Can Views of the Proximal Femur Be Reliably Used to Predict Malrotation After Femoral Nail Insertion? A Cadaver Validation Study.

INTRODUCTION: We investigated the relationship between the size of the lesser trochanter visualized on an AP view of the hip and femoral rotation after femoral shaft fracture fixation. We hypothesized that the amount of the lesser trochanter visualized can accurately detect differences in femoral shaft rotation. METHODS: Sequential fluoroscopic images of 19 matched pairs of cadaver femora were obtained of the proximal femur at 10° increments of internal and external rotation. The relationship between the percentage of the lesser trochanter and the angle of femoral rotation was assessed by regression analysis. RESULTS: Rotation of the proximal femur follows a relatively linear relationship centered around the neutral rotation position. A 10% change in the lesser trochanter size corresponds to approximately 7° of femoral rotation. CONCLUSION: The relationship between the size of the lesser trochanter visualized and the degree of femoral rotation after femoral shaft fracture fixation is approximately linear and sensitive to relatively small changes in rotation, making it potentially useful for assessing malrotation after femoral shaft fracture fixation.

Anterior Intrapelvic Approaches: Fracture Patterns You May Want to Reconsider.

The anterior intrapelvic approach with a lateral window is gaining popularity for the surgical treatment of anterior fracture patterns of the acetabulum. Certain fracture patterns and characteristics present challenges when using anterior approaches. This article aims to describe some of the fracture patterns that may be particularly difficult to address using the anterior intrapelvic approach with or without the lateral window.

Novel Application of Exhaled Carbon Monoxide Monitors: Smoking Cessation in Orthopaedic Trauma Patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine whether an in-office exhaled carbon monoxide (CO) monitor can increase interest in smoking cessation among the orthopaedic trauma population. DESIGN: Prospective. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PATIENTS: One hundred twenty-four orthopaedic trauma patients. INTERVENTION: In-office measurement of exhaled CO. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Stage of change, Likert scale score on willingness to quit today, patient's request for referral to a quitline, and increase in readiness to quit. RESULTS: The use of an exhaled CO monitor increased willingness to quit in 71% of participants still smoking and increased willingness to quit on average by 0.8 points on a 10-point Likert scale (P < 0.001). Fifteen percent of patients modified their stage of change toward quitting. Forty percent of patients after exhaled CO monitor requested referral to a quitline, compared with 4% presurvey (P < 0.001). Anecdotally, most participants were very interested in the monitoring device and its reading, expressing concern with the result. The value of exhaled CO was not associated with any measured outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: The use of an exhaled CO monitor increased willingness to quit smoking in 71% of patients, but the effect size was relatively small (0.8 points on a 10-point Likert scale). However, use of the CO monitor resulted in a large increase (40% vs. 4%) in referral to the national Quitline. Use of the Quitline typically increases the chance of smoking cessation by 10 times the baseline rate, suggesting that this finding might be clinically important. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level II. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Validation of PROMIS Physical Function Instruments in Patients With an Orthopaedic Trauma to a Lower Extremity.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the reliability, convergent validity, known-groups validity, and responsiveness of the Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System (PROMIS) Mobility Computer Adaptive Test (CAT) and PROMIS Physical Function 8a Short Form. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Two Level-I trauma centers. PATIENTS: Eligible adults with an isolated lower extremity trauma injury receiving treatment were approached consecutively (n = 402 consented at time 1, median = 80 days after treatment). After 6 months, 122 (30.3%) completed another assessment. INTERVENTION: Cross-sectional and longitudinal monitoring of patients. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Floor and ceiling effects, reliability (marginal reliability and Cronbach's alpha), convergent validity, known-groups discriminant validity (weight-bearing status and fracture severity), and responsiveness (Cohen's d effect size) were evaluated for the PROMIS Mobility CAT, PROMIS Physical Function 8a Short Form, and 5 other measures of physical function. RESULTS: PROMIS PFSF8a and Foot and Ankle Ability Measure Activities of Daily Living Index had ceiling effects. Both PROMIS measures demonstrated excellent internal consistency reliability (mean marginal reliability 0.94 and 0.96; Cronbach's alpha = 0.96). Convergent validity was supported by high correlations with other measures of physical function (r = 0.70-0.87). Known-groups validity by weight-bearing status and fracture severity was supported as was responsiveness (Mobility CAT effect size = 0.81; Physical Function Short Form 8a = 0.88). CONCLUSIONS: The PROMIS Mobility CAT and Physical Function 8a Short Form demonstrated reliability, convergent and known-groups discriminant validity, and responsiveness in a sample of patients with a lower extremity orthopaedic trauma injury.

