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1.
J Pathol ; 256(4): 402-413, 2022 04.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34919276

RESUMEN

Multiple myeloma (MM) progression and drug resistance depend on the crosstalk between MM cells and bone marrow (BM) fibroblasts (FBs). During monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to MM transition, MM cell-derived exosomes (EXOs) reprogram the miRNA (miR) profile of FBs, inducing the overexpression miR-23b-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-214-3p, and miR-5100. Here, we demonstrate that the miR content of MM FB-derived EXOs (FB-EXOs) overlaps the miR profile of parental FBs by overexpressing comparable levels of miR-23b-3p, miR-27b-3p, miR-125b-5p, miR-214-3p, and miR-5100. Recipient MM cells co-cultured with MM FB-EXOs selectively overexpress only miR-214-3p and miR-5100 but not miR-23b-3p, miR-27b-3p, and miR-125b-5p, suggesting a putative selective transfer. MM cells express HOTAIR, TOB1-AS1, and MALAT1 lncRNAs. Transient transfection of MM cells with lnc·siRNAs demonstrates that HOTAIR, TOB1-AS1, and MALAT1 lncRNAs are sponges for miR-23b-3p, miR-27b-3p, and miR-125b-5p. Indeed, lncRNA knockdown significantly increased miR levels in U266 MM cells co-cultured with MM FB-EXOs. Selective miR-214-3p and miR-5100 overexpression modulates MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and p53 pathways in MM cells. Interrogation using the DIANA tools algorithm and transient overexpression using miR mimic probes confirmed the involvement of miR-214-3p and miR-5100 and their target genes, PTEN and DUSP16, respectively, in the modulation of these intracellular pathways. Finally, the uptake of EXOs as well as miR-214-3p and miR-5100 overexpression increase MM cell proliferation and resistance to bortezomib-induced apoptosis by switching the balance between pro-/anti-apoptotic proteins. Overall, these data show that MM cells are not simply a container into which EXOs empty their cargo. On the contrary, tumour cells finely neutralize exosomal miRs via lncRNA expression to ensure their survival. © 2021 The Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland.


Asunto(s)
Exosomas , MicroARNs , Mieloma Múltiple , ARN Largo no Codificante , Exosomas/patología , Fibroblastos/patología , Humanos , MicroARNs/genética , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Mieloma Múltiple/patología , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/metabolismo , ARN Largo no Codificante/genética , ARN Largo no Codificante/metabolismo
2.
J Pathol ; 247(2): 241-253, 2019 02.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30357841

RESUMEN

Aberrant microRNA (miR) expression has an important role in tumour progression, but its involvement in bone marrow fibroblasts of multiple myeloma patients remains undefined. We demonstrate that a specific miR profile in bone marrow fibroblasts parallels the transition from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) to myeloma. Overexpression of miR-27b-3p and miR-214-3p triggers proliferation and apoptosis resistance in myeloma fibroblasts via the FBXW7 and PTEN/AKT/GSK3 pathways, respectively. Transient transfection of miR-27b-3p and miR-214-3p inhibitors demonstrates a cooperation between these two miRNAs in the expression of the anti-apoptotic factor MCL1, suggesting that miR-27b-3p and miR-214-3p negatively regulate myeloma fibroblast apoptosis. Furthermore, myeloma cells modulate miR-27b-3p and miR-214-3p expression in fibroblasts through the release of exosomes. Indeed, tumour cell-derived exosomes induce an overexpression of both miRNAs in MGUS fibroblasts not through a simple transfer mechanism but by de novo synthesis triggered by the transfer of exosomal WWC2 protein that regulates the Hippo pathway. Increased levels of miR-27b-3p and miR-214-3p in MGUS fibroblasts co-cultured with myeloma cell-derived exosomes enhance the expression of fibroblast activation markers αSMA and FAP. These data show that the MGUS-to-myeloma transition entails an aberrant miRNA profile in marrow fibroblasts and highlight a key role of myeloma cells in modifying the bone marrow microenvironment by reprogramming the marrow fibroblasts' behaviour. Copyright © 2018 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Asunto(s)
Células de la Médula Ósea/metabolismo , Exosomas/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , MicroARNs/metabolismo , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/metabolismo , Mieloma Múltiple/metabolismo , Actinas/metabolismo , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Apoptosis , Células de la Médula Ósea/patología , Células Cultivadas , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Endopeptidasas , Exosomas/genética , Exosomas/patología , Proteína 7 que Contiene Repeticiones F-Box-WD/genética , Proteína 7 que Contiene Repeticiones F-Box-WD/metabolismo , Femenino , Fibroblastos/patología , Gelatinasas/metabolismo , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Humanos , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , MicroARNs/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/genética , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/patología , Mieloma Múltiple/genética , Mieloma Múltiple/patología , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/genética , Fosfohidrolasa PTEN/metabolismo , Serina Endopeptidasas/metabolismo , Transducción de Señal , Microambiente Tumoral , Regulación hacia Arriba
3.
Int J Mol Sci ; 20(21)2019 Oct 31.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31683640

