Impact of Intermediate Susceptibility to Penicillin on Antimicrobial Treatment and Outcomes of Endocarditis Caused by Viridans and Gallolyticus Group Streptococci.

BACKGROUND: Evidence supporting combination treatment with a beta-lactam plus an aminoglycoside (C-BA) for endocarditis caused by viridans and gallolyticus group streptococci (VGS-GGS) with intermediate susceptibility to penicillin (PENI-I) is lacking. We assessed the clinical characteristics and outcomes of PEN-I VGS-GGS endocarditis and compared the effectiveness and safety of C-BA with third-generation cephalosporin monotherapy. METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of a cohort of definite endocarditis caused by penicillin-susceptible and PENI-I VGS-GGS (penicillin minimum inhibitory concentration ranging from 0.25 to 2 mg/L) between 2008 and 2018 in 40 Spanish hospitals. We compared cases treated with monotherapy or with C-BA and performed multivariable analyses of risk factors for in-hospital and 1-year mortality. RESULTS: A total of 914 consecutive cases of definite endocarditis caused by VGS-GGS with complete or intermediate susceptibility to penicillin were included. A total of 688 (75.3%) were susceptible to penicillin and 226 (24.7%) were PENI-I. Monotherapy was used in 415 (45.4%) cases (cephalosporin in 331 cases) and 499 (54.6%) cases received C-BA. In-hospital mortality was 11.9%, and 190 (20.9%) patients developed acute kidney injury. Heart failure (odds ratio [OR]: 6.06; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.37-26.87; P = .018), central nervous system emboli (OR: 9.83; 95% CI: 2.17-44.49; P = .003) and intracardiac abscess (OR: 13.47; 95% CI: 2.24-81.08; P = .004) were independently associated with in-hospital mortality among PEN-I VGS-GGS cases, while monotherapy was not (OR: 1.01; 95% CI: .26-3.96; P = .982). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings support the use of cephalosporin monotherapy in PEN-I VGS-GGS endocarditis in order to avoid nephrotoxicity without adversely affecting patient outcomes.

Genetic population structure of Pseudoplatystoma corruscans (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) and evidence of temporal variation in structure.

Surubim (Pseudoplatystoma corruscans, Pimelodidae) are migratory catfish native to the rivers in the La Plata and São Francisco basins. They are piscivores that attain considerable body sizes and are a valuable economic resource. Surubim exhibits extensive migrations during its life cycle that may affect the population structure at vast geographic scales. The authors examined the genetic diversity and population genetic structure of P. corruscans using microsatellite markers from a comprehensive sampling of 260 individuals from the Upper and Lower Paraná River. They identified two well-differentiated genetic clusters corresponding to a natural geographic barrier historically separating Upper and Lower Paraná regions. They also demonstrated temporal variation in population genetic structure at a site in Lower Paraná close to the confluence with the Paraguay River, most likely explained by the influx of migrant fishes at certain times of the year.

Clinical and prognostic differences between methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus infective endocarditis.

BACKGROUND: S. aureus (SA) infective endocarditis (IE) has a very high mortality, attributed to the age and comorbidities of patients, inadequate or delayed antibiotic treatment, and methicillin resistance, among other causes. The main study objective was to analyze epidemiological and clinical differences between IE by methicillin-resistant versus methicillin-susceptible SA (MRSA vs. MSSA) and to examine prognostic factors for SA endocarditis, including methicillin resistance and vancomycin minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values > 1 µg/mL to MRSA. METHODS: Patients with SA endocarditis were consecutively and prospectively recruited from the Andalusia endocarditis cohort between 1984 and January 2017. RESULTS: We studied 437 patients with SA endocarditis, which was MRSA in 13.5% of cases. A greater likelihood of history of COPD (OR 3.19; 95% CI 1.41-7.23), invasive procedures, or recognized infection focus in the 3 months before IE onset (OR 2.9; 95% CI 1.14-7.65) and of diagnostic delay (OR 3.94; 95% CI 1.64-9.5) was observed in patients with MRSA versus MSSA endocarditis. The one-year mortality rate due to SA endocarditis was 44.3% and associated with decade of endocarditis onset (1985-1999) (OR 8.391; 95% CI (2.82-24.9); 2000-2009 (OR 6.4; 95% CI 2.92-14.06); active neoplasm (OR 6.63; 95% CI 1.7-25.5) and sepsis (OR 2.28; 95% CI 1.053-4.9). Methicillin resistance was not associated with higher IE-related mortality (49.7 vs. 43.1%; p = 0.32). CONCLUSION: MRSA IE is associated with COPD, previous invasive procedure or recognized infection focus, and nosocomial or healthcare-related origin. Methicillin resistance does not appear to be a decisive prognostic factor for SA IE.