Inter-Rater Reliability of the Modified Radiographic Union Score for Diaphyseal Tibial Fractures With Bone Defects.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate inter-rater reliability of the modified Radiographic Union Score for Tibial (mRUST) fractures among patients with open, diaphyseal tibia fractures with a bone defect treated with intramedullary nails (IMNs), plates, or definitive external fixation (ex-fix). DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Fifteen-level one civilian trauma centers; 2 military treatment facilities. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Patients ≥18 years old with open, diaphyseal tibia fractures with a bone defect ≥1 cm surgically treated between 2007 and 2012. INTERVENTION: Three of 6 orthopedic traumatologists reviewed and applied mRUST scoring criteria to radiographs from the last clinical visit within 13 months of injury. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Inter-rater reliability was assessed using Krippendorff's alpha (KA) statistic; intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is presented for comparison with previous publications. RESULTS: Two hundred thirteen patients met inclusion criteria including 115 IMNs, 24 plates, 29 ex-fixes, and 45 cases that no longer had instrumentation at evaluation. All reviewers agreed on the pattern of scoreable cortices for 90.4% of IMNs, 88.9% of those without instrumentation, 44.8% of rings, and 20.8% of plates. Thirty-one (15%) cases, primarily plates and ex-fixes, did not contribute to KA and ICC estimates because <2 raters scored all cortices. The overall KA for the 85% that could be analyzed was 0.64 (ICC 0.71). For IMNs, plates, ex-fixes, and no instrumentation, KA (ICC) was 0.65 (0.75), 0.88 (0.90), 0.47 (0.62), and 0.48 (0.57), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: In tibia fractures with bone defects, the mRUST seems similarly reliable to previous work in patients treated with IMN but is less reliable in those with plates or ex-fixes, or after removal of instrumentation.

Are Geriatric Patients Who Sustain High-Energy Traumatic Injury Likely to Return to Functional Independence?

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate physical function and return to independence of geriatric trauma patients, to compare physical function outcomes of geriatric patients who sustained high-energy trauma with that of those who sustained low-energy trauma, and to identify predictors of physical function outcomes. DESIGN: Retrospective. SETTING: Urban Level I trauma center. PATIENTS: Study group of 216 patients with high-energy trauma and comparison group of 117 patients with low-energy trauma. INTERVENTION: Injury mechanism (high- vs. low-energy mechanism). MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENT: Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Physical Function (PROMIS PF) patient-reported outcome measure, and change in living situation and mobility. RESULTS: Physical function outcomes and return to independence differed between patients with high-energy and low-energy injuries. High-energy geriatric trauma patients had significantly higher PROMIS PF scores compared with low-energy geriatric trauma patients (PROMIS PF score 42.2 ± 10.4 vs. 24.6 ± 10.4, P < 0.001). High-energy geriatric trauma patients were able to ambulate outdoors without an assistive device in 67% of cases and were living independently 74% of the time in comparison with 28% and 45% of low-energy geriatric trauma patients, respectively (P < 0.001, P < 0.001). Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that low-energy mechanism injury was independently associated with a 13.2 point reduction in PROMIS PF score (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Geriatric patients greater than 1 year out from sustaining a high-energy traumatic injury seem to be functioning within the expected range for their age, whereas low-energy trauma patients seem to be functioning substantially worse than both age-adjusted norms and their high-energy cohorts. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Incidence of Knee Pain Beyond 1 Year: Suprapatellar Versus Infrapatellar Approach for Intramedullary Nailing of the Tibia.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the magnitude of knee pain between the suprapatellar (SP) and infrapatellar (IP) approach for tibial nailing in patients who are more than 1 year after injury. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Academic Level I trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: All tibia fracture patients 18-80 years of age treated with an intramedullary tibial nail during a 5-year period were retrospectively reviewed for inclusion. The surgical approach was determined by surgeon preference, with 3 of the 9 surgeons routinely using the SP approach. The primary outcome was knee pain during kneeling, with secondary assessments comparing knee pain during resting, walking, and the past 24 hours. INTERVENTION: Intramedullary nailing of a tibia fracture with either the SP or IP approach. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Knee pain assessed with the Numeric Rating Scale between 0 and 10. A difference of >1.0 was considered to be clinically meaningful. RESULTS: The study group consisted of 262 patients (SP, n = 91; IP, n = 171) with a mean age of 41.4 years (SD = 16.6). The median follow-up was 3.8 years (range: 1.5-7.0). No difference in knee pain during kneeling was detected between the surgical approaches (IP: 3.9, SP 3.8; P = 0.90; mean difference: -0.06, 95% confidence interval, -1 to 0.9). Similarly, no differences were detected in average knee pain scores at rest (IP: 2.0, SP: 2.0; P = 1.00), walking (IP: 2.7, SP 3.0; P = 0.51), or the last 24 hours (IP: 2.6, SP 2.9; P = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS: In contrast to a study conducted by Sun et al, in which there was a statistical difference in knee pain between the SP and IP surgical approaches, we did not detect any statistical or clinical differences in knee pain between the SP and IP surgical approaches among patients with greater than 12 months of follow-up. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