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Dp71 is the most abundant dystrophin (DMD) gene product in the nervous system. Mutation in the Dp71 coding region is associated with cognitive disturbances in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) patients, but the function of dystrophin Dp71 in tumor progression remains to be established. This study investigated Dp71 expression in glioblastoma, the most common and aggressive primary tumor of the central nervous system (CNS). METHODS: Dp71 expression was analyzed by immunofluorescence, immunohistochemistry, RT-PCR, and immunoblotting in glioblastoma cell lines and cells isolated from human glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) bioptic specimens. RESULTS: Dp71 isoform was expressed in normal human astrocytes (NHA) cell lines and decreased in glioblastoma cell lines and cells isolated from human glioblastoma multiforme bioptic specimens. Moreover, Dp71 was localized in the nucleus in normal cells, while it was localized into the cytoplasm of glioblastoma cells organized in clusters. We have shown, by double labeling, that Dp71 colocalizes with lamin B in normal astrocytes cells, confirming the roles of Dp71 and lamin B in maintaining nuclear architecture. Finally, we demonstrated that decreased Dp71 protein in cells isolated from human bioptic specimens was inversely correlated with the Ki-67 tumor proliferative index. CONCLUSION: A decreased Dp71 expression is associated with cancer proliferation and poor prognosis in glioblastoma.


Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Encefálicas/genética , Proliferación Celular/genética , Distrofina/genética , Glioblastoma/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Células Cultivadas , Distrofina/metabolismo , Femenino , Regulación Neoplásica de la Expresión Génica , Glioblastoma/metabolismo , Glioblastoma/patología , Humanos , Lamina Tipo B/genética , Lamina Tipo B/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/genética , Mutación , Células Tumorales Cultivadas
4.
Ann Hematol ; 97(7): 1251-1258, 2018 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29589107

RESUMEN

We have previously demonstrated that recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEpo) is involved in the regulation of the angiogenic response in multiple myeloma (MM) through a direct effect on macrophages and endothelial cells isolated from the bone marrow of patients with MM. The aim of the present study was designed to determine the effects of rHuEpo on cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) from monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and MM patients by means of in vitro and in vivo assays. rHuEpo treatment reduces the expression of mRNA levels of fibroblast activation markers, namely alpha smooth actin (αSMA) and fibroblast activation protein (FAP) in MGUS and MM CAFs, and of pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic cytokines, including interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8, vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF-2), and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) in MM CAFs. Moreover, rHuEpo inhibits the proliferative activity of MM CAFs and increased the apoptosis of MGUS and MM CAFs. Overall, these data suggest that rHu-Epo down-regulates CAFs pro-tumorigenic activity. Moreover, these results are not suggestive for a pro-angiogenic activity of rHuEpo on CAFs. In fact, rHuEpo pre-treatment induces a low angiogenic response in vivo in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) assay of MGUS and MM CAFs conditioned medium, not comparable to that of a well-known angiogenic cytokine, VEGF-A, tested in the same assay.


Asunto(s)
Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Gammopatía Monoclonal de Relevancia Indeterminada/patología , Mieloma Múltiple/patología , Actinas/biosíntesis , Actinas/genética , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , División Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Células Cultivadas , Embrión de Pollo , Membrana Corioalantoides/irrigación sanguínea , Membrana Corioalantoides/efectos de los fármacos , Citocinas/biosíntesis , Citocinas/genética , Método Doble Ciego , Endopeptidasas , Epoetina alfa , Femenino , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Fibroblastos/patología , Gelatinasas/biosíntesis , Gelatinasas/genética , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Humanos , Inflamación , Masculino , Proteínas de la Membrana/biosíntesis , Proteínas de la Membrana/genética , Persona de Mediana Edad , Proteínas de Neoplasias/biosíntesis , Proteínas de Neoplasias/genética , Neovascularización Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Receptores de Eritropoyetina/biosíntesis , Receptores de Eritropoyetina/genética , Serina Endopeptidasas/biosíntesis , Serina Endopeptidasas/genética
5.
Exp Cell Res ; 359(1): 179-184, 2017 10 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28756894

RESUMEN

Macrophages and mast cells are usually present in the tumor microenvironment and play an important role as regulators of inflammation, immunological response and angiogenesis in the tumor microenvironment. In this study, we have evaluated macrophage, mast cell, and microvessel density in a selected group of different grade of invasive breast carcinoma tumor specimens. Furthermore, we have investigated the pattern of distribution of CD68-positive macrophages and tryptase-positive mast cells around tumor glands. Results have shown that: A) Macrophages are more numerous in G2 and G3 breast cancer stages respect to controls, the per cent of macrophages in G1 samples was comparable to the controls, and the spatial relationship between macrophages and glands (as indicated by the mean cell-to-gland distance) correlated with CD31-positive vessels. B) Mast cells in G2 and G3 tumor specimens show a significant increase in their number as compared to control samples, and their spatial distribution around the glands did not show any significant difference among groups. Overall, the results of this study confirm the important role of macrophages and mast cells in tumor progression and angiogenesis in human ductal breast cancer, and pointed out the spatial relationship between tumor macrophages and glands, and its correlation with microvascular density.