Mating System of Caiman yacare (Reptilia: Alligatoridae) Described from Microsatellite Genotypes.

The yacare caiman (Caiman yacare) is a reptile from South America and 1 of the 2 crocodilian species present in Argentina. The degradation of their natural habitat and strong hunting pressure led to a sharp numerical decline of wild populations. Nowadays, C. yacare is included in Appendix II of CITES, and ranching practices in some areas in Argentina are helping hatching success. In this context, it is important to better understand the population structure and mating system of the species. To do this, we amplified 10 microsatellite markers (SSRs) in 148 individuals of 13 C. yacare nests. All of the markers were polymorphic with 2­12 alleles per locus, with allelic sizes ranging between 154 and 400 bp and medium levels of polymorphism (Ho = 0.152­0.551 and He = 0.221­0.621). We were able to determine the maternal genotype in 9 out of 13 nests. In 6 of them we found more than 1 paternal genotype, with a maximum of 3 fathers for a single nest. This study is the first to provide evidence of multiple paternity behavior. These findings will be useful to improve management and conservation strategies for the species.

Wastewater-Based Epidemiology: Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in Different Stages of Domestic Wastewater Treatment in Santa Fe, Argentina.

The COVID-19 pandemic affected human life at every level. In this study, we analyzed genetic markers (N and ORF1ab, RNA genes) of SARS-CoV-2 in domestic wastewaters (DWW) in San Justo City (Santa Fe, Argentina), using reverse transcription-quantitative real-time PCR. Out of the 30 analyzed samples, 30% were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. Of the total positive samples, 77% correspond to untreated DWW, 23% to pre-chlorination, and no SARS-CoV-2 RNA was registered at the post-chlorination sampling site. The viral loads of N and OFR1ab genes decreased significantly along the treatment process, and the increase in the number of viral copies of the N gene could anticipate, by 6 days, the number of clinical cases in the population. The concentration of chlorine recommended by the WHO (≥ 0.5 mg L-1 after at least 30 min of contact time at pH 8.0) successfully removed SARS-CoV-2 RNA from DWW. The efficiency of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) confirms the need to control and increase DWW treatment systems on a regional and global scale. This work could contribute to building a network for WBE to monitor SARS-CoV-2 in wastewaters during the pandemic waves and the epidemic remission phase. Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11270-022-05772-w.

Blood culture-negative infective endocarditis: a worse outcome? Results from a large multicentre retrospective Spanish cohort study.

