Association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratios with COVID-19-related mortality.

INTRODUCTION: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein (LCR) ratios are used to predict severity and mortality in various infections. OBJECTIVE: To establish the best NLR and LCR cutoff point to predict mortality in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in Mexico. METHOD: Analytical cross-sectional study of patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 in a specialty hospital. RESULTS: Out of 242 analyzed patients, 34 % died. The deceased subjects were older (62 vs. 51 years; p < 0.001), had a higher prevalence of > 10 years with systemic arterial hypertension (59.4 vs. 45.1 %, p = 0.022), as well as a higher NLR (17.66 vs. 8.31, p < 0.001) and lower LCR (0.03 vs. 0.06, p < 0.002) with regard to those who survived. The cutoff points to predict mortality were NLR > 12 and LCR < 0.03. The combination of NLR/LCR had a sensitivity of 80 %, specificity of 74 %, positive predictive value of 46.15 %, negative predictive value of 93.02 % and an odds ratio of 11.429 to predict mortality. CONCLUSION: NLR > 12 and LCR < 0.03 are useful biomarkers to evaluate the risk of mortality in Mexican patients with severe COVID- 19. INTRODUCCIÓN: Los índices neutrófilo/linfocito (INL) y linfocito/proteína C reactiva (ILR) se usan para predecir severidad y mortalidad en diversas infecciones. OBJETIVO: Establecer en México el mejor punto de corte de INL e ILR para predecir la mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19. MÉTODO: Estudio transversal analítico de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 grave en un hospital de especialidades. RESULTADOS: Falleció 34 % de 242 pacientes analizados. Los sujetos fallecidos tenían mayor edad (62 versus 51 años, p < 0.001), mayor prevalencia de hipertensión arterial sistémica > 10 años (59.4 versus 45.1 %, p = 0.022), así como INL más alto (17.66 versus 8.31, p < 0.001) e ILR más bajo (0.03 versus 0.06, p < 0.002) respecto a quienes sobrevivieron. Los puntos de corte para predecir mortalidad fueron INL > 12 e ILR < 0.03. La combinación de INL e ILR tuvo sensibilidad de 80 %, especificidad de 74 %, valor predictivo positivo de 46.15 %, valor predictivo negativo de 93.02 % y razón de momios de 11.429 para predecir la mortalidad. CONCLUSIÓN: INL > 12 e ILR < 0.03 son biomarcadores útiles para evaluar el riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes mexicanos con COVID-19 grave.

Utility of Fasting C-Peptide for the Diagnostic Differentiation of Patients with Type 1, Type 2 Diabetes, MODY, and LADA.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of obesity has increased in patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) and latent autoimmune diabetes of the adult (LADA), limiting the use of clinical features such as the body mass index for its differentiation with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Additionally, some patients with maturity-onset diabetes of the young (MODY) or LADA are misdiagnosed as having T2D. The evaluation of autoantibodies and genetic testing are not fully available. We aimed to evaluate the utility of a widely available and less expensive diagnostic tool such as C-peptide to differentiate between T1D, T2D, MODY, and LADA. METHODS: Our study included 38 patients with T1D, 49 with T2D, 13 with MODY, and 61 with LADA. We recorded anthropometric measurements, biochemical profiles, and antidiabetic treatment and determined C-peptide, anti-GAD65, and anti-IA2 antibodies. RESULTS: C-peptide concentration differed significantly among populations (T1D: 0.2 ng/mL; T2D: 2.4 ng/mL; MODY: 1.14 ng/mL; LADA: 1.87 ng/mL). Through a ROC curve, we observed that the C-peptide cut-off point of 0.95 ng/mL allows differentiation between T1D and T2D (sensitivity 82%, specificity 77%); 0.82 ng/mL between T1D and LADA (sensitivity 82%, specificity 77%); and 1.65 ng/mL between T2D and MODY (sensitivity 72%, specificity 72%). CONCLUSIONS: C-peptide is useful for the diagnostic differentiation of patients with type 1, type 2 diabetes, MODY, and LADA.

Differences in mortality rate among patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 according to their body mass index.