Asunto(s)
Neoplasias de la Mama/patología , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/patología , Macrófagos/patología , Mastocitos/patología , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciación Mielomonocítica/metabolismo , Neoplasias de la Mama/metabolismo , Carcinoma Ductal de Mama/metabolismo , Femenino , Humanos , Procesamiento de Imagen Asistido por Computador , Inmunohistoquímica , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Mastocitos/metabolismo , Molécula-1 de Adhesión Celular Endotelial de Plaqueta/metabolismo , Triptasas/metabolismo
6.
Exp Cell Res ; 343(2): 190-207, 2016 05 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27015747

RESUMEN

The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is altered in mdx mouse, an animal model to study Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Our previous work demonstrated that perivascular glial endfeet control the selective exchanges between blood and neuropil as well as the BBB development and integrity; the alterations of dystrophin and dystrophin-associated protein complex (DAPs) in the glial cells of mdx mouse, parallel damages of the BBB and increase in vascular permeability. The aim of this study was to improve our knowledge about brain cellular components in the mdx mouse through the isolation, for the first time, of the adult neural stem cells (ANSCs). We characterized them by FACS, electron microscopy, confocal immunofluorescence microscopy, Real Time-PCR and western blotting, and we studied the expression of the DAPs aquaporin-4 (AQP4), potassium channel Kir4.1, α- and ß-dystroglycan (αDG, ßDG), α-syntrophin (αSyn), and short dystrophin isoform Dp71 proteins. The results showed that the mdx ANSCs expressed CD133 and Nestin receptor as the control ones, but showed a reduction in Notch receptor and altered cell proliferation with an increment in the apoptotic nuclei. Ultrastructurally, they appeared 50% size reduced compared to control ones, with a few cytoplasmic organelles. Moreover, the mdx ANSCs are devoid in full length dystrophin 427, and they expressed post-transcriptional reduction in the Dp71 in parallel with the ubiquitin proteasome activation, and decrement of DAPs proteins which appeared diffused in the cytoplasm and not polarized on the stem cells plasmamembrane, as prevalently observed in the controls. Overall, these results indicate that structural and molecular alterations affect the neural stem cells in the dystrophic brain, whose increased apoptosis and reduced Dp71 and DAPs proteins expression, together with loss in Dp427 dystrophin, could be responsible of the altered mdx glial maintenance and differentiation and consequent failure in the vessels barrier control occurring in the adult dystrophic brain.


Asunto(s)
Separación Celular/métodos , Distrofia Muscular Animal/patología , Células-Madre Neurales/citología , Antígeno AC133/metabolismo , Células Madre Adultas/citología , Células Madre Adultas/metabolismo , Animales , Acuaporina 4/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Proteínas de Unión al Calcio , Diferenciación Celular , Distroglicanos/metabolismo , Distrofina/metabolismo , Citometría de Flujo , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Proteína Ácida Fibrilar de la Glía/metabolismo , Proteínas de la Membrana , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Endogámicos mdx , Proteínas Musculares , Distrofia Muscular Animal/genética , Células-Madre Neurales/metabolismo , Células-Madre Neurales/ultraestructura , Canales de Potasio de Rectificación Interna/metabolismo , Complejo de la Endopetidasa Proteasomal/metabolismo , ARN Mensajero/genética , ARN Mensajero/metabolismo , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Esferoides Celulares/citología , Esferoides Celulares/ultraestructura , Ubiquitina/metabolismo
7.
Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A ; 111(46): 16502-7, 2014 Nov 18.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25378700

RESUMEN

We report that oxytocin (Oxt) receptors (Oxtrs), on stimulation by the ligand Oxt, translocate into the nucleus of osteoblasts, implicating this process in the action of Oxt on osteoblast maturation. Sequential immunocytochemistry of intact cells or isolated nucleoplasts stripped of the outer nuclear membrane showed progressive nuclear localization of the Oxtr; this nuclear translocation was confirmed by monitoring the movement of Oxtr-EGFP as well as by immunogold labeling. Nuclear Oxtr localization was conclusively shown by Western immunoblotting and MS of nuclear lysate proteins. We found that the passage of Oxtrs into the nucleus was facilitated by successive interactions with ß-arrestins (Arrbs), the small GTPase Rab5, importin-ß (Kpnb1), and transportin-1 (Tnpo1). siRNA-mediated knockdown of Arrb1, Arrb2, or Tnpo1 abrogated Oxt-induced expression of the osteoblast differentiation genes osterix (Sp7), Atf4, bone sialoprotein (Ibsp), and osteocalcin (Bglap) without affecting Erk phosphorylation. Likewise and again, without affecting pErk, inhibiting Arrb recruitment by mutating Ser rich clusters of the nuclear localization signal to Ala abolished nuclear import and Oxtr-induced gene expression. These studies define a previously unidentified mechanism for Oxtr action on bone and open possibilities for direct transcriptional modulation by nuclear G protein-coupled receptors.


