Ethnicity and breast cancer characteristics in Kenya.

PURPOSE: There are no published data from specific regions of sub-Saharan Africa describing the clinical and pathological characteristics and molecular subtypes of invasive breast cancer by ethnic group. The purpose of this study was to investigate these characteristics among the three major ethno-cultural groupings in Kenya. METHODS: The study included women with pathologically confirmed breast cancer diagnosed between March 2012 and May 2015 at 11 hospitals throughout Kenya. Sociodemographic, clinical, and reproductive data were collected by questionnaire, and pathology review and immunohistochemistry were performed centrally. RESULTS: The 846 cases included 661 Bantus (78.1%), 143 Nilotes (16.9%), 19 Cushites (2.3%), and 23 patients of mixed ethnicity (2.7%). In analyses comparing the two major ethnic groups, Bantus were more educated, more overweight, had an older age at first birth, and had a younger age at menopause than Nilotes (p < 0.05 for all comparisons). In analyses restricted to definitive surgery specimens, there were no statistically significant differences in tumor characteristics or molecular subtypes by ethnicity, although the Nilote tumors tended to be larger (OR for ≥ 5 cm vs. < 2 cm: 3.86, 95% CI 0.77, 19.30) and were somewhat more likely to be HER2 enriched (OR for HER2 enriched vs. Luminal A/B: 1.41, 95% CI 0.79, 2.49). CONCLUSION: This case series showed no significant differences in breast cancer tumor characteristics or molecular subtypes, but significant differences in sociodemographic characteristics and reproductive factors, among the three major ethnic groups in Kenya. We suggest further evaluation of ethnic differences in breast cancer throughout the genetically and culturally diverse populations of sub-Saharan Africa.

Breast health awareness campaign and screening pilot in a Kenyan County: Findings and lessons.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Breast cancer is the leading cancer in terms of incidence in Kenya. We conducted a breast cancer awareness and screening pilot to assess feasibility of rolling out a national screening program in Kenya. METHODS: Conducted in Nyeri County during October-November 2019, the pilot had three phases; awareness creation, screening (clinical breast examination and/or imaging) and final evaluation (post-screening exit interviews and retrospective screening data review). Descriptive statistics on awareness, screening process and outputs were derived. RESULTS: During the pilot, 1813 CBE, 217 breast ultrasounds and 600 mammograms were performed. Mammography equipment utilization increased from 11% to 83%. Of 49 women with suspicious lesions on mammography, only 22 (44.9%) had been linked to care 4 months after the campaign. Of 532 exit interview respondents; 95% (505/532) were ≥35 years of age; 80% (426/532) had been reached by the awareness campaign. Majority (75% [399/532]) had received information from community health volunteers; 68% through social groups. Majority (79% [420/532]) felt the campaign had changed their behavior on breast health. Although 77% (407/532) had knowledge on self breast examination (SBE); only 13% practiced monthly SBE. More than half (58% [306/532]) had previously undertaken a CBE. Approximately 70% (375/528) were unaware of mammography before the pilot; 86% (459/532) had never previously undertaken a mammogram. Fifty-five percent (293/532) of respondents had screening waiting times of >120 min. CONCLUSION: Community health workers can create breast cancer screening demand sustainably. Adequate personnel and effective follow-up are crucial before national roll-out of a breast cancer screening program.

Histology and Cytopathology Capacity in the Public Health Sector in Kenya.

PURPOSE: Histology and cytopathology services are necessary for cancer diagnosis and treatment. However, the current capacity of Kenya's pathology laboratories is unknown. A national survey was conducted among public sector pathology laboratories to assess their capacity to perform histology, fine-needle aspiration, and bone marrow aspiration. METHODS: Between April and June 2017, we identified all public hospitals that provide pathology services in Kenya. In total, two national and 13 county referral hospitals met the inclusion criteria and were sent a standardized, pretested, self-administered questionnaire. RESULTS: A total of 11 hospitals (73%) completed the survey. The reported total caseload of histology, fine-needle aspiration, and bone marrow aspiration for 2016 was 26,472. All of the facilities staffed a pathologist and were providing cancer-related diagnostic services. Nine (82%) of the hospitals maintain a register of diagnosed cancer cases, but only one (11%) of those uses an electronic system. Six (55%) of the surveyed hospitals were able to perform histology with a median turnaround time of 14 days. Six (55%) laboratories regularly referred some specimens elsewhere for interpretation, but three of these centers relied on patients for transportation of the specimen to the referral institution. No laboratories were accredited by an external organization; however, 10 (91%) of the laboratories were working toward achieving accreditation, but only for clinical pathology services. CONCLUSION: This study describes the current status of histology and cytopathology capacity in Kenya's public sector hospitals. It provides useful baseline information needed by the Ministry of Health to develop necessary capacity building and referral-strengthening interventions. A high proportion of hospitals are working to achieve accreditation points toward their commitment to providing quality services to the Kenyan public.

Breast cancer diagnosis in a resource poor environment through a collaborative multidisciplinary approach: the Kenyan experience.

INTRODUCTION: The majority of women with breast cancer in Kenya present with node-positive (stage II) or locally advanced Q7 disease (stage IIIB). Diagnosis is made on fine needle aspirate cytology and treatment is with surgery if resectable. Diagnostic core biopsy is available only at subspecialty hospitals. Processing and reporting of biopsy tissue are not standardised. Hormone receptor and HER2 analyses are rarely done preoperatively. METHODS: As part of a larger study investigating the prevalence of triple negative breast cancer in Kenya, a multidisciplinary workshop of collaborators from 10 healthcare facilities was held. Process gaps were identified, preanalytic variables impacting on ER/PR/HER2 discussed and training in core biopsy provided. Local remedial strategies were deliberated. CONCLUSION: We describe our experience and outcome from the workshop, which can be modelled for other resource poor settings.