Background: Obesity has been described as a risk factor for COVID-19 severity and mortality. Previous studies report a linear association between BMI and adverse outcomes, meanwhile in other critical illness, excessive fat tissue is related to improved survival. Whether different BMI is related with the survival of patients with severe COVID-19 deserves further analysis. Objective: To determine the mortality rate among hospitalized patients with severe COVID-19 stratified according to BMI. Methods: The clinical files of all patients hospitalized from March to December 2020 with a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 discharged due to improvement or death, were analyzed. A mixed effects logistic regression was carried out to determine which clinical and biochemical characteristics and comorbidities were associated with in-hospital mortality. Results: The cohort consisted of 608 patients with a median age of 59 years (interquartile ranges, IQR 46-69 years), median BMI of 28.7 kg/m2 (IQR 25.4-32.4 kg/m2), 65.5% were male. In-hospital mortality rate was 43.4%. Of the cohort 0.8% had low weight, 20.9% normal weight, 36.0% overweight, 26.5% obesity grade I, 10.2% obesity grade II and 5.6% obesity grade III. Mortality rate was highest in patients with low weight (80%), followed by patients with obesity grade III (58.8%) and grade II (50.0%). Overweight and underweight/obesity grade III were associated with higher mortality (OR of 9.75 [1.01-1.10] and OR 4.08 [1.64-10.14]), after adjusting by sex and age. Conclusions: The patients in the underweight/overweight and grade 3 obesity categories are at higher risk of COVID-19 related mortality, compared to those with grade I or II obesity.

[Neurological manifestations in patients with severe COVID-19 in a tertiary care center]. / Manifestaciones neurológicas en pacientes con COVID-19 severo en un centro de tercer nivel de atención.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 disease, called COVID-19, emerged in China has acquired pandemic dimensions. According to the WHO situational report of March 15, 2021, the global fatality rate is 2.2%; in Mexico, around 194 944 deaths have been confirmed by COVID-19. Studies in China identified that patients with severe COVID-19, when compared with those who had non-severe COVID-19, presented more severe neurological manifestations. Objective: To determine the frequency of neurological symptoms and manifestations in patients with severe COVID-19 in a tertiary care center. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, observational and analytical study was carried out at the Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, in patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19. Results: 183 cases were analyzed, of which 130 were men (71%). The median age was 55 years (IQR: 44-65). The neurological symptoms were: headache, anosmia and dysgeusia. Neurological manifestations occurred in 27 patients (16%), the most frequent was ischemic-type cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in 12 (44%), in patients older than 76.5 years vs. 54 years (p = 0.000), with history of cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: The most frequent neurological symptoms were headache, anosmia and dysgeusia. The most frequent neurological manifestation was ischemic CVD that appeared in older patients with severe COVID-19 with a history of cardiovascular disease.

Introducción: la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 denominada COVID-19 originada en China adquirió dimensiones pandémicas. De acuerdo con el reporte situacional de la OMS al 15 de marzo de 2021, la tasa de letalidad global es del 2.2%; en México se han confirmado alrededor de 194 944 defunciones por COVID-19. Estudios en China identificaron que los pacientes con COVID-19 severo, al compararlos con aquellos que cursaron con COVID-19 no severo, presentaron manifestaciones neurológicas más graves. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de síntomas y manifestaciones neurológicas en pacientes con COVID-19 severo en un centro de tercer nivel de atención. Material y métodos: estudio transversal, observacional y analítico, llevado a cabo en el Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 severo. Resultados: se analizaron 183 casos, de los cuales 130 eran hombres (71%). La mediana de edad fue de 55 años (RIC: 44-65). Los síntomas neurológicos fueron: cefalea, anosmia y disgeusia. Las manifestaciones neurológicas se presentaron en 27 pacientes, la más frecuente fue la enfermedad vascular cerebral tipo isquémica (EVC) en 12 pacientes (44%) en pacientes con mayor edad, 76.5 frente a 54 años (p = 0.000), y con antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular. Conclusiones: los síntomas neurológicos más frecuentes fueron cefalea, anosmia y disgeusia. La manifestación neurológica más frecuente fue la EVC isquémica que se presentó en pacientes con COVID-19 severo de mayor edad y con antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular.

A Shift Towards an Immature Myeloid Profile in Peripheral Blood of Critically Ill COVID-19 Patients.