Asunto(s)
Transporte Activo de Núcleo Celular/fisiología , Membrana Nuclear/metabolismo , Osteoblastos/metabolismo , Osteogénesis/fisiología , Oxitocina/fisiología , Receptores de Oxitocina/metabolismo , beta Carioferinas/fisiología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Sustitución de Aminoácidos , Animales , Arrestinas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Arrestinas/genética , Arrestinas/metabolismo , Quinasas MAP Reguladas por Señal Extracelular/metabolismo , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/fisiología , Ligandos , Sistema de Señalización de MAP Quinasas , Proteínas de la Membrana/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Proteínas Nucleares/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Nucleares/genética , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Osteogénesis/genética , Fosforilación , Mutación Puntual , Conformación Proteica , Procesamiento Proteico-Postraduccional , ARN Interferente Pequeño/farmacología , Receptores de Oxitocina/química , Receptores de Oxitocina/deficiencia , Proteínas Recombinantes de Fusión/metabolismo , Serina/química , beta Carioferinas/antagonistas & inhibidores , beta Carioferinas/genética , beta-Arrestina 1 , Arrestina beta 2 , beta-Arrestinas , Proteínas de Unión al GTP rab5/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas de Unión al GTP rab5/genética , Proteínas de Unión al GTP rab5/metabolismo
8.
Pharmacol Res ; 106: 101-113, 2016 Apr.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26930420

RESUMEN

Antioxidants have a great potential as adjuvant therapeutics in patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy, although systematic comparisons at pre-clinical level are limited. The present study is a head-to-head assessment, in the exercised mdx mouse model of DMD, of natural compounds, resveratrol and apocynin, and of the amino acid taurine, in comparison with the gold standard α-methyl prednisolone (PDN). The rationale was to target the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) via disease-related pathways that are worsened by mechanical-metabolic impairment such as inflammation and over-activity of NADPH oxidase (NOX) (taurine and apocynin, respectively) or the failing ROS detoxification mechanisms via sirtuin-1 (SIRT1)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) (resveratrol). Resveratrol (100mg/kg i.p. 5days/week), apocynin (38mg/kg/day per os), taurine (1g/kg/day per os), and PDN (1mg/kg i.p., 5days/week) were administered for 4-5 weeks to mdx mice in parallel with a standard protocol of treadmill exercise and the outcome was evaluated with a multidisciplinary approach in vivo and ex vivo on pathology-related end-points and biomarkers of oxidative stress. Resveratrol≥taurine>apocynin enhanced in vivo mouse force similarly to PDN. All the compounds reduced the production of superoxide anion, assessed by dihydroethidium staining, with apocynin being as effective as PDN, and ameliorated electrophysiological biomarkers of oxidative stress. Resveratrol also significantly reduced plasma levels of creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Force of isolated muscles was little ameliorated. However, the three compounds improved histopathology of gastrocnemius muscle more than PDN. Taurine>apocynin>PDN significantly decreased activated NF-kB positive myofibers. Thus, compounds targeting NOX-ROS or SIRT1/PGC-1α pathways differently modulate clinically relevant DMD-related endpoints according to their mechanism of action. With the caution needed in translational research, the results show that the parallel assessment can help the identification of best adjuvant therapies.


Asunto(s)
Acetofenonas/farmacología , Metilprednisolona/farmacología , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Estilbenos/farmacología , Taurina/farmacología , Animales , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos mdx , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/metabolismo , NADPH Oxidasas/metabolismo , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma/metabolismo , Condicionamiento Físico Animal/fisiología , Especies Reactivas de Oxígeno/metabolismo , Resveratrol , Sirtuina 1/metabolismo
9.
Biochim Biophys Acta ; 1840(5): 1550-3, 2014 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24064112

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of 13 small hydrophobic integral transmembrane water channel proteins involved in transcellular and transepithelial water movement, transport of fluid and cell migration. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW: This review article summarizes our knowledge concerning the involvement of AQPs in tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastatic process. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS: Tumor cells types express AQPs and a positive correlation exists between histological tumor grade and the AQP expression. Moreover, AQPs are involved also in tumor edema formation and angiogenesis in several solid and hematological tumors. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE: AQPs inhibition in endothelial and tumor cells might limit tumor growth and spread, suggesting a potential therapeutic use in the treatment of tumors. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Aquaporins.


