Patterns in Zika Virus Testing and Infection, by Report of Symptoms and Pregnancy Status - United States, January 3-March 5, 2016.

CDC recommends Zika virus testing for potentially exposed persons with signs or symptoms consistent with Zika virus disease, and recommends that health care providers offer testing to asymptomatic pregnant women within 12 weeks of exposure. During January 3-March 5, 2016, Zika virus testing was performed for 4,534 persons who traveled to or moved from areas with active Zika virus transmission; 3,335 (73.6%) were pregnant women. Among persons who received testing, 1,541 (34.0%) reported at least one Zika virus-associated sign or symptom (e.g., fever, rash, arthralgia, or conjunctivitis), 436 (9.6%) reported at least one other clinical sign or symptom only, and 2,557 (56.4%) reported no signs or symptoms. Among 1,541 persons with one or more Zika virus-associated symptoms who received testing, 182 (11.8%) had confirmed Zika virus infection. Among the 2,557 asymptomatic persons who received testing, 2,425 (94.8%) were pregnant women, seven (0.3%) of whom had confirmed Zika virus infection. Although risk for Zika virus infection might vary based on exposure-related factors (e.g., location and duration of travel), in the current setting in U.S. states, where there is no local transmission, most asymptomatic pregnant women who receive testing do not have Zika virus infection.

Prospective study of pregnancy and newborn outcomes in mothers with West nile illness during pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: A previous case report of West Nile virus (WNV) illness during pregnancy suggested that WNV could be a cause of congenital defects. We performed a prospective, longitudinal cohort study of pregnant women with WNV illness to increase our knowledge of the effects of WNV illness during pregnancy. METHODS: Participants were enrolled in 2005 to 2008 from pregnant women with serologically confirmed WNV illness reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Comparison was made to WNV-uninfected women, matched on maternal age and enrollment month. Pregnancy and newborn data were collected; cord blood WNV serology was obtained. Pediatric exams and the Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development-Third Edition (Bayley-III) were performed. RESULTS: Twenty-eight WNV-infected mothers and 25 WNV-uninfected mothers participated. Maternal demographics were similar except for a higher rate of planned pregnancies, education, and household income in the WNV-uninfected mothers. There were no differences in pregnancy and delivery characteristics except that infected mothers had a higher incidence of febrile illnesses and used more medications. Birth weight, length, head circumference, and rate of congenital malformations were similar in babies born to WNV-infected and -uninfected mothers. Follow-up physical exams were generally normal. The Bayley-III assessments, available for 17 children born to mothers with WNV illness, showed performance at or above age level across domains. CONCLUSION: The risk for adverse pregnancy and newborn outcomes in women experiencing WNV illness in pregnancy appears to be low, but future studies with larger numbers are needed to rule out a small risk. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:716-723, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Sex differences in parietal lobe morphology: relationship to mental rotation performance.

Structural magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies of the human brain have reported evidence for sexual dimorphism. In addition to sex differences in overall cerebral volume, differences in the proportion of gray matter (GM) to white matter (WM) volume have been observed, particularly in the parietal lobe. To our knowledge there have been no studies examining the relationship between the sex differences in parietal lobe structure and function. The parietal lobe is thought to be involved in spatial ability, and particularly involved in mental rotation. The purpose of this study is to examine whether sex differences in parietal lobe structure are present, and if present to relate these differences to performance on the mental rotations test (MRT). We found that women had proportionately greater gray matter volume in the parietal lobe compared to men, and this morphologic difference was disadvantageous for women in terms of performance on the MRT. In contrast, we found that men compared to women had proportionately greater parietal lobe surface area, and this morphologic difference was associated with a performance advantage for men on mental rotation. These findings support the possibility that the sexual dimorphism in the structure of the parietal lobe is a neurobiological substrate for the sex difference in performance on the mental rotations test.

Tracking atherosclerosis regression: a clinical tool in preventive cardiology.

Progression of coronary artery disease was initially evaluated using quantitative coronary angiography with ensuing evidence indicating a strong relationship to adverse cardiovascular outcomes. Since then, several other atherosclerosis imaging techniques have emerged as new tools in cardiovascular medicine to evaluate the effectiveness of preventive therapies through serial monitoring of changes in atherosclerosis burden. Conducting large randomized trials to test new approaches for the medical management of atherosclerosis, with the goal of showing a reduction in event rates, may often be impractical in an era of cost containment and reduced societal resources. Recent evidence has unfolded that investigates alternative ways of assessing therapeutic results such as the attainment of surrogate goals with substantial outcome relevance. Atherosclerosis imaging modalities such as coronary computed tomography, carotid ultrasound, cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging, and intravascular ultrasound each possess specific imaging abilities and inter-test characteristics that enable their serial use as intermediate endpoints in clinical trials and, increasingly, in individual patient management. The current review focuses on the application of these modalities as emerging tools in cardiovascular prevention.

Longitudinal assessment of premorbid cognitive functioning in patients with schizophrenia through examination of standardized scholastic test performance.

