L1 in chemotherapy resistance, GEM-resistant and OXA-resistant cell lines (SGC966GR and SGC966OR, respectively) were established to test whether and how PLAC8 and PD-L1 function in chemotherapy resistance. Drug-insensitive SGC966GR and SGC966OR cells upregulated MRP and MDR1 and had high expression of PLAC8. PLAC8 blockade using siRNA reversed chemotherapy resistance and downregulated MRP and MDR1 in SGC966GR and SGC966OR cells, suggesting that PLAC8 mediates chemotherapy resistance in GBC. Consistent with the increased mRNA levels of PD-L1 after the acquisition of resistance, PLAC8 knockdown reduced PD-L1 mRNA expression in SGC966GR and SGC966OR cells. In conclusion, PLAC8 overexpression in GBC patients positively correlated with PD-L1 expression. PLAC8 conferred resistance to GEM and OXA by upregulating PD-L1 expression, and PLAC8 or PD-L1 blockade may have potential for overcoming chemotherapy resistance, providing therapeutic options for chemotherapy-refractory GBC patients.

Preparation, characterization, in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor effect of thalidomide nanoparticles on lung cancer.

INTRODUCTION: Thalidomide (THA) is an angiogenesis inhibitor and an efficient inhibitor of the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). However, the clinical application of THA has been limited due to hydrophobicity of the compound. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To increase the water solubility of THA and in order to evaluate the anticancer abilities of this material on human lung carcinoma, methoxy poly(ethylene glycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) nanoparticles loaded with THA (THA-NPs) were prepared. The synthesis of THA-NPs was carried out via a dialysis method with relative satisfactory encapsulation efficiency, loading capacity, size distribution, and zeta potential. RESULTS: A cytotoxicity assay demonstrated that THA-NPs inhibited the growth of cells in a dose-dependent manner. The evaluation of anti-tumor activity in vivo showed that THA-NPs could inhibit tumor growth and prolong the survival rate of tumor-bearing mice. Immunohistochemical analysis indicated that THA-NPs inhibited cell proliferation (Ki-67 positive rate, 32.8%±4.2%, P<0.01), and resulted in a decreased rate of the tumor tissue microvessel density (3.87%±0.77%, P<0.01), VEGF (26.67%±4.02%, P<0.01), and TNF-α (75.21±6.85 ng/mL, P<0.01). CONCLUSION: In general, the drug delivery system reported herein may shed light on future targeted therapy in lung cancer treatment.

In vitro and in vivo antitumor effect of gefitinib nanoparticles on human lung cancer.

Gefitinib (GEF) is the first epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-targeting agent launched as an anticancer drug. It is an accepted opinion that modifying GEF strong hydrophobicity and poor bioavailability would not only enhance its antitumor effects, but also reduce its side effects. In this study, GEF-loadedpoly(ε-caprolactone)-poly(ethyleneglycol)-poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCEC) -bearing nanoparticles (GEF-NPs) were prepared by a solid dispersion method and characterized. The particle sizes increased with the increase in GEF/PCEC mass ratio in feed. GEF-NPs (10%) were mono-dispersed, smaller than 24 nm, zeta potential was approximately -18 mV, percentage encapsulation and loading, were more than 9% and 92%, respectively, and drug was slowly released but without a biphasic pattern. Microscopy studies of the optimized formulation confirmed that the prepared nanoparticles are spherical in nature. Cytotoxicity results indicated that cell growth inhibition induced by free GEF and GEF-NPs were dose and time dependent. Compared with free GEF, GEF-NPs enhanced antitumor effects, reduced side effects and significantly prolonged survival time in vivo. CD31, ki-67 and EGFR expression were significantly lower in the GEF-NPs group compared with other groups (p< .05). These findings demonstrated that GEF-NPs have the potential to attain superior outcomes and to overcome complications such as organs toxicity, therapeutic resistance and disease relapse.