Asunto(s)
Acuaporinas/fisiología , Neoplasias/fisiopatología , Humanos
10.
Biochim Biophys Acta ; 1842(7): 902-15, 2014 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24582596

RESUMEN

Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress occur in Parkinson's disease (PD), but the molecular mechanisms controlling these events are not completely understood. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional coactivator known as master regulator of mitochondrial functions and oxidative metabolism. Recent studies, including one from our group, have highlighted altered PGC-1α activity and transcriptional deregulation of its target genes in PD pathogenesis suggesting it as a new potential therapeutic target. Resveratrol, a natural polyphenolic compound proved to improve mitochondrial activity through the activation of several metabolic sensors resulting in PGC-1α activation. Here we have tested in vitro the effect of resveratrol treatment on primary fibroblast cultures from two patients with early-onset PD linked to different Park2 mutations. We show that resveratrol regulates energy homeostasis through activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) and raise of mRNA expression of a number of PGC-1α's target genes resulting in enhanced mitochondrial oxidative function, likely related to a decrease of oxidative stress and to an increase of mitochondrial biogenesis. The functional impact of resveratrol treatment encompassed an increase of complex I and citrate synthase activities, basal oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial ATP production and a decrease in lactate content, thus supporting a switch from glycolytic to oxidative metabolism. Moreover, resveratrol treatment caused an enhanced macro-autophagic flux through activation of an LC3-independent pathway. Our results, obtained in early-onset PD fibroblasts, suggest that resveratrol may have potential clinical application in selected cases of PD-affected patients.


Asunto(s)
Mitocondrias/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad de Parkinson/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad de Parkinson/fisiopatología , Estilbenos/farmacología , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/genética , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/metabolismo , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/genética , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Adenosina Trifosfato/genética , Adenosina Trifosfato/metabolismo , Células Cultivadas , Femenino , Fibroblastos/efectos de los fármacos , Fibroblastos/metabolismo , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Persona de Mediana Edad , Mitocondrias/genética , Mitocondrias/metabolismo , NAD/genética , NAD/metabolismo , Estrés Oxidativo/efectos de los fármacos , Estrés Oxidativo/genética , Consumo de Oxígeno/efectos de los fármacos , Consumo de Oxígeno/genética , Enfermedad de Parkinson/genética , Enfermedad de Parkinson/metabolismo , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma , Resveratrol , Sirtuina 1/genética , Sirtuina 1/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo
11.
Angiogenesis ; 18(4): 499-510, 2015 Oct.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26310512

RESUMEN

Defects of the angiogenic process occur in the brain of twitcher mouse, an authentic model of human Krabbe disease caused by genetic deficiency of lysosomal ß-galactosylceramidase (GALC), leading to lethal neurological dysfunctions and accumulation of neurotoxic psychosine in the central nervous system. Here, quantitative computational analysis was used to explore the alterations of brain angioarchitecture in twitcher mice. To this aim, customized ImageJ routines were used to assess calibers, amounts, lengths and spatial dispersion of CD31(+) vessels in 3D volumes from the postnatal frontal cortex of twitcher animals. The results showed a decrease in CD31 immunoreactivity in twitcher brain with a marked reduction in total vessel lengths coupled with increased vessel fragmentation. No significant changes were instead observed for the spatial dispersion of brain vessels throughout volumes or in vascular calibers. Notably, no CD31(+) vessel changes were detected in twitcher kidneys in which psychosine accumulates at very low levels, thus confirming the specificity of the effect. Microvascular corrosion casting followed by scanning electron microscopy morphometry confirmed the presence of significant alterations of the functional angioarchitecture of the brain cortex of twitcher mice with reduction in microvascular density, vascular branch remodeling and intussusceptive angiogenesis. Intussusceptive microvascular growth, confirmed by histological analysis, was paralleled by alterations of the expression of intussusception-related genes in twitcher brain. Our data support the hypothesis that a marked decrease in vascular development concurs to the onset of neuropathological lesions in twitcher brain and suggest that neuroinflammation-driven intussusceptive responses may represent an attempt to compensate impaired sprouting angiogenesis.


Asunto(s)
Encéfalo/irrigación sanguínea , Circulación Cerebrovascular , Intususcepción/fisiopatología , Leucodistrofia de Células Globoides/fisiopatología , Microcirculación , Microvasos/fisiopatología , Animales , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Humanos , Intususcepción/genética , Intususcepción/patología , Leucodistrofia de Células Globoides/genética , Leucodistrofia de Células Globoides/patología , Ratones
12.
Brain ; 136(Pt 9): 2859-75, 2013 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23983033

RESUMEN

Globoid cell leukodystrophy (Krabbe disease) is a neurological disorder of infants caused by genetic deficiency of the lysosomal enzyme ß-galactosylceramidase leading to accumulation of the neurotoxic metabolite 1-ß-d-galactosylsphingosine (psychosine) in the central nervous system. Angiogenesis plays a pivotal role in the physiology and pathology of the brain. Here, we demonstrate that psychosine has anti-angiogenic properties by causing the disassembling of endothelial cell actin structures at micromolar concentrations as found in the brain of patients with globoid cell leukodystrophy. Accordingly, significant alterations of microvascular endothelium were observed in the post-natal brain of twitcher mice, an authentic model of globoid cell leukodystrophy. Also, twitcher endothelium showed a progressively reduced capacity to respond to pro-angiogenic factors, defect that was corrected after transduction with a lentiviral vector harbouring the murine ß-galactosylceramidase complementary DNA. Finally, RNA interference-mediated ß-galactosylceramidase gene silencing causes psychosine accumulation in human endothelial cells and hampers their mitogenic and motogenic response to vascular endothelial growth factor. Accordingly, significant alterations were observed in human microvasculature from brain biopsy of a globoid cell leukodystrophy case. Together these data demonstrate that ß-galactosylceramidase deficiency induces significant alterations in endothelial neovascular responses that may contribute to central nervous system and systemic damages that occur in globoid cell leukodystrophy.