A Predictive Score for Determining Risk of Surgical Site Infection After Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery.

OBJECTIVES: To determine factors predictive of postoperative surgical site infection (SSI) after fracture fixation and create a prediction score for risk of infection at time of initial treatment. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Study group, 311 patients with deep SSI; control group, 608 patients. INTERVENTION: We evaluated 27 factors theorized to be associated with postoperative infection. Bivariate and multiple logistic regression analyses were used to build a prediction model. A composite score reflecting risk of SSI was then created. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Risk of postoperative infection. RESULTS: The final model consisted of 8 independent predictors: (1) male sex, (2) obesity (body mass index ≥ 30) (3) diabetes, (4) alcohol abuse, (5) fracture region, (6) Gustilo-Anderson type III open fracture, (7) methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus nasal swab testing (not tested or positive result), and (8) American Society of Anesthesiologists classification. Risk strata were well correlated with observed proportion of SSI and resulted in a percent risk of infection of 1% for ≤3 points, 6% for 4-5 points, 11% for 6 to 8-9 points, and 41% for ≥10 points. CONCLUSION: The proposed postoperative infection prediction model might be able to determine which patients have fractures at higher risk of infection and provides an estimate of the percent risk of infection before fixation. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Does an Implant Usage Report Card Impact Orthopaedic Trauma Implant Stewardship?

OBJECTIVES: As hospitals seek to control variable expenses, orthopaedic surgeons have come under scrutiny because of relatively high implant costs. We aimed to determine whether feedback to surgeons regarding implant costs results in changes in implant selection. METHODS: This study was undertaken at a statewide trauma referral center and included 6 fellowship-trained orthopaedic trauma surgeons. A previously implemented implant stewardship program at our institution using a "red-yellow-green" (RYG) implant selection tool classifies 7 commonly used trauma implant constructs based on cost and categorizes each implant as red (used for patient-specific requirements, most expensive), yellow (midrange), and green (preferred vendor, least expensive). The constructs included were femoral intramedullary nail, tibial intramedullary nail, long and short cephalomedullary nails, distal femoral plate, proximal tibial plate, and lower-limb external fixator. Baseline implant usage from the previous year was obtained and provided to each surgeon. Each surgeon received a monthly feedback report containing individual implant utilization and overall ranking. RESULTS: The overall RYG score increased from 68.7 to 79.1 of 100 (P < 0.001). Three of the 7 implants (tibial and femoral nails and lower-limb external fixation) had significant increases in their RYG scores; implant selections for the other 4 implants were not significantly altered. A decrease of 1.8% (95% confidence interval, 0.4-3.2, P = 0.01) was noted in overall implant costs over the study period. CONCLUSION: Our intervention resulted in changes in surgeons' implant selections and cost savings. However, surgeons were unwilling to change certain implants despite their being more expensive.