BACKGROUND: To assess the impact of blood cultures negative infective endocarditis (BCNIE) on in-hospital mortality. METHODS: Prospective multicentre study with retrospective analysis of a Spanish cohort including adult patients with definite IE. Cardiac implantable devices infection were excluded. Comparisons between blood cultures positive and BCNIE groups were performed to analyse in-hospital mortality. RESULTS: 1001 cases were included of which 83 (8.3%) had BCNIE. Alternative microbiological diagnosis was achieved for 39 (47%) out 83 cases. The most frequent identifications were: Coxiella burnetii (11; 28.2%), Tropheryma whipplei (4; 10.3%), Streptococcus gallolyticus (4;10.3%) and Staphylococcus epidermidis (3; 7.7%). Surgery was performed more frequently in BCNIE group (57.8 vs. 36.9%, p < .001). All-cause in-hospital mortality rate was 26.7% without statistical difference between compared groups. BCNIE was not associated to worse mortality rate in Cox regression model (aHR = 1.37, 95% CI 0.90-2.07, p = .14). Absence of microbiological diagnosis was also not associated to worse in-hospital prognosis (aHR = 1.62, 95% CI 0.99-2.64, p = .06). CONCLUSIONS: In our cohort, BCNIE was not associated to greater in-hospital mortality based in multivariate Cox regression models. The variables most frequently associated with mortality were indicated but not performed surgery (aHR = 2.48, 95% CI 1.73-3.56, p < .001), septic shock (aHR = 2.24, 95% CI 1.68-2.99, p < .001), age over 65 years (aHR = 1.88, 95% CI 1.40-2.52, p < .001) and complicated endocarditis (aHR = 1.79, 95% CI 1.36-2.37, p < .001).

Role of age and comorbidities in mortality of patients with infective endocarditis.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to analyse the characteristics of patients with IE in three groups of age and to assess the ability of age and the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) to predict mortality. METHODS: Prospective cohort study of all patients with IE included in the GAMES Spanish database between 2008 and 2015.Patients were stratified into three age groups:<65 years,65 to 80 years,and ≥ 80 years.The area under the receiver-operating characteristic (AUROC) curve was calculated to quantify the diagnostic accuracy of the CCI to predict mortality risk. RESULTS: A total of 3120 patients with IE (1327 < 65 years;1291 65-80 years;502 ≥ 80 years) were enrolled.Fever and heart failure were the most common presentations of IE, with no differences among age groups.Patients ≥80 years who underwent surgery were significantly lower compared with other age groups (14.3%,65 years; 20.5%,65-79 years; 31.3%,≥80 years). In-hospital mortality was lower in the <65-year group (20.3%,<65 years;30.1%,65-79 years;34.7%,≥80 years;p < 0.001) as well as 1-year mortality (3.2%, <65 years; 5.5%, 65-80 years;7.6%,≥80 years; p = 0.003).Independent predictors of mortality were age ≥ 80 years (hazard ratio [HR]:2.78;95% confidence interval [CI]:2.32-3.34), CCI ≥ 3 (HR:1.62; 95% CI:1.39-1.88),and non-performed surgery (HR:1.64;95% CI:11.16-1.58).When the three age groups were compared,the AUROC curve for CCI was significantly larger for patients aged <65 years(p < 0.001) for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality. CONCLUSION: There were no differences in the clinical presentation of IE between the groups. Age ≥ 80 years, high comorbidity (measured by CCI),and non-performance of surgery were independent predictors of mortality in patients with IE.CCI could help to identify those patients with IE and surgical indication who present a lower risk of in-hospital and 1-year mortality after surgery, especially in the <65-year group.