Asunto(s)
Leucodistrofia de Células Globoides/complicaciones , Neovascularización Patológica/etiología , Neovascularización Patológica/patología , Animales , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciación Mielomonocítica/metabolismo , Aorta/patología , Aorta/ultraestructura , Materiales Biocompatibles , Encéfalo/efectos de los fármacos , Encéfalo/patología , Encéfalo/ultraestructura , Bovinos , Movimiento Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Movimiento Celular/genética , Membrana Corioalantoides/efectos de los fármacos , Membrana Corioalantoides/metabolismo , Colágeno/toxicidad , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Combinación de Medicamentos , Células Endoteliales/efectos de los fármacos , Células Endoteliales/metabolismo , Factor 2 de Crecimiento de Fibroblastos/farmacología , Proteínas Fluorescentes Verdes/metabolismo , Humanos , Laminina/toxicidad , Leucodistrofia de Células Globoides/genética , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Microscopía Electrónica de Transmisión , Neovascularización Patológica/prevención & control , Molécula-1 de Adhesión Celular Endotelial de Plaqueta/metabolismo , Proteoglicanos/toxicidad , Psicosina/metabolismo , Psicosina/farmacología , ARN Interferente Pequeño/administración & dosificación , Factores de Tiempo , Transfección , Venas Umbilicales/citología , Factor A de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/farmacología , Receptor 2 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/genética , Receptor 2 de Factores de Crecimiento Endotelial Vascular/metabolismo , Proteína de la Zonula Occludens-1
13.
Lab Invest ; 93(5): 592-610, 2013 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-23528847

RESUMEN

The mdx mouse, the most widely used animal model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), develops a seriously impaired blood-brain barrier (BBB). As glucocorticoids are used clinically to delay the progression of DMD, we evaluated the effects of chronic treatment with α-methyl-prednisolone (PDN) on the expression of structural proteins and markers in the brain and skeletal muscle of the mdx mouse. We analyzed the immunocytochemical and biochemical expression of four BBB markers, including endothelial ZO-1 and occludin, desmin in pericytes, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) in glial cells, and the expression of the short dystrophin isoform Dp 71, the dystrophin-associated proteins (DAPs), and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and α-ß dystroglycan (DG) in the brain. We evaluated the BBB integrity of mdx and PDN-treated mdx mice by means of intravascular injection of horseradish peroxidase (HRP). The expression of DAPs was also assessed in gastrocnemius muscles and correlated with utrophin expression, and laminin content was measured in the muscle and brain. PDN treatment induced a significant increase in the mRNA and protein content of the BBB markers; a reduction in the phosphorylation of occludin in the brain and of AQP4/ß DG in both tissues; an increase of Dp71 protein content; and an increase of both mRNA and protein levels of the AQP4/α-ß DG complex. The latter was associated with enhanced laminin and utrophin in the muscle. The HRP assay demonstrated functional restoration of the BBB in the PDN-treated mdx mice. Specifically, mdx mice showed extensive perivascular labeling due to escape of the marker, while HRP was exclusively intravascular in the PDN-treated mice and the controls. These data illustrate for the first time that PDN reverses the BBB alterations in the mdx mouse and re-establishes the proper expression and phosphorylation of ß-DG in both the BBB and skeletal muscle. Further, PDN partially protects against muscle damage. The reduction in AQP4 and occludin phosphorylation, coupled with their anchoring to glial and endothelial membranes in PDN-treated mice, suggests that the drug may target the glial and endothelial cells. Our results suggest a novel mechanism for PDN action on cerebral and muscular function, restoring the link between DAPs and the extracellular matrix, most likely through protein kinase inactivation.


Asunto(s)
Barrera Hematoencefálica/efectos de los fármacos , Proteínas Asociadas a la Distrofina/metabolismo , Glucocorticoides/farmacología , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Prednisolona/farmacología , Animales , Acuaporina 4/metabolismo , Membrana Basal/metabolismo , Barrera Hematoencefálica/metabolismo , Desmina/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Colorantes Fluorescentes/química , Laminina/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos mdx , Microscopía Fluorescente , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne , Pericitos/metabolismo
14.
Biochim Biophys Acta ; 1812(8): 1041-53, 2011 Aug.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21215313

RESUMEN

Mutations in the parkin gene are expected to play an essential role in autosomal recessive Parkinson's disease. Recent studies have established an impact of parkin mutations on mitochondrial function and autophagy. In primary skin fibroblasts from two patients affected by an early onset Parkinson's disease, we identified a hitherto unreported compound heterozygous mutation del exon2-3/del exon3 in the parkin gene, leading to the complete loss of the full-length protein. In both patients, but not in their heterozygous parental control, we observed severe ultrastructural abnormalities, mainly in mitochondria. This was associated with impaired energy metabolism, deregulated reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, resulting in lipid oxidation, and peroxisomal alteration. In view of the involvement of parkin in the mitochondrial quality control system, we have investigated upstream events in the organelles' biogenesis. The expression of the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α), a strong stimulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, was remarkably upregulated in both patients. However, the function of PGC-1α was blocked, as revealed by the lack of its downstream target gene induction. In conclusion, our data confirm the role of parkin in mitochondrial homeostasis and suggest a potential involvement of the PGC-1α pathway in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Translating nuclear receptors from health to disease.