Intraoperative Vancomycin Powder Reduces Staphylococcus aureus Surgical Site Infections and Biofilm Formation on Fixation Implants in a Rabbit Model.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effectiveness of intraoperative vancomycin powder in prevention of surgical site infection and biofilm formation on implants in a contaminated animal fixation model. METHODS: We created a rabbit surgical model including fixation implants at a tibial surgical site seeded with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Our study cohort included 18 rabbits. Nine received vancomycin powder at the surgical site, and the other 9 did not. Serum vancomycin levels were measured at scheduled time points over 24 hours. Bone infection and implant biofilm formation were determined based on the number of colony-forming units present 2 weeks after surgery. Radiography, histology, and electron microscopy aided in evaluation. RESULTS: No bone infection or implant colonization occurred in the vancomycin powder group. Six bone infections and 6 implant biofilm formations (67%; 95% confidence interval, 45%-88%) occurred in the group that did not receive vancomycin powder (P = 0.009). Serum vancomycin levels were detectable at minimal levels at 1 and 6 hours only. Pathological changes occurred in the specimens that were positive for infection. CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative vancomycin powder application at the time of fixation decreases risk for bone infection and biofilm formation on implants in a rabbit model, with minimal increase in serum vancomycin levels. The results are encouraging and support the rationale for a clinical trial investigating the use of local vancomycin powder to reduce the rate of surgical site infections. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Infection is a common complication of surgery, especially with implants. Simple methods to prevent or decrease the occurrence of infection would benefit the patient and the health care system.

What Is the Ideal Starting Point for an Olecranon Screw? An Anatomic Cadaveric Study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess whether "center-center" position is ideal starting point for minimum fracture displacement when placing an intramedullary (IM) screw in the ulna. METHODS: Thirty-six arms (average age, 82 years) underwent a posterior approach to the olecranon and were randomized into 3 groups: center-center (center in sagittal plane, center in coronal plane), posterior-lateral (posterior in sagittal plane, lateral in coronal plane), and posterior-medial (posterior in sagittal plane, medial in coronal plane). Groups were matched into 18 pairs, and fixation was performed with an IM screw. Primary outcome measure was articular surface displacement on the olecranon. Measurements were compared across each combination of locations using the Kruskal-Wallis rank sums test, and a sign test determined whether each location differed from anatomic reduction. RESULTS: Articular step-off measurements were significantly different between center-center (0.6 mm) and posterior-medial (2.1 mm) groups (P = 0.01) and approached significance with posterior-lateral versus posterior-medial (0.9 mm) locations (P = 0.07). No significant difference was found comparing center-center with posterior-lateral locations (P = 0.7). The articular surface (P = 0.04), posterior cortex (P = 0.02), and medial cortex (P = 0.001) measurements for the posterior-medial starting point were all worse compared with anatomic reduction. CONCLUSIONS: Malreduction of a simulated olecranon fracture was most significant when the starting point for the IM screw was malpositioned medially. A central or laterally based starting point was more forgiving. Avoiding a medially based starting point is crucial for achieving benefits of fixation with an IM screw and reduces the chance of malreduction after fixation.

Is Lateral Femoral Nailing Associated With Increased Intensive Care Unit Days? A Propensity-Matched Analysis of 848 Cases.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study is to determine if lateral patient position during femoral nailing is associated with increases in intensive care unit (ICU) length of stay (LOS) or ventilator days when compared with femoral nailing in a supine position. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study. SETTING: Level 1 trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Patients with femoral shaft fractures treated with intramedullary fixation were identified. Propensity matching was performed to minimize selection bias using factors thought to be associated with surgeon selection of supine nailing at our institution (Injury Severity Score, Abbreviated Injury Score brain, and bilateral fractures). After matching, 848 patients were included in the analysis. INTERVENTION: Femoral nailing in the lateral position compared with the supine position. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Our primary outcome measure was ICU LOS. Ventilator days were the secondary outcome. RESULTS: Treating patients with femoral nailing in the lateral position was associated with a 1.88 days (95% confidence interval, 0.73-3.02; P = 0.001) reduction in ICU LOS in our adjusted model. Intramedullary nailing in the lateral position was associated with a 1.29 days (95% confidence interval, -0.12 to 2.69) decrease in postoperative time on a ventilator. However, this finding was not statistically significant (P = 0.07). CONCLUSION: Lateral femoral nailing was associated with decreased ICU LOS (P = 0.001) even after accounting for selection bias using propensity score matching. Our data indicate that lateral femoral nailing is likely not associated with the increased risk of pulmonary complication. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Construct Validation of a Novel Hip Fracture Fixation Surgical Simulator.