BACKGROUND: SARS-CoV-2, the etiological agent causing COVID-19, has infected more than 27 million people with over 894000 deaths worldwide since its emergence in December 2019. Factors for severe diseases, such as diabetes, hypertension, and obesity have been identified however, the precise pathogenesis is poorly understood. To understand its pathophysiology and to develop effective therapeutic strategies, it is essential to define the prevailing immune cellular subsets. METHODS: We performed whole circulating immune cells scRNAseq from five critically ill COVID-19 patients, trajectory and gene ontology analysis. RESULTS: Immature myeloid populations, such as promyelocytes-myelocytes, metamyelocytes, band neutrophils, monocytoid precursors, and activated monocytes predominated. The trajectory with pseudotime analysis supported the finding of immature cell states. While the gene ontology showed myeloid cell activation in immune response, DNA and RNA processing, defense response to the virus, and response to type 1 interferon. Lymphoid lineage was scarce. Expression of genes such as C/EBPß, IRF1and FOSL2 potentially suggests the induction of trained immunity. CONCLUSIONS: Our results uncover transcriptomic profiles related to immature myeloid lineages and suggest the potential induction of trained immunity.

Factors associated with residual symptom burden in patients with peritoneal dialysis: a cohort study / Factores asociados a carga sintomática residual en pacientes con diálisis peritoneal: estudio de cohorte

BACKGROUND: Patients on peritoneal dialysis have residual symptoms that reduce their quality of life. OBJECTIVE: To determine the associated factors of residual symptom burden in patients with continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD). MATERIAL AND MEHOTDS: An observational, longitudinal, prospective and analytical study was carried out in patients with chronic kidney disease, who were candidates for peritoneal dialysis. The Palliative Care Outcome Scale-Symptoms Renal (POS-S Renal) questionnaire was applied in predialysis and 3 months after CAPD. The residual symptom burden was determined three months after CAPD with a value ≥ 8 points of the POS-S Renal questionnaire. The clinical and biochemical variables coded in a dichotomous manner were compared with the residual symptom burden. Relative risk (RR) with 95% confidence intervals and logistic regression models were calculated. RESULTS: Seventy patients were included. The mean of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) was 4.7 ± 2 ml/min/1.73 m2. The median of the POS-S Renal score in predialysis was 30 points, and 3 months after CAPD was 8 points. The slight symptom burden predialysis presented a RR of 0.18. CONCLUSIONS: The slight symptom burden predialysis is a protective factor independent for residual symptom burden three months after CAPD.

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los pacientes en diálisis peritoneal presentan síntomas residuales que reducen su calidad de vida. OBJETIVO: Determinar los factores asociados a la carga sintomática residual en pacientes con diálisis peritoneal continua ambulatoria (DPCA). MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional, longitudinal, prospectivo y analítico. Se incluyeron pacientes con enfermedad renal crónica candidatos a diálisis peritoneal. Se les aplicó el cuestionario Palliative Care Outcome Scale-Symptoms Renal (POS-S Renal) en prediálisis y a los 3 meses de DPCA. Se determinó la carga sintomática residual a los 3 meses de DPCA con un valor ≥ 8 puntos del cuestionario POS-S Renal. Las variables clínicas y bioquímicas codificadas de forma dicotómica fueron comparadas con la carga sintomática residual. Se calcularon el riesgo relativo (RR), los intervalos de confianza del 95% y los modelos de regresión logística. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 70 pacientes. La media de la tasa de filtrado glomerular fue de 4.7 ± 2 ml/min/1.73 m2. La mediana de la puntuación POS-S Renal en prediálisis fue de 30 puntos y a los 3 meses de la DPCA fue de 8 puntos. La carga sintomática leve prediálisis presentó un RR de 0.18. CONCLUSIONES: La carga sintomática leve prediálisis es un factor protector independiente de la carga sintomática residual a los 3 meses de la DPCA.

Association between metabolic syndrome and breast cancer. / Asociación entre síndrome metabólico y cáncer de mama.

Metabolic syndrome is a set of risk factors associated with cardiovascular disease and diabetes. In Mexico, its prevalence has been reported up to 49.8%, significantly higher than in other countries. In the last 30 years there has been an increase in breast cancer incidence in Mexico, becoming the most frequent and deadly neoplasm in 2018. Since the late 1990s, several observational studies have identified an association between metabolic syndrome and an increased risk of breast cancer. At least 3 interrelated mechanisms that explain the risk increase of cancer associated with metabolic syndrome are postulated: the increase in estrogen levels derived from adipose tissue, hyperinsulinemia and its anabolic effect on epithelial cells and the endocrine effect of abdominal fat. The components of metabolic syndrome associated with an increased risk of breast cancer are: type 2 diabetes with a relative risk of 1.27 (95% CI: 1.16-1.39), obesity in postmenopausal women with a relative risk of 1.39 (95% CI: 1.14-1.70) and low HDL cholesterol levels have demonstrated an increased risk.

El síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de factores de riesgo para enfermedad cardiovascular y diabetes mellitus. En México, su prevalencia se ha reportado en un 49.8%, siendo notablemente mayor que en otros países del mundo. En los últimos 30 años se ha observado un incremento en la incidencia de cáncer de mama en México, alcanzando a ser la neoplasia con mayor frecuencia y mortalidad en el año 2018. A finales de la década de los noventa, múltiples estudios observacionales identificaron una asociación entre síndrome metabólico y un incremento en el riesgo de cáncer de mama. Actualmente se postulan, por lo menos, tres mecanismos interrelacionados que explican el incremento en el riesgo de cáncer asociado a síndrome metabólico: el primero de ellos es el aumento en los niveles de estrógenos derivados del tejido adiposo, en segundo lugar la hiperinsulinemia y su efecto anabólico sobre las células epiteliales y, finalmente, el efecto endócrino de la grasa abdominal. Los componentes del síndrome metabólico asociados a un incremento en el riesgo de cáncer de mama son: diabetes mellitus tipo 2 con un riesgo relativo de 1.27 (IC95%: 1.16-1.39), la obesidad en mujeres posmenopáusicas con un riesgo relativo de 1.39 (IC95%: 1.14-1.70) y, finalmente, los niveles bajos de HDL que han mostrado un incremento en el riesgo.

[Hemophagocytic syndrome associated with Hodgkin lymphoma and Epstein-Barr virus infection. A case report]. / Síndrome hemofagocítico asociado a linfoma de Hodgkin e infección por virus Epstein-Barr. Reporte de caso.

BACKGROUND: Hodgkin lymphoma is a malignant neoplasm of B lymphoid cells whose histologic characteristic is the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells in an inflammatory environment. CASE REPORT: A 37-year-old woman with a history of up to 40°C fever for four months, progressive and bilateral decrease in hearing acuity, weight loss of up to 6 kg, cervical lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia. Auditory sensory neuropathy was confirmed. The patient developed hemophagocytic syndrome, therefore, infectious and autoimmune etiologies were ruled out. The CT scan revealed hepatosplenomegaly with thoracic and abdominal cervical nodes, with loss of fatty hilum. The laboratory tests showed evidence that suggested the reactivation of the Epstein-Barr virus. Through a submandibular node biopsy, the diagnostic conclusion was that lymphocyte-rich classical Hodgkin's lymphoma was present. CONCLUSION: This is the first report in Latin American literature about a patient with hemophagocytic syndrome that is secondary to classic Hodgkin lymphoma and associated with Epstein-Barr infection.

Antecedentes: El linfoma de Hodgkin es una neoplasia maligna de células linfoides tipo B cuya característica histológica es la presencia de células de Reed-Sternberg en un medio inflamatorio. Caso clínico: Mujer de 37 años, con fiebre de hasta 40 °C desde cuatro meses atrás, disminución bilateral y progresiva de la agudeza auditiva, pérdida ponderal de 6 kg, linfadenopatía cervical, hepatoesplenomegalia y pancitopenia. Se corroboró neuropatía sensorial auditiva. La paciente desarrolló síndrome hemofagocítico, por lo que se descartaron procesos infecciosos o autoinmunes. La tomografía reveló hepatoesplenomegalia, ganglios cervicales torácicos y abdominales con pérdida del hilio graso; en los estudios de laboratorio se evidenciaron datos sugerentes de reactivación del virus de Epstein-Barr. Mediante biopsia de ganglio submandibular se concluyó que se trataba de linfoma de Hodgkin tipo clásico rico en linfocitos. Conclusión: La paciente descrita con síndrome hemofagocítico secundario a linfoma de Hodgkin clásico asociado a infección por Epstein-Barr constituye el primero caso reportado en la literatura latinoamericana.

[Adult-onset Still's disease and the neutrophil-lymphocyte index in the Mexican population. A case series report]. / Enfermedad de Still del adulto y el índice neutrófilo/linfocito en población mexicana. Reporte de serie de casos.

