Three intervention levels for improving smoking behavior among Royal Thai Army conscripts.

We evaluated a smoking cessation program based on an ecological model among Royal Thai Army conscripts with three levels of behavioral change intervention: intrapersonal level, interpersonal level and organizational level. The program applied processes of change in the Transtheoretical Model for intervention at the intrapersonal level; social support from the family at the interpersonal level; strengthening policies and activities to support quitting, including providing a smoke-free workplace at the organizational level. Eighty-nine participants were purposively selected from the first regiment of conscripts at the King's Royal Guard, recruited into the Army in 2009. The behavioral change intervention was conducted during their first six months of duty. A self-administered questionnaire was used to collect data between May and November 2009. Individual interviews and checklist observations were employed to collect data. Data was analyzed using inferential statistics, comparing means by paired t-test and the chi-square test was used to analyze correlations. Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Sixty-three percent of participants significantly (p<0.001) reduced the number of cigarettes smoked, and 4.5% quit smoking. There was significant improvement in self-efficacy for improving smoking behavior (p=0.002) and making an effort to quit (p<0.001).

Awareness and practices of self-management and influence factors among individuals with type 2 diabetes in urban community settings in Anhui Province, China.

This study aimed to determine the knowledge of diabetes, practices of self-management (SM), and potential factors influencing patient knowledge and practices of self-management among individuals with type 2 diabetes in urban Anhui Province, China. A cross-sectional study was conducted between October and November, 2009. Three hundred sixty-five subjects with type 2 diabetes were randomly selected from three urban communities in three seperate cities. An interview was conducted to determine subject knowledge regarding diabetes, practices of self-management, and potential factors influencing this knowledge and these practices of self-management. Fewer than half of subjects (45.6%) had a basic knowledge of diabetes and 49.7% practiced adequate self-management. Significant associations were found between subject knowledge of diabetes and their education level (OR 2.096, 95% CI 1.578-2.784) and the length of disease (OR 1.307, 95% CI 1.016-1.681). Those with good self-management were influenced by greater knowledge, (OR 2.057,95% CI 1.228-3.445), strong self-efficacy in diabetes self-management (OR 1.899, CI 1.253-2.878), and household income (OR 0.537, 95% CI 0.419-0.689). Factors found by univariate analysis regarding self-management included: glucose monitoring was influenced by perception of social support (p = 0.006), adherence to medication was influenced by attitude toward self-management (p < 0.001), physical activity was influenced by knowledge (p < 0.01), attitude (p < 0.01), self-efficacy (p < 0.01), and social support (p < 0.01). However, there were no factors significantly related to healthy dietary practices. Our findings show that best performance in self-management is achieved when those with type 2 diabetes have a high degree of knowledge of diabetes, positive attitudes toward diabetes, strong self-efficacy for self-management and perceptions of good social support.

The Development of Dental Informatics of Oral Cancer Screening for Prevention in Community Level: A Prototype Study in Thailand.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to identify general dentists' information needs for oral cancer screening in community and the information sources they use to meet those needs in clinical settings so as to inform the design of dental information systems. METHODS: A semi-structured interview was conducted with a convenience sample of 8 general dentists and 5 dental assistant in the Public Health Region 9 area during clinical hours. One hundred and five patient cases were reported by these dentists. Interview transcripts were coded and analyzed using thematic analysis with a constant comparative method to identify categories and themes regarding information needs and information source use patterns. RESULTS: Two top-level categories of information needs were identified: foreground and background information needs. To meet these needs, dentists used four types of information sources: clinical information/tasks, risk factor of oral cancer in general people, surveillance in community and referral to oral cancer treatment. Major themes of dentists' unmet information needs include: (1) timely access to information on various subjects; (2) better visual representations of dental problems; (3) access to patient-specific evidence-based information; and (4) accurate, complete and consistent documentation of patient records. Resource use patterns include: (1) dentists information needs matched information source use; (2) little use of electronic sources took place during treatment; (3) source use depended on the nature and complexity of the dental problems; and (4) dentists and dental nurse routinely practiced cross-referencing to verify patient information. CONCLUSIONS: Dentists have various information needs of oral cancer at the point of care. For future development of dental information or clinical decision support systems, developers should consider integrating high-quality, up-to-date clinical evidence into comprehensive and easily accessible EDRs as well as supporting dentists' resource use patterns as identified in the study.

Effectiveness of school network for childhood obesity prevention (SNOCOP) in primary schools of Saraburi Province, Thailand.

This research was designed to test the effectiveness of a school network for childhood obesity prevention (SNOCOP) in primary schools; a program that aimed to improve student behavior in terms of knowledge, attitude, intention towards obesity prevention, and their food consumption behavior. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest time series study was conducted. By 2-stage stratified sampling selection 180 students from 6 schools were assigned to the intervention group and 195 students from 6 schools to the control group at Saraburi Province, Thailand in 2006- 2007. In addition, thirty-one participants being school administrators, teachers, parents, and community members from six schools formed the social network initiating the intervention. The schoolchildren in the intervention group improved their eating behavior, knowledge, attitude, intention towards obesity preventive behavior. The six schools of the intervention group changed school policies and school activities aiming to reduce the proportion of obesity among their student. No such activities could be observed in the control group. These findings suggest that the School-Social Network of Childhood Obesity Prevention program is an effective means to prevent childhood obesity.

Identification of Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar by PCR assay of fecal specimens obtained from Thai/Myanmar border region.

Due to the indistinguishable morphology between Entamoeba histolytica (pathogenic) and Entamoeba dispar (non pathogenic), PCR-based assays were conducted. Based on microscopy, suspected Entamoeba cells were detected in 30 out of 455 fecal samples obtained from individuals residing at Thai/Myanmar border region. The target genes for PCR amplification included genes encoding small subunit rRNA (SSU-rRNA), chitinase and serine rich Entamoeba protein. PCR primers derived from SSU-rRNA gene amplified both E. histolytica and E. dispar genes producing an amplicon of 1,080 bp, and detected 3 out of 30 samples. PCR primers derived from chitinase gene of E. histolytica generating amplicons of 500 and 1,260 bp, samples were positive in 12 out of 30 samples. Due the large difference of gene encoding serine rich protein between E. histolytica and E. dispar, two specific sets of primers were designed. SREH-primer set, specific for E. histolytica, generated amplicons of 550 and 700 bp and detected 22 out of 30 samples. SED-primer set, specific to E. dispar, produced an amplicon of 550 bp, and together with a nested primer pair generating an amplicon of 477 bp, detected 16 out of 30 samples. Thus, detection of single and mixed infections of the two Entamoeba species could be effectively achieved directly from DNA extracted from feces without the need to culture the parasites.