INTRODUCTION: A surgical simulation platform has been developed to simulate fluoroscopically guided surgical procedures by coupling computer modeling with a force-feedback device as a training tool for orthopaedic resident education in an effort to enhance motor skills and potentially minimize radiation exposure. The objective of this study was to determine whether the simulation platform can distinguish between novice and experienced practitioners of percutaneous pinning of hip fractures. METHODS: Medical students, orthopaedic residents, orthopaedic trauma fellows, and attending surgeons completed in situ hip-pinning simulation that recorded performance measures related to surgical accuracy, time, and use of fluoroscopy. Linear regression models were used to compare the association between performance and practitioner experience. RESULTS: Notable associations were shown between performance and practitioner experience in 10 of the 15 overall measures (P < 0.05) and 9 of 11 surgical accuracy parameters (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: This novel simulation platform can distinguish between novice and experienced practitioners and defines a performance curve for completion of simulated in situ hip pinning. This important first step lays the groundwork for subsequent validation studies, which will seek to demonstrate the efficacy of this simulator in improving clinical performance by trainees completing a sequence of skills-training modules.

Risk Factors for Knee Stiffness Surgery After Tibial Plateau Fracture Fixation.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the risk factors for knee stiffness surgery after tibial plateau fixation. DESIGN: Retrospective observational cohort study. SETTING: Academic Level I trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: A study group of 110 patients who underwent knee stiffness surgery (manipulation while under anesthesia, arthroscopic lysis of adhesion, or quadricepsplasty) at a time remote from open reduction and internal fixation of tibial plateau fractures and a control group of 319 patients with tibial plateau fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation who did not undergo knee stiffness surgery and who had either a minimum of 1 year of follow-up or clearly documented range of motion ≥110 degrees with a minimum of 90 days of follow-up. INTERVENTION: Each case was assessed from the time of index admission through study event, end of minimum follow-up, or achievement of ≥110 degrees range of motion. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Knee stiffness surgery. RESULTS: Total number of weeks in an external fixator (odds ratio, 1.5 per week; 95% confidence interval, 1.3-1.7; P < 0.001) and the presence of bilateral tibial plateau fractures (odds ratio, 3.3; 95% confidence interval, 1.2-9.1; P = 0.02) were significant predictors of knee stiffness intervention. CONCLUSION: Clinicians should be aware that the time spent in external fixation and the presence of bilateral tibial plateau injuries are strong risk factors for requiring subsequent surgery to treat knee stiffness. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Orthopaedic Trauma Association Annual Meeting Program Committee: Analysis of Impact of Committee Size and Review Process on Abstract Acceptance.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate whether scientific abstracts selected for podium presentation at the Orthopaedic Trauma Association (OTA) Annual Meeting differ based on the program committee size and/or the proportion of abstracts each committee member evaluates. METHODS: Abstract scores from the Orthopaedic Trauma Association program committee from 2010 through 2016 were obtained. All members (range, 8-9) reviewed each clinical abstract (range, 506-778) each year in a blinded fashion. The 90 top-scoring abstracts were considered "accepted" for this study. To determine the effect of reducing the committee size, all possible combinations of reviewers for each possible committee size were modeled. To determine the effect of reducing the number of abstracts each member reviewed, we used Monte Carlo simulation with 100 cycles to generate possible combinations of 1-9 reviewers for each abstract. Mean percent agreement with the actual selection was the primary outcome. RESULTS: The mean percent agreement progressively declined from 90.2% with 1 less committee member to 56.7% with only a single reviewer. For each reduction in the number of committee members, 4.4% agreement was lost. If all committee members were retained but the number of reviewers per abstract was reduced from 8 to 1, the mean percent agreement declined from 88.8% to 43.0%. Each reduction in reviewers per abstract reduced the mean percent agreement 6.3%. CONCLUSION: The findings inform program committees striving to balance the trade-off between an acceptable reduction in agreement, given a reduction in the program committee size or the proportion of abstracts each committee member evaluates.