BACKGROUND: In Mexico, adult-onset Still's disease (AOSD) is one of the causes of fever of unknown origin (FUO). The aim of this study is to describe a series of AOSD cases from a FUO cohort in order to know the clinical and biochemical characteristics of the cases, as well as to describe the neutrophil-lymphocyte index (NLI), which is a clinical marker of inflammation in autoimmune diseases. CASE REPORT: An observational study of 24 cases with AOSD; 72 % of them were women, the median age was 43 years (IQR 37.7-59.7), and the most frequent manifestations were classic rash (84 %) and arthralgia (100 %). All of them had tested negative for rheumatoid factor, antinuclear antibodies, and hyperferritinemia; 83 % had NLI > 3.08. The most used treatment was the combination of methotrexate with corticosteroids; seven patients required biological therapy, and one of them presented a hypersensitivity reaction. CONCLUSION: When there's FUO, the existence of AOSD should be suspected; also in the presence of rash, arthralgia, hyperferritinemia, and NLI > 3.08.

Antecedentes: En México, la enfermedad de Still del adulto (ESA) es una causa de fiebre de origen desconocido (FOD). El objetivo de este informe fue describir una serie de casos de ESA de una cohorte de FOD para conocer las características clínicas y bioquímicas, así como describir el índice neutrófilo/linfocito (INL), marcador clínico de inflamación en enfermedades autoinmunes. Caso clínico: Estudio observacional de 24 casos con ESA; 72 % fue del sexo femenino, la edad fue de 43 años (37.7-59.7) y las manifestaciones más frecuentes fueron rash clásico (84 %) y artralgias (100 %). Todos tuvieron factor reumatoide, anticuerpos antinucleares negativos e hiperferritinemia; 83 % tuvo INL > 3.08. El tratamiento más empleado fue la combinación de metotrexato y corticosteroides; siete pacientes ameritaron terapia biológica, uno presentó reacción de hipersensibilidad. Conclusión: Ante fiebre de origen desconocido, debe sospecharse ESA si, además, existe rash, artralgias, hiperferritinemia e INL > 3.08.

Inappropriate prescribing in older adults: Critical review of the literature and safety alerts / Prescripción inapropiada en adultos mayores: revisión de la literatura y alertas de seguridad

Background: Prescribing errors are a risk factor for patients to present adverse events and a strategy that has been incorporated into medical care to reduce them is the use of computer tools. The objective was to obtain the scientific basis for the development of prescribing error alerts for four chronic diseases with a higher prevalence in population ≥ 65 years. Methods: We reviewed the literature from 2010 to 2015 to obtain information about adverse events and adverse drug reactions associated with the use of drugs for the treatment of diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2), hypertension, osteoarticular diseases (OD) and depression; the review included these databases: PubMed, OVID, Cochrane Library, LILACS, MEDES, Portal Mayores and SIETES. A group of physicians reviewed and analyzed the papers that were identified and in a meeting they developed the alerts for the treatments used in the included diseases. Results: We obtained 76 papers, out of which 47 were analyzed by the group of physicians, who eliminated 18. With the remaining 29 were integrated 55 alerts: five for DM2, 16 for hypertension, 15 for OD and 19 for depression. Conclusion: The safety alerts that were developed mainly were drug-drug interactions and adverse reactions.

Introducción: los errores de prescripción son un factor de riesgo para que los pacientes presenten eventos adversos; una estrategia que se ha incorporado a la atención médica para disminuirlos es el uso de herramientas informáticas. El objetivo fue obtener el fundamento científico que sustente la elaboración de alertas de errores de prescripción para cuatro padecimientos de mayor prevalencia en población ≥ 65 años. Métodos: se revisó la literatura del 2010 al 2015 para obtener información de eventos adversos o reacciones ligadas al uso de fármacos empleados en diabetes mellitus (DM), hipertensión arterial sistémica (HAS), enfermedad osteoarticular (EO) y depresión; la revisión incluyó las bases de datos PubMed, OVID, Cochrane Library, LILACS, MEDES, Portal Mayores y SIETES. Se integró un grupo de médicos que analizaron los artículos y elaboraron las alertas de los medicamentos involucrados en los tratamientos de las enfermedades incluidas. Resultados: se obtuvieron 76 artículos in extenso, de los cuales 47 fueron analizados por el grupo de médicos, quienes eliminaron 18 artículos. De los 29 restantes, se integraron 55 alertas: 5 de DM, 16 de HAS, 15 de EO y 19 de depresión. Conclusión: las alertas principalmente fueron interacciones fármaco-fármaco confirmadas y reacciones adversas.