Asunto(s)
Proteínas de Choque Térmico/fisiología , Mitocondrias/fisiología , Enfermedad de Parkinson/fisiopatología , Factores de Transcripción/fisiología , Ubiquitina-Proteína Ligasas/fisiología , Adulto , Secuencia de Bases , Cartilla de ADN , Metabolismo Energético , Femenino , Fibroblastos/ultraestructura , Humanos , Masculino , Mutación , Estrés Oxidativo , Enfermedad de Parkinson/genética , Coactivador 1-alfa del Receptor Activado por Proliferadores de Peroxisomas gamma , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa Inversa
15.
Exp Cell Res ; 317(17): 2391-6, 2011 Oct 15.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21784068

RESUMEN

The aquaporins (AQPs) are a family of transmembrane water channel proteins widely distributed and play a major role in transcellular and transepithelial water movement. Moreover, recent evidence indicates that AQPs may be involved in cell migration, angiogenesis, and tumor growth. This review article summarizes literature data concerning the involvement of AQP-1 and -4 in human brain tumor growth and edema formation and suggests a potential therapeutic approach by antagonizing their biological activity.


Asunto(s)
Acuaporina 1/metabolismo , Acuaporina 4/metabolismo , Edema Encefálico/metabolismo , Edema Encefálico/patología , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Movimiento Celular , Humanos
17.
BMC Neurosci ; 12: 118, 2011 Nov 17.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22094010

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to assess the distribution of key SNARE proteins in glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses of the adult rat cerebellar cortex using light microscopy immunohistochemical techniques. Analysis was made of co-localizations of vGluT-1 and vGluT-2, vesicular transporters of glutamate and markers of glutamatergic synapses, or GAD, the GABA synthetic enzyme and marker of GABAergic synapses, with VAMP-2, SNAP-25A/B and syntaxin-1. RESULTS: The examined SNARE proteins were found to be diffusely expressed in glutamatergic synapses, whereas they were rarely observed in GABAergic synapses. However, among glutamatergic synapses, subpopulations which did not contain VAMP-2, SNAP-25A/B and syntaxin-1 were detected. They included virtually all the synapses established by terminals of climbing fibres (immunoreactive for vGluT-2) and some synapses established by terminals of parallel and mossy fibres (immunoreactive for vGluT-1, and for vGluT-1 and 2, respectively). The only GABA synapses expressing the SNARE proteins studied were the synapses established by axon terminals of basket neurons. CONCLUSION: The present study supplies a detailed morphological description of VAMP-2, SNAP-25A/B and syntaxin-1 in the different types of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses of the rat cerebellar cortex. The examined SNARE proteins characterize most of glutamatergic synapses and only one type of GABAergic synapses. In the subpopulations of glutamatergic and GABAergic synapses lacking the SNARE protein isoforms examined, alternative mechanisms for regulating trafficking of synaptic vesicles may be hypothesized, possibly mediated by different isoforms or homologous proteins.


Asunto(s)
Corteza Cerebelosa/fisiología , Ácido Glutámico/fisiología , Sinapsis/metabolismo , Proteína 25 Asociada a Sinaptosomas/fisiología , Sintaxina 1/fisiología , Proteína 2 de Membrana Asociada a Vesículas/fisiología , Ácido gamma-Aminobutírico/fisiología , Animales , Transporte Axonal/fisiología , Corteza Cerebelosa/citología , Corteza Cerebelosa/metabolismo , Terminales Presinápticos/metabolismo , Terminales Presinápticos/fisiología , Ratas , Ratas Wistar , Vesículas Sinápticas/fisiología
18.
Cell Immunol ; 271(2): 299-307, 2011.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21872226

RESUMEN

Thymosin-ß4 (Tß4) is a G-actin sequestering peptide involved in regeneration and remodeling of injured tissues. In this work, we have designed and synthesized three peptide sequences containing the N-terminus (TYB4-n), the central part (TYB4-i) or the C-terminus (TYB4-c) of Tß4. All fragments are overlapping on the main central binding actin site. After a structural characterization, we have evaluated in vitro and in vivo their pro-angiogenic effects. The results of this study have shown that: (i) each fragment reproduces the native conformation; (ii) Tß4-derived peptides exert both in vitro and in vivo pro-angiogenic effects; (iii) their in vitro effect seem to be related to the activation of several signaling pathways and is positively modulated by the N-terminus of Tß4.