OBJECTIVE: Studies suggest the presence of premorbid cognitive impairment in patients with schizophrenia, yet the onset and course of these deficits remain unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate the longitudinal course of premorbid cognitive functioning in individuals with schizophrenia by using prospective data obtained from scholastic test results. METHOD: Scores from grades 4, 8, and 11 on the Iowa Tests of Basic Skills and the Iowa Tests of Educational Development were obtained for 70 subjects who later developed schizophrenia. The mean percentile rank of the subjects' scores in the areas of vocabulary, reading comprehension, language, mathematics, sources of information, and an overall composite category were compared with state norms. RESULTS: The subjects scored below the 50th percentile for each category in all three grades, but only language, reading, sources of information, and composite scores from grade 11 were significantly below state norms. With regard to longitudinal course, there was a significant linear decrease in language scores over time. Scores from grade 11 were positively correlated with WAIS-R IQ, verbal fluency, and Rey Auditory Verbal Learning scores at first illness episode. Scores from grade 11 were not significantly correlated with age at illness onset or ratings of disorganized, psychotic, or negative symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Scholastic test scores at grades 4 and 8 were nonsignificantly below average in this group of children who later developed schizophrenia. However, test scores dropped significantly between grades 8 and 11. This corresponds to ages 13-16 years, or the onset of puberty. Poor or declining scholastic performance may be a precursor to the cognitive impairment seen during the first episode of illness.

Negative symptoms in temporal lobe epilepsy.

OBJECTIVE: This study examined the frequency of negative and positive symptoms in nonpsychotic patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and the relationship of negative and positive symptoms to cognition, quantitative magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) volumetrics, and depression. METHOD: Eighty-four patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and 74 healthy comparison subjects were evaluated for negative and positive symptoms and underwent comprehensive neuropsychological evaluation, quantitative MRI volumetrics, and assessment of mood state and depression. RESULTS: Negative symptoms were significantly more prevalent in the patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (31%) than in the comparison subjects (8%). There was no difference between groups in the rate of positive symptoms. Although the epilepsy patients as a group exhibited generalized cognitive impairment relative to the comparison subjects, the epilepsy patients with negative symptoms performed significantly worse than patients without negative symptoms and comparison subjects across measures of nonverbal intelligence, visuoperception, speeded visuomotor processing, and memory. The epilepsy patients with negative symptoms exhibited significantly greater diffuse atrophy than the healthy comparison subjects and higher CSF volumes than the epilepsy patients without negative symptoms. The epilepsy patients with and without negative symptoms had statistically equivalent Beck Depression Inventory scores and lifetime history of mood disorders, including major depression. CONCLUSIONS: Negative but not positive symptoms were more prevalent in temporal lobe epilepsy patients than in healthy comparison subjects. Negative symptoms were independent of current and past depression and were associated with neuropsychological deficits exceeding the general cognitive morbidity associated with temporal lobe epilepsy and with quantitative MRI indices suggesting greater cerebral atrophy.

Quantitative measurement of cortical surface features in localization-related temporal lobe epilepsy.

Differences in cortical surface features between healthy controls (n = 48) and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 46), ages 14-59, were characterized by means of advanced quantitative MRI processing techniques. Cortical surface features of interest included gyral and sulcal curvature, cortical depth, and total cortical surface area. Epilepsy patients and controls differed on measures of gyrification; the abnormalities generalized despite the focal nature of the primary epileptic process. Changes in cortical surface features were associated with increasing chronological age in both groups. Abnormalities in gyrification were associated with cognitive performance and with other morphometric measurements (e.g., surface cerebral spinal fluid). These findings are related to the literature regarding morphometric changes associated with temporal lobe epilepsy and normal aging.

Functional abnormalities in the neural circuitry of reading in men with nonsyndromic clefts of the lip or palate.

OBJECTIVE: The current study was designed to evaluate the neurobiology of reading in a group of men with nonsyndromic clefts of the lip or palate (NSCLP) compared with healthy controls by positron emission tomography. DESIGN: SUBJECTS included eight men with NSCLP compared with six healthy control men. By using radioactively labeled water (O(15)), regional brain blood flow was obtained during the performance of three simple reading tasks: reading unrelated words, reading unrelated sentences, and reading a story. RESULTS: During each of the reading conditions, NSCLP subjects compared with healthy controls showed increased blood flow in areas previously reported to be involved in language processing and reading (inferior frontal lobe, cerebellum, and occipital lobe). The increased blood flow suggests a possible neural inefficiency. In contrast, when analyzing the brain regions involved in more complex language functioning (reading stories compared with reading only words), control subjects showed an increase in blood flow in a distributed neural circuit, whereas the NSCLP subjects showed a decrease in flow in these regions. Additionally, the NSCLP subjects had activation of several regions not activated in the healthy controls, suggesting a compensatory circuit used for this more complex reading task. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that subjects with NSCLP show abnormalities in the function of the distributed neural circuitry used for oral reading.

Neurodevelopmental vulnerability of the corpus callosum to childhood onset localization-related epilepsy.

Recent research has suggested that childhood onset of localization-related (focal) temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with a generalized adverse effect on cognition and brain structure, especially cerebral white matter volume. This study examined the neurodevelopmental impact of childhood onset epilepsy on corpus callosum volume and the cognitive consequences of reduced cerebral connectivity. Healthy controls (n = 15) and patients with temporal lobe epilepsy (n = 32) were matched on gender and handedness, and childhood and adult onset epilepsy groups were matched on duration of epilepsy (mean = 19 years) but varied in neurodevelopmental age at onset of recurrent seizures. Results showed that childhood onset of temporal lobe epilepsy was associated with significant volumetric reduction of the corpus callosum compared to both late onset and healthy controls, with the latter two groups not differing from one another. The volumetric loss was most evident in posterior followed by anterior corpus callosum. Volumetric reduction of the corpus callosum in temporal lobe epilepsy was of clinical significance with smaller volumes associated with poorer performance on measures of nonverbal problem solving, immediate memory, speeded complex psychomotor ability and fine motor dexterity. These findings indicate that childhood onset of temporal lobe epilepsy is associated with an adverse neurodevelopmental impact on brain connectivity which is of clinical consequence and theoretical interest.