[Clinical features and prognosis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms of pancreas: analysis of 38 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the diagnosis, clinical manifestation, treatment, and prognosis of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMNs) of pancreas. METHODS: The clinical data of 38 patients with IPMNs, 23 males and 15 females, aged 64.1 +/- 10.7 (41 - 81), were analyzed respectively. RESULTS: The main symptoms included abdominal pain and jaundice. Pancreaticoduodenectomy was performed on 32 patients, total pancreatectomy on 1 patient, distal pancreatectomy on 3 patients; and pancreatic biopsy on 2 patients. One patient died during the peri-operational period. Pathology showed 15 cases of main-duct type, 14 cases of branch-duct type, 1 case of mixed type, and 8 cases being un-differentiated, all with dilatation of pancreatic duct at different degrees 4.6 mm in diameter on average. There were 30 cases of invasive IPMNs, with significantly higher level of carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), and 8 non-invasive. The median survival time was 18.5 months in general. In the invasive IPMN group the general median survival time was 16.1 months, and the 1, 2, and 5-year survival times were 54%, 31%, and 21% respectively; and in the non-invasive IPMN group the median survival time was 24.3 months, and the 1, 2, and 5-year survival times were 58% and 38% respectively; without significant differences in the survival times between these 2 groups. TMN staging showed 6 cases of stage 0, 15 cases of stage I, 9 cases of stage II, and 4 cases of stage III among the 34 patients of malignant IPMNs. The median survival times of the patients of the stages 0, I, II, and III were 31.3, 27, 9.1, and 8.9 months respectively with significant differences among them (P = 0.0124). CONCLUSION: IPMN of pancreas has no specific clinical manifestation. Dilatation of pancreatic duct is a manifestation in imaging examination characteristic of IPMN. The serum CA19-9 level is significantly higher in the patients with invasive IPMN. There are significant differences in survival rate among different groups according to TMN staging.

Clinical epidemiological analysis of the relationship between pancreatic cancer and diabetes mellitus: data from a single institution in China.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the relationship between pancreatic cancer (PC) and diabetes mellitus. METHODS: All PC patients diagnosed and treated at Zhongshan hospital from January 1991 to December 2007 were retrospectively analyzed. During this period, 770 non-digestive tract, non-neoplastic and non-hormone-related patients matched for sex and age were collected as controls. The incidence of diabetes mellitus between the two groups was compared. RESULTS: Between the PC group and the control group, sex and age of the patients were well matched. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was 34.63% in the PC group and 8.83% in the control group (P < 0.001, RR = 5.19). In the PC group there was no correlation between age, sex, site of the cancer, tumor differentiation, lymph node metastasis, TNM staging and the incidence of diabetes mellitus. In this group with diabetes, 74.56% experienced onset within two years of cancer diagnosis. Of the control patients, 57.35% had had diabetes for under 2 years (P = 0.009, RR = 2.18). In the PC group with diabetes, 5.9% had had diabetes for more than 10 years while compared with 8.8% of the controls (P = 0.42). CONCLUSION: Whether diabetes mellitus is a result of or a risk factor for PC is still unclear. The incidence of diabetes mellitus is much higher in the PC patients. The onset of diabetes mellitus in adults might be an alerting factor that could lead to an early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer.

[Clinical analysis of 18 cases with postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome after pancreaticoduodenectomy].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prevention and treatment for postsurgical gastroparesis syndrome (PGS) after pancreaticoduodenectomy. METHODS: The data of 18 PGS cases after pancreaticoduodenectomy were analyzed. RESULTS: PGS of these 18 patients occurred within 4-10 days after operation. All of the PGS patients were cured with mean 25.4 days by conservative therapy and no one received re-operation. PGS was closely associated with the operation procedure (chi(2)=3.90, P<0.05)and postoperative complications (chi(2)=3.92, P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Incidence of PGS can be decreased by improvement of surgical procedure and prevention of abdominal complications. PGS can be cured by conservative therapy generally. Re-operation should be avoided.