Asunto(s)
Inductores de la Angiogénesis/farmacología , Neovascularización Fisiológica/efectos de los fármacos , Timosina/farmacología , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Inductores de la Angiogénesis/química , Animales , Proliferación Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Embrión de Pollo , Células Endoteliales de la Vena Umbilical Humana , Humanos , Técnicas In Vitro , Modelos Moleculares , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Neovascularización Fisiológica/fisiología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/síntesis química , Fragmentos de Péptidos/química , Fragmentos de Péptidos/genética , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Conformación Proteica , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacos , Timosina/química , Timosina/genética , Timosina/fisiología , Cicatrización de Heridas/efectos de los fármacos , Cicatrización de Heridas/fisiología
19.
Pharmacol Res ; 64(5): 482-92, 2011 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21689754

RESUMEN

Inhibitors of angiotensin converting enzymes (ACE) are clinically used to control cardiomyopathy in patients of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Various evidences suggest potential usefulness of long-term treatment with ACE inhibitors to reduce advanced fibrosis of dystrophic muscle in the mdx mouse model. However, angiotensin II is known to exert pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidative actions that might contribute to early events of dystrophic muscle degeneration. The present study has been aimed at evaluating the effects of an early treatment with enalapril on the pathology signs of exercised mdx mouse model. The effects of 1 and 5 mg/kg enalapril i.p. for 4-8 weeks have been compared with those of 1 mg/kg α-methyl-prednisolone (PDN), as positive control. Enalapril caused a dose-dependent increase in fore limb strength, the highest dose leading to a recovery score similar to that observed with PDN. A dose-dependent reduction of superoxide anion production was observed by dihydroethidium staining in tibialis anterior muscle of enalapril-treated mice, approaching the effect observed with PND. In parallel, a significant reduction of the activated form of the pro-inflammatory Nuclear Factor-kB has been observed in gastrocnemious muscle. Histologically, 5 mg/kg enalapril reduced the area of muscle necrosis in both gastrocnemious muscle and diaphragm, without significant effect on non-muscle area. In parallel no significant changes have been observed in both muscle TGF-ß1 and myonuclei positive to phosphorylated Smad2/3. Myofiber functional indices were also monitored by microelectrodes recordings. A dose-dependent recovery of macroscopic chloride conductance has been observed upon enalapril treatment in EDL muscle, with minor effects being exerted in diaphragm. However a modest effect, if any, was found on mechanical threshold, a functional index of calcium homeostasis. No recovery was observed in creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase. Finally the results suggest the ability of enalapril to blunt angiotensin-II dependent activation of pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant pathways which may be earlier events with respect to the pro-fibrotic ones, and may in part account for both functional impairment and muscle necrosis. The PDN-like profile may corroborate the combined use of the two classes of drugs in DMD patients so to potentiate the beneficial effects at skeletal muscle level, while reducing both spontaneous and PDN-aggravated cardiomyopathy.


Asunto(s)
Angiotensina II/inmunología , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/uso terapéutico , Enalapril/uso terapéutico , Músculo Esquelético/efectos de los fármacos , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/tratamiento farmacológico , Estrés Oxidativo , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/inmunología , Animales , Enalapril/inmunología , Humanos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos mdx , Músculo Esquelético/inmunología , Músculo Esquelético/metabolismo , Músculo Esquelético/patología , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/inmunología , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/metabolismo , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/patología
20.
J Neurooncol ; 102(1): 51-8, 2011 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20614229

RESUMEN

In this study, the extent of angiogenesis, evaluated as microvascular density, and the immunoreactivity of tumor cells to erythropoietin (Epo) and of endothelial cells to Epo receptor (EpoR) have been correlated in human glioma specimens, and the effect of anti-Epo antibody on glioma-induced angiogenesis in vivo in the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) has been investigated. Results show that: (1) Epo/EpoR expression correlates with angiogenesis, (2) in the CAM assay, tumor bioptic specimens induce a strong angiogenic response, comparable to that induced by VEGF, and (3) an anti-Epo antibody co-administered with tumor bioptic specimens significantly inhibits the angiogenic response. These findings suggest the presence of a loop in the Epo/EpoR system, i.e. Epo is secreted by glioma tumor cells and it affects glioma vascular endothelial cells via its receptor and promotes angiogenesis in a paracrine manner. Moreover, as demonstrated by in vivo experiments, Epo is responsible for the strong angiogenic response induced by human glioma bioptic specimens, because an anti-Epo antibody is able to significantly inhibit this response.


Asunto(s)
Inductores de la Angiogénesis/metabolismo , Biomarcadores de Tumor/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/irrigación sanguínea , Eritropoyetina/metabolismo , Glioma/irrigación sanguínea , Neovascularización Patológica/metabolismo , Receptores de Eritropoyetina/metabolismo , Animales , Neoplasias Encefálicas/metabolismo , Neoplasias Encefálicas/patología , Embrión de Pollo , Membrana Corioalantoides/metabolismo , Membrana Corioalantoides/patología , Glioma/metabolismo , Glioma/patología , Humanos , Técnicas para Inmunoenzimas , Neovascularización Patológica/patología , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos
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