Mortalidad por cardiopatías congénitas y adquiridas en niños de Villa Clara

RESUMEN Introducción: Las enfermedades cardiovasculares de la infancia constituyen un grupo heterogéneo de afecciones congénitas y adquiridas que representan una causa importante de morbilidad y mortalidad pediátricas. Objetivo: Describir clínica y epidemiológicamente a los pacientes pediátricos fallecidos por enfermedades cardiovasculares entre los años 2005 y 2017. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal retrospectivo en los 117 pacientes pediátricos fallecidos con diagnóstico de enfermedades cardiovasculares en la provincia de Villa Clara, entre los años 2005 y 2017, con predominio del análisis documental como método de investigación. Resultados: Se obtuvo una tasa de mortalidad de 1,6 por cada 1000 nacidos vivos con tendencia a disminuir en el tiempo, con predominio de los fallecidos con piel blanca (70,09 %), y sin diferencias en cuanto al sexo. Fueron más frecuentes las cardiopatías congénitas (75,21 %) como coartación aórtica y transposición de grandes vasos. Entre las cardiopatías adquiridas fue la miocarditis la más frecuente (79,30 %). Se diagnosticaron en la primera semana de vida 48,70 % de los pacientes y recibieron tratamiento médico 63,25 % de los pacientes. Las causas de muerte más frecuentes fueron la propia cardiopatía congénita de base y la disfunción multiorgánica por sepsis en el grupo de las congénitas y en las adquiridas el shock cardiogénico. Conclusiones: Predominaron las cardiopatías congénitas fundamentalmente la coartación aórtica. La mayoría de los pacientes recibieron solo tratamiento médico y las principales causas directas de muerte fueron la propia cardiopatía congénita y la disfunción multiorgánica.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Children cardiovascular diseases constitute a heterogeneous group of congenital and acquired conditions that represent an important cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Objective: Describe clinically and epidemiologically pediatric patients who died of cardiovascular diseases between 2005 and 2017. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the 117 pediatric patients who died with a diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases in the Villa Clara province, between 2005 and 2017, with a predominance of documentary analysis as a research method. Results: A mortality rate of 1.6 per 1000 live births was obtained, with a tendency to decrease over time, with a predominance of those who died with white skin (70.09%), and without differences in sex. Congenital heart disease (75.21%) was more frequent, such as aortic coarctation and transposition of large vessels. Among the acquired heart diseases, myocarditis was the most frequent (79.30%). 48.70% of patients were diagnosed in the first week of life and 63.25% of patients received medical treatment. The most frequent causes of death were congenital heart disease itself and multi-organ dysfunction due to sepsis in the congenital group and in those acquired cardiogenic shock. Conclusions: Congenital heart disease predominated, mainly aortic coarctation. Most patients received only medical treatment and the main direct causes of death were congenital heart disease itself and multi-organ dysfunction.

Ultrasonido renal en los primeros seis meses de vida / Renal ultrasound in the first six months of life

Introducción: Las malformaciones congénitas renales y de las vías urinarias, constituyen la causa más frecuente de la enfermedad renal crónica en niños menores de 5 años. La ultrasonografía renal, se contempla en la actualidad, en el estudio inicial ante la sospecha de enfermedad renal crónica secundaria a malformaciones congénitas renales y de vías urinarias. Objetivo: Identificar los hallazgos sonográficos sugestivos de anomalías renales en los primeros seis meses de vida. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal en niños nacidos entre julio de 2014 y junio de 2015 en el municipio de Santa Clara, con ultrasonido renal prenatal normal. A los 672 niños estudiados, previo consentimiento informado, se les realizó ultrasonido renal en algún momento dentro de los seis primeros meses de vida, lo que permitió identificar a los niños con alteraciones sonográficas sugerentes de algún tipo de anomalías del desarrollo renal. Se continuaron los estudios, según protocolos establecidos, para definir el tipo de malformación congénita renal y de vías urinarias. Resultados: El 5,95 por ciento (40 pacientes) presentaron alguna alteración sonográfica. La hidronefrosis se identificó en el 27,50 por ciento. La ectopia renal y la asimetría renal estuvieron presentes en el 15,00 por ciento de los pacientes. El 10,00 por ciento presentó agenesia renal. El 22, 5 por ciento de los pacientes con hidronefrosis tenían reflujo vesicoureteral. Conclusiones: La hidronefrosis constituye una alteración sonográfica frecuente en pacientes con malformaciones congénitas renales, sobre todo del tipo de reflujo vesicoureteral. Dentro de las alteraciones de tamaño, posición y forma, la ectopia renal constituye la anomalía del desarrollo renal más frecuente(AU)