Risk Factors for Early Reoperation After Operative Treatment of Acetabular Fractures.

OBJECTIVES: To identify the risk factors for early reoperation after operative fixation of acetabular fractures. DESIGN: Retrospective evaluation. SETTING: Level I Trauma Center. PATIENTS: Seven hundred ninety-one patients with displaced acetabular fractures treated with open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF) from 2006 to 2015. Average follow-up was 52 weeks. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Early reoperation after acetabular ORIF, defined as secondary procedure for infection or revision within 3 years of initial operation. RESULTS: Fifty-six (7%) patients underwent irrigation and debridement for infection and wound complications. Four associated risk factors identified were length of stay in the intensive care unit, pelvic embolization, operative time, and time delay between injury and surgical fixation. Sixty-two (8%) patients underwent early revision, including 45 conversions to total hip arthroplasty, 10 revision ORIF, 6 fixation device removals because of concern for joint penetration (2 acutely and 4 > 6 months after surgery), and 1 stabilization procedure. Three risk factors associated with early revision were hip dislocation, articular comminution, and concomitant femoral head or neck injury. Combined injuries to the pelvic ring and acetabulum, fracture pattern, marginal impaction, and body mass index had no significant effect on early revision surgery. CONCLUSIONS: Risk factors for early reoperation after operative fixation of acetabular fractures differed based on the reason for return to the operating room. Infection was more likely to occur in patients who had prolonged stays in the intensive care unit, had prolonged operative times, were embolized, or experienced delay in time to fixation. Revision was more likely with hip dislocation, articular comminution, femoral head or neck fracture, and advancing age. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Predictors of Unplanned Reoperation After Operative Treatment of Pelvic Ring Injuries.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the incidence of unplanned reoperations after pelvic ring injuries and to develop a risk prediction model. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Level I Trauma Center. PATIENTS: The medical records of 913 patients (644 male and 269 female patients; mean age, 39 years; age range, 16-89 years) with unstable pelvic ring fractures operatively treated at our center from 2003 to 2015 were reviewed. INTERVENTION: Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the relative contribution of associated clinical parameters to unplanned reoperations. A risk prediction model was developed to assess the effects of multiple covariates. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Unplanned reoperation for infection, fixation failure, heterotopic ossification, or bleeding complication. RESULTS: Unplanned reoperations totaled 137 fractures, with an overall rate of 15% (8% infection, 6% fixation failure, <1% heterotopic ossification, and <1% bleeding complication). Reoperations for infection and fixation failure typically occurred within the first month after the index procedure. Four independent predictors of reoperation were open fractures, combined pelvic ring and acetabular injuries, abdominal visceral injuries, and increasing pelvic fracture grade. No independent association was shown between reoperation and patient, treatment, or other injury factors. CONCLUSIONS: Unplanned reoperations were relatively common. Infection and fixation failure were the most common indications for unplanned reoperations. Factors associated with reoperation are related to severity of pelvic and abdominal visceral injuries. Our findings suggest that these complications might be inherent and in many cases unavoidable despite appropriate current treatment strategies. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

Variations in the Organisms Causing Deep Surgical Site Infections in Fracture Patients at a Level I Trauma Center (2006-2015).