[Vitamin D deficiency associated with insulin resistance in medical residents]. / Hipovitaminosis D asociada a resistencia a la insulina en residentes médicos.

BACKGROUND: Several studies have reported a correlation between vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance; however, other clinical trials show that vitamin D supplementation do not normalize glucose and insulin levels. We designed a study to show if there is a correlation between serum vitamin D and the homeostatic model assessment 2 (HOMA 2). METHODS: It was designed a cross-sectional, descriptive, and analytical study, which included medical residents. They answered a questionnaire to record the time of sun exposure. We took anthropometric measurements, such as weight, height, and waist circumference, as well as some serum levels: serum vitamin D, serum insulin, fasting blood glucose, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol. The correlation between serum vitamin D and HOMA 2 was determined by the correlation of Pearson; it was considered significant a p < 0.05. RESULTS: The decreased serum vitamin D levels did not correlate with high concentrations of HOMA 2 (r = -0.11, p = 0.34). A negative correlation between vitamin D levels and index size waist was observed (r = -0.27, p = 0.025). HOMA 2 was positively correlated with waist size index (r = 0.23, p = 0.05) and triglycerides (r = 0.61, p = 0.01) and negatively with high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (r = -0.26, p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: We couldn't show the correlation between vitamin D deficiency and insulin resistance.

Introducción: diversos estudios han reportado una correlación entre la deficiencia de vitamina D y la resistencia a la insulina; sin embargo, algunos ensayos clínicos demuestran que la suplementación con vitamina D no normaliza las cifras de glucosa ni las de insulina. Por lo tanto, el objetivo es buscar si existe correlación entre las concentraciones séricas de vitamina D y la resistencia a la insulina a partir de la utilización del índice homeostatic model assessment 2 (HOMA 2). Método: estudio transversal, descriptivo y analítico que incluyó a residentes a los que se les aplicó un cuestionario para conocer su tiempo de exposición al sol. Se tomaron medidas antropométricas como peso, talla y circunferencia de cintura, niveles séricos de vitamina D, insulina sérica, glucosa de ayuno, triglicéridos y colesterol de alta densidad. Se determinó la correlación entre las concentraciones séricas de vitamina D y HOMA 2 mediante el coeficiente de correlación de Pearson; se consideró significativa una p < 0.05. Resultados: la disminución sérica de vitamina D no se correlacionó con concentraciones elevadas del HOMA 2 (r = −0.11, p = 0.34). Se observó una correlación negativa entre las concentraciones de vitamina D y el índice cintura-talla (r = −0.27, p = 0.025). El HOMA 2 se correlacionó positivamente con el índice cintura-talla (r = 0.23, p = 0.05) y los triglicéridos (r = 0.61, p = 0.01) y de forma negativa con el colesterol de alta densidad (r = −0.26, p = 0.02). Conclusión: no observamos la correlación esperada entre hipovitaminosis D y resistencia a la insulina.

Manifestaciones neurológicas en pacientes con COVID-19 severo en un centro de tercer nivel de atención / Neurological manifestations in patients with severe COVID-19 in a tertiary care center

Introducción: la enfermedad por SARS-CoV-2 denominada COVID-19 originada en China adquirió dimensiones pandémicas. De acuerdo con el reporte situacional de la OMS al 15 de marzo de 2021, la tasa de letalidad global es del 2.2%; en México se han confirmado alrededor de 194 944 defunciones por COVID-19. Estudios en China identificaron que los pacientes con COVID-19 severo, al compararlos con aquellos que cursaron con COVID-19 no severo, presentaron manifestaciones neurológicas más graves. Objetivo: determinar la frecuencia de síntomas y manifestaciones neurológicas en pacientes con COVID-19 severo en un centro de tercer nivel de atención. Material y métodos: estudio transversal, observacional y analítico, llevado a cabo en el Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, en pacientes hospitalizados con COVID-19 severo. Resultados: se analizaron 183 casos, de los cuales 130 eran hombres (71%). La mediana de edad fue de 55 años (RIC: 44-65). Los síntomas neurológicos fueron: cefalea, anosmia y disgeusia. Las manifestaciones neurológicas se presentaron en 27 pacientes, la más frecuente fue la enfermedad vascular cerebral tipo isquémica (EVC) en 12 pacientes (44%) en pacientes con mayor edad, 76.5 frente a 54 años (p = 0.000), y con antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular. Conclusiones: los síntomas neurológicos más frecuentes fueron cefalea, anosmia y disgeusia. La manifestación neurológica más frecuente fue la EVC isquémica que se presentó en pacientes con COVID-19 severo de mayor edad y con antecedente de enfermedad cardiovascular.