Introduction: Renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformations represent the most frequent cause of chronical kidney disease in children under five years old. The renal ultrasound it is nowadays included in the initial study while suspecting chronical kidney disease as a consequence of renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformations. Objective: To identify sonographic findings that suggest renal anomalies in the first six months of life. Methods: Descriptive cross-sectional study in children that were born from July, 2014 to June, 2015 in Santa Clara municipality having a normal prenatal renal ultrasound. The 672 children studied with previous informed consent had a renal ultrasound in the first six months of life which allowed to identify the children with sonographic alterations suggestive to any kind of renal development´s anomalies. The studies were conducted under the established protocols to define the kind of renal congenital and urinary tract´s malformation. Results: 5.5 percent (40 patients) presented any kind of sonographic alteration. Hydronephrosis was identified in 27.50 percent of the patients. Renal ectopy and renal asymmetry were present in the 15.00 percent of the patients. 10.00 percent presented renal agenesis. 22.5 percent of the patients with hydronephrosis had vesicoureteral reflux. Conclusions: Hydronephrosis represents a frequent sonographic alteration in patients with congenital renal malformations, mostly the vesicoureteral reflux type. Among the size, position and shape alterations, renal ectopy is the most frequent renal development´s anomaly(AU)

Caracterización de las enfermedades valvulares congénitas en la edad pediátrica / Characterization the pediatric patients with diagnostic of illnesses congenital valvulares

Introducción: Las valvulopatías congénitas son un grupo de entidades en las cuales la principal alteración anatomofuncional está en las válvulas cardiacas. Objetivo: Caracterizar los pacientes pediátricos nacidos vivos con diagnósticos de valvulopatías congénitas. Métodos: Se realizó una investigación descriptiva retrospectiva a partir de los registros de valvulopatías congénitas del Servicio de Cardiología del Hospital Pediátrico Universitario José Luis Miranda en Santa Clara, Cuba, en el periodo de 2005 a 2016. La población estuvo conformada por los 147 niños nacidos vivos con diagnóstico de valvulopatías congénitas. Se empleó un muestreo no probabilístico intencional por criterios y la muestra quedó conformada por 143. La recogida de la información se realizó a través de la revisión documental de las historias clínicas. Resultados: La tasa de incidencia de la valvulopatías congénitas fue de 1,5 x 1 000 nacidos vivos, predominó la estenosis pulmonar que agrupó el 70,6 por ciento de los diagnosticados. Se encontró predominio del sexo masculino con 50,3 por ciento, se determinó que 45,5 por ciento de los casos se diagnosticaron antes de los 29 días de nacido, período que incluye un diagnóstico prenatal. Conclusiones: El desarrollo del diagnóstico prenatal de las cardiopatías congénitas ha posibilitado la disminución de la incidencia de las malformaciones más complejas. El conocimiento de las enfermedades congénitas del corazón contribuye a operar de forma segura y con resolución anatómica completa a muchos de estos niños en el período prenatal o cuando son lactantes pequeños, para evitar el deterioro global de estos cuando la cardiopatía no está resuelta(AU)

Introduction: The congenital valvulopatías is a group of entities in which the main alteration anatomofuncional is in the heart valves. Objective: To characterize the pediatric patients with diagnostic of born congenital valvulopatías. Methods: He/she was carried out a retrospective descriptive investigation starting from the registrations of congenital valvulopatías of the service of Cardiology of the Hospital Pediatric University student José Luis Miranda in the period of 2005 at the 2016. The population was conformed by the 147 alive born children with diagnostic of congenital valvulopatías, a sampling was not used intentional probabilístico by approaches, being conformed the sample by 143. The collection of the information was carried out through the documental revision of the clinical histories. Results: The rate of incidence of the congenital valvulopatías was of 1,5 x 1000 born alive, the lung estenosis prevailed containing to 70,6 percent of those diagnosed he/she was prevalence of the masculine sex in 50,3 percent, it was determined that 45,5 percent of the cases was diagnosed before the 29 days where a prenatal diagnosis is included. Conclusions: The development of the prenatal diagnosis of the congenital cardiopatías has facilitated the decrease of the incidence of the most complex malformations. The knowledge of the congenital illnesses of the heart contributes to operate in a sure way and with complete anatomical resolution to many of these children in the prenatal period or when they are small nurslings, to avoid the global deterioration of these when the cardiopatía is not resolved(AU)