OBJECTIVES: To quantify the current bacteriology of deep surgical site infections (SSIs) after fracture surgery at 1 institution and to compare those data with historical controls at the same institution, assessing variations in infecting organisms over the past decade. DESIGN: Retrospective review. SETTING: Level I trauma center. PATIENTS/PARTICIPANTS: Two hundred forty-three patients requiring surgical intervention for deep SSI between January 2011 and December 2015 were compared with 211 patients requiring surgical intervention for deep SSI between December 2006 and December 2010. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASUREMENTS: Bacteria were categorized as Staphylococcus aureus, coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), Streptococcus, Enterococcus, gram-negative rods (GNR), gram-positive rods, anaerobes, or negative cultures. The proportion of each bacterial type was determined and compared with previously published data from the same trauma center (December 2006 to December 2010). RESULTS: Patients most commonly had S. aureus infections (48%), followed by GNR (40%) and CoNS (19%). The proportion of CoNS species (26% vs. 12%, P < 0.01) in infected patients was significantly higher during the current study period compared with historical controls. The proportion of S. aureus species in infected patients was significantly less during the current study period (39% vs. 56%, P < 0.01). The reduction in the proportion of S. aureus species in infected patients was driven by a decrease in the proportion of methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) in the overall sample. CONCLUSIONS: Bacteriology of deep SSI of fractures has changed substantially over the past decade at our center, specifically the proportions of GNR, CoNS, and MRSA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.

When Should We Change Drill Bits? A Mechanical Comparison of New, Reprocessed, and Damaged Bits.

OBJECTIVES: We assessed how reprocessed and damaged drill bits perform relative-to-new drill bits in terms of drilling force required, heat generated at near and far cortices, and number of usable passes. METHODS: Nine pairs of nonosteoporotic human cadaveric femora were tested using 3 types of 3.2-mm drill bits (new, reprocessed, and damaged) in 3 investigations (force, temperature, and multiple usable passes). Operating room conditions were simulated. Force and temperature data were collected for each type. The multiple pass investigation measured only force. RESULTS: New and reprocessed drill bits performed similarly regarding force required and heat generated; both outperformed damaged bits. New and reprocessed bits had a similar number of usable passes in ideal conditions. Damaged bits required nearly 2.6 times as much force to maintain drilling rate. CONCLUSIONS: Reprocessed drill bits seem to be a viable alternative to new drill bits for fracture treatment surgery in terms of force required, heat generated, and number of usable passes. Drill bits that are damaged intraoperatively should be replaced. In ideal conditions, new and reprocessed drill bits can be used for multiple consecutive cases. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Reprocessed drill bits may be as effective as new drill bits, representing potential cost savings for institutions. Both types can be considered for reuse.

Biomechanical Comparison of Cadaveric and Commercially Available Synthetic Osteoporotic Bone Analogues in a Locked Plate Fracture Model Under Torsional Loading.

OBJECTIVES: Biomechanical studies of osteoporotic bone have used synthetic models rather than cadaveric samples because of decreased variability, increased availability, and overall ease of the use of synthetic models. We compared the torsional mechanical properties of cadaveric osteoporotic bone with those of currently available synthetic osteoporotic bone analogues. METHODS: We tested 12 osteoporotic cadaveric humeri and 6 specimens each of 6 types of synthetic analogues. A 5-mm fracture gap model and posterior plating technique with 4.5-mm narrow 10-hole locking compression plate were used. Torque was applied to a peak of ±10 N·m for 1000 cycles at 0.3 Hz. Data were continuously collected during cyclical and ramped loading with a servohydraulic materials testing system. RESULTS: Cadaveric bone had a 17% failure rate before completing 1000 cycles. Three osteoporotic bone models had 100% failure (P < 0.05), 2 had 17% failure, and 1 had 0% failure before 1000 cycles. Significant differences in the stiffness of the 3 types of synthetic bone models that survived cyclic loading were noted compared with the cadaveric bone model (P < 0.05). Osteoporotic bone analogues had torsional mechanical properties different from those of osteoporotic cadaveric specimens. CONCLUSIONS: The differences between osteoporotic cadaveric humeri and synthetic osteoporotic bone analogues ranged from profound with complete catastrophic failure after a few cycles to subtler differences in stiffness and strain hardening. These findings suggest that different bone analogue models vary substantially in their torsional mechanical properties and might not be appropriate substitutes for cadaveric bone in biomechanical studies of osteoporotic bone.