Background: The SARS-CoV-2 disease, called COVID-19, emerged in China has acquired pandemic dimensions. According to the WHO situational report of March 15, 2021, the global fatality rate is 2.2%; in Mexico, around 194 944 deaths have been confirmed by COVID-19. Studies in China identified that patients with severe COVID-19, when compared with those who had non-severe COVID-19, presented more severe neurological manifestations. Objective: To determine the frequency of neurological symptoms and manifestations in patients with severe COVID-19 in a tertiary care center. Material and methods: A cross-sectional, observational and analytical study was carried out at the Hospital de Especialidades del Centro Médico Nacional Siglo XXI, in patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19. Results: 183 cases were analyzed, of which 130 were men (71%). The median age was 55 years (IQR: 44-65). The neurological symptoms were: headache, anosmia and dysgeusia. Neurological manifestations occurred in 27 patients (16%), the most frequent was ischemic-type cerebrovascular disease (CVD) in 12 (44%), in patients older than 76.5 years vs. 54 years (p = 0.000), with history of cardiovascular disease. Conclusions: The most frequent neurological symptoms were headache, anosmia and dysgeusia. The most frequent neurological manifestation was ischemic CVD that appeared in older patients with severe COVID-19 with a history of cardiovascular disease.

Asociación de los índices neutrófilo/linfocito y linfocito/proteína C reactiva con mortalidad por COVID-19 / Association of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein ratios with COVID-19-related mortality

Resumen Introducción: Los índices neutrófilo/linfocito (INL) y linfocito/proteína C reactiva (ILR) se usan para predecir severidad y mortalidad en diversas infecciones. Objetivo: Establecer en México el mejor punto de corte de INL e ILR para predecir la mortalidad en pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19. Método: Estudio transversal analítico de pacientes hospitalizados por COVID-19 grave en un hospital de especialidades. Resultados: Falleció 34 % de 242 pacientes analizados. Los sujetos fallecidos tenían mayor edad (62 versus 51 años, p < 0.001), mayor prevalencia de hipertensión arterial sistémica > 10 años (59.4 versus 45.1 %, p = 0.022), así como INL más alto (17.66 versus 8.31, p < 0.001) e ILR más bajo (0.03 versus 0.06, p < 0.002) respecto a quienes sobrevivieron. Los puntos de corte para predecir mortalidad fueron INL > 12 e ILR < 0.03. La combinación de INL e ILR tuvo sensibilidad de 80 %, especificidad de 74 %, valor predictivo positivo de 46.15 %, valor predictivo negativo de 93.02 % y razón de momios de 11.429 para predecir la mortalidad. Conclusión: INL > 12 e ILR < 0.03 son biomarcadores útiles para evaluar el riesgo de mortalidad en pacientes mexicanos con COVID-19 grave.

Abstract Introduction: Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte (NLR) and lymphocyte-to-C-reactive protein (LCR) ratios are used to predict severity and mortality in various infections. Objective: To establish the best NLR and LCR cutoff point to predict mortality in patients hospitalized for COVID-19 in Mexico. Method: Analytical cross-sectional study of patients hospitalized for severe COVID-19 in a specialty hospital. Results: Out of 242 analyzed patients, 34 % died. The deceased subjects were older (62 vs. 51 years; p < 0.001), had a higher prevalence of > 10 years with systemic arterial hypertension (59.4 vs. 45.1 %, p = 0.022), as well as a higher NLR (17.66 vs. 8.31, p < 0.001) and lower LCR (0.03 vs. 0.06, p < 0.002] with regard to those who survived. The cutoff points to predict mortality were NLR > 12 and LCR < 0.03. The combination of NLR/LCR had a sensitivity of 80 %, specificity of 74 %, positive predictive value of 46.15 %, negative predictive value of 93.02 % and an odds ratio of 11.429 to predict mortality. Conclusion: NLR > 12 and LCR < 0.03 are useful biomarkers to evaluate the risk of mortality in Mexican patients with severe COVID- 19.