Predictive factors of risk of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis C.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors associated with the development of HCC and develop a score to identify high risk subgroups. METHODS: We conducted a follow-up study, with biannual ultrasound and alpha-fetoprotein screening, in an unselected cohort of patients with chronic hepatitis C referred for evaluation from the primary care. RESULTS: 863 patients with chronic hepatitis C were followed for an average of 82 months. 58 patients have developed HCC (7%). 34 (4%) patients were excluded from analysis due to detection of liver cancer at first evaluation. The demographic and clinical variables collected during the first 6 months of evaluation were analyzed retrospectively. Cox proportional multivariate regression analysis identified four independent factors related with HCC risk; age, alpha-fetoprotein level, gammaglobulin level and platelet count below 150,000/ml. A risk score formula (HCC-4) was constructed which lets us identify patients with low (annual incidence of 0.05%), intermediate (annual incidence of 0.6%) and high (annual incidence 2.6%) risk of HCC development with an area under the curve of 0.802. CONCLUSION: The application of the score to the cohort let us identify a high-risk subgroup of patients with an annual HCC incidence of 2.6%, in which the screening would be cost-effective.

Autocuidados de pacientes hipertensos en el Hospital El Cruce, durante el 2018 / Self-care of hypertensive patients in El Cruce Hospital, during 2018

La hipertensión arterial es un importante problema de salud, uno de los factores de riesgo más importantes para el desarrollo de enfermedad coronaria y el de mayor peso para el desarrollo de enfermedad cerebrovascular. Se ha demostrado que es posible reducir la muerte por esta causa en un 40%, dos terceras partes se debe a medidas tales como: dieta y peso adecuado, control de la hipertensión, actividad física y abandono del hábito de fumar. El autocuidado como valor inherente a cada ser humano y percibido esté como un deber y un derecho para consigo mismo y con la sociedad, es una estrategia que responde a las metas y prioridades del equipo de salud. Este estudio indaga acerca de las actividades de autocuidado que implementan los pacientes, alcanzando una caracterización de los mismos, y su relación con actividades de autocuidado.

Hypertension is an important health problem, one of the most important risk factors for the development of coronary heart disease and the one with the greatest weight for the development of cerebrovascular disease. It has been shown that it is possible to reduce death from this cause by 40%; Two thirds are due to measures such as: diet and adequate weight control of hypertension physical activity and smoking cessation (OMS). Self-care as an inherent value to each human being and perceived as a duty and a right to himself and society, is a strategy that responds to the goals and priorities ofthe health team. This study investigates the self-care activities that patients implement, reaching a characterization of them, and their relationship with self-care activities.

Malformaciones renales y del tracto urinario con daño renal en Pediatría / Renal and urinary tract malformations with renal damage in pediatrics

INTRODUCTION: renal and/or urinary pathway malformations are the frequent cause of chronic renal disease at pediatric ages worldwide. OBJECTIVE: to describe the alteration of the renal functioning in these patients, by age, at the time of diagnosis of renal and urinary pathway malformations. METHODS: a cross-sectional descriptive study of patients diagnosed with renal and urinary duct malformations was made in Villa Clara province from January 2012 through December 2013. RESULTS: forty patients were diagnosed at prenatal phase, 75 % of them were males; 85 were diagnosed after birth and 38 of them after one year of age, 60 % were girls. One hundred and twenty five renal units had reflux and 60 % of them located on the left kidney. It was observed that left kidney malformations prevailed, with 57 patients (45.6 %), but in 28 of patients, the renal damage was bilateral. CONCLUSIONS: vesicoureteral reflux, mainly on the left one, was the most diagnosed malformation; postnatal diagnosis predominated and although there was no difference in terms of sex, males prevailed in patients with prenatal diagnosis and females were the most diagnosed after birth. The left kidney was more frequently affected, but the renal damage was detected more often in bilateral condition.

INTRODUCCIÓN: las malformaciones renales y/o de vías urinarias constituyen una causa frecuente de enfermedad renal crónica en la edad pediátrica a nivel mundial. OBJETIVO: describir la afectación del funcionamiento renal que tenían estos pacientes, según la edad, al diagnóstico de las malformaciones renales y de vías urinarias. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, de corte transversal en Villa Clara, con pacientes con diagnóstico de malformaciones renales y de vías urinarias en el período comprendido desde enero de 2012 a diciembre de 2013. RESULTADOS: se diagnosticaron 40 pacientes en etapa prenatal, de ellos 75 % eran del sexo masculino, 85 después del nacimiento y de ellos 38 posterior al año de vida, el 60 % eran niñas; 125 unidades renales tenían reflujo, de los cuales el 60 % correspondía al izquierdo. Se apreció un predominio de las malformaciones en el riñón izquierdo, con 57 pacientes (45,6 %), pero 28 de los enfermos con daño renal tenían afectación bilateral. CONCLUSIONES: el reflujo vesicoureteral, fundamentalmente el izquierdo, fue la malformación más diagnosticada; predominó el diagnóstico posnatal, y aunque de manera general no hubo diferencia en cuanto al sexo, fue más frecuente el masculino en los pacientes con diagnóstico prenatal, y el femenino en los que se realizó el diagnóstico tras el nacimiento. El riñón izquierdo se afectó con mayor frecuencia, pero el daño renal fue más frecuente cuando la afectación fue bilateral.

Comportamiento del fallo renal agudo en niños con sepsis grave / Behavior of acute renal failure in children presenting with severe sepsis

INTRODUCCIÓN. El objetivo de esta investigación fue determinar los factores de riesgo asociados al fallo renal agudo (FRA) en un grupo de niños con sepsis grave atendidos entre enero del 2004 y diciembre del 2008. MÉTODOS. Se realizó un estudio observacional y analítico con una muestra de 171 pacientes. Se constituyeron dos grupos: el de estudio, integrado por 38 pacientes con estado de choque séptico o disfunción múltiple de órganos (DMO) y FRA, y un grupo control, conformado por 133 niños en igual estadio de sepsis pero con función renal normal. Se revisaron las historias clínicas y se tuvieron en cuenta variables epidemiológicas, factores de riesgo de FRA y evolución de los casos. RESULTADOS. La incidencia de FRA fue del 22,2 por ciento, y aunque disminuyó considerablemente en los 3 últimos años del estudio, la mortalidad fue del 42,1 por ciento, mayoritariamente en el DMO (89,5 por ciento). Se encontró dependencia entre la insuficiencia renal y la respuesta diurética no adecuada a la fluidoterapia (51,2 por ciento), la inestabilidad hemodinámica por más de 24 h (46,5 por ciento), la disfunción miocárdica (43,3 por ciento) y el uso de medicamentos nefrotóxicos (42,8 por ciento). CONCLUSIONES. La respuesta diurética no adecuada a la fluidoterapia, la inestabilidad hemodinámica por más de 24 h, la disfunción miocárdica y el uso de medicamentos nefrotóxicos incrementan el riesgo de FRA en la sepsis grave, la cual duplica la mortalidad en relación con los pacientes que conservan la función renal. No obstante, la prevención de las formas graves de sepsis y un tratamiento adecuado de ésta disminuyen la incidencia de FRA

INTRODUCTION: The aim of present research was to determine the risk factor associated with the acute renal failure (ARF) in a group of children with severe sepsis seen between January, 2004 and December, 2008. METHODS: An analytical and observational study was conducted in a sample including 171 patients. There were two groups: the study-group with 138 patients with septic shock status or organ multiple dysfunctions (OMD) and ARF, and a control-group including 133 children in similar sepsis status but with a normal renal function. The medical records were reviewed and we took into account the epidemiological variables, risk factors of ARF and case course. RESULTS: The ARF incidence was of 22,2 percent and although it significantly decreased during the three first years of study, mortality was of 42,1 percent, mainly in the OMD (89,5 percent). There was a dependence between the renal insufficiency and the no-appropriate response to the fluid-therapy (51,2 percent), the hemodynamic instability for over 24 hours (46,5 percent), myocardial dysfunction (43,3 percent) and the use of nephrotoxin drugs (42,8 percent). CONCLUSIONS: The non-appropriate diuretic response to fluid-therapy, the hemodynamic instability during more the 24 hours, the myocardial dysfunction and the use of nephrotoxin drugs increased the ARF risk in cases of severe sepsis, which to double the mortality in relation to patients maintaining their renal function. However, prevention of severe forms of sepsis and its suitable treatment decrease the ARF incidence

Incidencia de las cardiopatías congénitas en el menor de un año. Villa Clara. 1998-2002 / Incidence of congenital heart disease in the minor of a year old. Villa Clara. 1998-2002

Introducción: Se evaluó la incidencia de cardiopatías congénitas en 50.432 recién nacidos vivos en el período entre 1/1/1998 a 31/12/2002 en la provincia de Villa Clara, Cuba. Métodos: En todos los niños que se sospechó clínicamente la existencia de cardiopatía congénita se les realizó ecocardiograma. El cateterismo cardíaco y el tratamiento quirúrgico se realizó por determinación del cardiólogo pediatra del paciente. Se realizó necropsia a todos los fallecidos. Los niños con cardiopatía congénita fueron registrados en una base de datos computarizada y fueron seguidos durante su primer año de vida. Resultados: Se diagnosticaron 466 niños con cardiopatía congénita de un total de 50.432 para una incidencia de 9.24/1.000 nacidos vivos cercano a lo estimado mundialmente. Conclusiones: Esta incidencia se debe a la estructura y funcionamiento de nuestra red cardiopediátrica donde son evaluados todos los pacientes sospechosos y enviados a la consulta provincial de cardiología pediátrica y seguidos por el mismo grupo, los servicios gratuitos de salud y el examen ecocardiográfico a todo niño con diagnóstico clínico de cardiopatía congénita. La persistencia del conducto arterioso y la comunicación interventricular turvieron una elevada incidencia debido a su temprano diagnóstico antes de su cierre espontáneo. Palabras claves: Cardiopatías congénitas/ incidencia.

Epidemiología de las leucemias infantiles: estudio que abarca 25 años / Epidemiology of infantile leukemias: a 25 year study

El cáncer infantil como causa de mortalidad ha cobrado una importancia creciente en los últimos años, sin que se haya demostrado un incremento de su morbilidad. Tratándose de afecciones malignas, las leucemias registran la mayor incidencia en pediatría. Objetivo. Contribuir al conocimiento de los aspectos epidemiológicos de las leucemias infantiles. Material y método. Se realiza un estudio epidemiológico de los 315 pacientes con diagnóstico de leucemia en el Hospital Pediátrico "José Luis Miranda", en un periodo de 25 años y en las tres provincias centrales del país. Se estudia la morbimortalidad en los diferentes quinquenios. Se determina la incidencia de acuerdo con distintas variables, tales como edad, sexo, tipo morfológico, procedencia, etc. Resultados. La leucemia aguda representa 93.02 por ciento, y la linfoblástica 68.5 por ciento. El grupo de edad más afectado fue el de 1 a 4 años. Se encontró una tasa de morbilidad promedio de 3.05 x 100,000 menores de 15 años. La mortalidad por leucemia disminuyó en estos 25 años en una tasa de 3.6 a 1.25 x 100,000 menores de 15 años. Conclusiones. La mortalidad por leucemia se ha mantenido relativamente estable en el periodo analizado. El pico máximo de incidencia se encontró en el grupo de 1 a 4 años, a expensas de la leucemia linfoide aguda (LLA). No existieron diferencias en la frecuencia de la leucemia entre ambos sexos ni en la zona de procedencia. La mortalidad por leucemia ha disminuido en las tres provincias.