Extracellular α-synuclein impairs sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type 3 (S1PR3)-regulated lysosomal delivery of cathepsin D in HeLa cells.

α-Synuclein (α-Syn)-positive intracellular fibrillar protein deposits, known as Lewy bodies, are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Although recent lines of evidence suggested that extracellular α-Syn secreted from pathogenic neurons contributes to the propagation of PD pathology, the precise mechanism of action remains unclear. We have reported that extracellular α-Syn caused sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptor type 1 (S1PR1) uncoupled from Gi and inhibited downstream G-protein signaling in SH-SY5Y cells, although its patho/physiological role remains to be clarified. Here we show that extracellular α-Syn caused S1P receptor type 3 (S1PR3) uncoupled from G protein in HeLa cells. Further studies indicated that α-Syn treatment reduced cathepsin D activity while enhancing the secretion of immature pro-cathepsin D into cell culture medium, suggesting that lysosomal delivery of cathepsin D was disturbed. Actually, extracellular α-Syn attenuated the retrograde trafficking of insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor, which is under the regulation of S1PR3. These findings shed light on the understanding of dissemination of the PD pathology, that is, the mechanism underlying how extracellular α-Syn secreted from pathogenic cells causes lysosomal dysfunction of the neighboring healthy cells, leading to propagation of the disease.

Identification of novel OCRL isoforms associated with phenotypic differences between Dent disease-2 and Lowe syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Although Lowe syndrome and Dent disease-2 are caused by Oculocerebrorenal syndrome of Lowe (OCRL) mutations, their clinical severities differ substantially and their molecular mechanisms remain unclear. Truncating mutations in OCRL exons 1-7 lead to Dent disease-2, whereas those in exons 8-24 lead to Lowe syndrome. Herein we identified the mechanism underlying the action of novel OCRL protein isoforms. METHODS: Messenger RNA samples extracted from cultured urine-derived cells from a healthy control and a Dent disease-2 patient were examined to detect the 5' end of the OCRL isoform. For protein expression and functional analysis, vectors containing the full-length OCRL transcripts, the isoform transcripts and transcripts with truncating mutations detected in Lowe syndrome and Dent disease-2 patients were transfected into HeLa cells. RESULTS: We successfully cloned the novel isoform transcripts from OCRL exons 6-24, including the translation-initiation codons present in exon 8. In vitro protein-expression analysis detected proteins of two different sizes (105 and 80 kDa) translated from full-length OCRL, whereas only one protein (80 kDa) was found from the isoform and Dent disease-2 variants. No protein expression was observed for the Lowe syndrome variants. The isoform enzyme activity was equivalent to that of full-length OCRL; the Dent disease-2 variants retained >50% enzyme activity, whereas the Lowe syndrome variants retained <20% activity. CONCLUSIONS: We elucidated the molecular mechanism underlying the two different phenotypes in OCRL-related diseases; the functional OCRL isoform translated starting at exon 8 was associated with this mechanism.

Involvement of Gßγ subunits of Gi protein coupled with S1P receptor on multivesicular endosomes in F-actin formation and cargo sorting into exosomes.

Exosomes play a critical role in cell-to-cell communication by delivering cargo molecules to recipient cells. However, the mechanism underlying the generation of the exosomal multivesicular endosome (MVE) is one of the mysteries in the field of endosome research. Although sphingolipid metabolites such as ceramide and sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) are known to play important roles in MVE formation and maturation, the detailed molecular mechanisms are still unclear. Here, we show that Rho family GTPases, including Cdc42 and Rac1, are constitutively activated on exosomal MVEs and are regulated by S1P signaling as measured by fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET)-based conformational changes. Moreover, we detected S1P signaling-induced filamentous actin (F-actin) formation. A selective inhibitor of Gßγ subunits, M119, strongly inhibited both F-actin formation on MVEs and cargo sorting into exosomal intralumenal vesicles of MVEs, both of which were fully rescued by the simultaneous expression of constitutively active Cdc42 and Rac1. Our results shed light on the mechanism underlying exosomal MVE maturation and inform the understanding of the physiological relevance of continuous activation of the S1P receptor and subsequent downstream G protein signaling to Gßγ subunits/Rho family GTPases-regulated F-actin formation on MVEs for cargo sorting into exosomal intralumenal vesicles.

Extracellular α-synuclein drives sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 out of lipid rafts, leading to impaired inhibitory G-protein signaling.

α-Synuclein (α-Syn)-positive intracytoplasmic inclusions, known as Lewy bodies, are thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of Lewy body diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD). Although growing evidence suggests that cell-to-cell transmission of α-Syn is associated with the progression of PD and that extracellular α-Syn promotes formation of inclusion bodies, its precise mechanism of action in the extracellular space remains unclear. Here, as indicated by both conventional fractionation techniques and FRET-based protein-protein interaction analysis, we demonstrate that extracellular α-Syn causes expulsion of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 1 (S1P1R) from the lipid raft fractions. S1P1R regulates vesicular trafficking, and its expulsion involved α-Syn binding to membrane-surface gangliosides. Consequently, the S1P1R became refractory to S1P stimulation required for activating inhibitory G-protein (Gi) in the plasma membranes. Moreover, the extracellular α-Syn also induced uncoupling of the S1P1R on internal vesicles, resulting in the reduced amount of CD63 molecule (CD63) in the lumen of multivesicular endosomes, together with a decrease in CD63 in the released exosomes from α-Syn-treated cells. Furthermore, cholesterol-depleting agent-induced S1P1R expulsion from the rafts also resulted in S1P1R uncoupling. Taken together, these results suggest that extracellular α-Syn-induced expulsion of S1P1R from lipid rafts promotes the uncoupling of S1P1R from Gi, thereby blocking subsequent Gi signals, such as inhibition of cargo sorting into exosomal vesicles in multivesicular endosomes. These findings help shed additional light on PD pathogenesis.

Organic Anion-Transporting Polypeptide (OATP)-Mediated Drug-Drug Interaction Study between Rosuvastatin and Cyclosporine A in Chimeric Mice with Humanized Liver.

The influence of transporters on the pharmacokinetics of drugs is being increasingly recognized, and DDIs via transporters may be a risk factor for adverse events. Cyclosporine A, a strong OATP inhibitor, has been reported to increase the systemic exposure of rosuvastatin, an OATP substrate, by 7.1-fold in clinical studies. PXB mice are chimeric mice with humanized livers that are highly repopulated with human hepatocytes and have been widely used for drug discovery in drug metabolism and pharmacokinetics studies. In the present study, we examined in vivo and in vitro DDIs between rosuvastatin and cyclosporine A in PXB mice and fresh human hepatocytes (PXB cells) obtained from PXB mice. We initially investigated the active transport of rosuvastatin into PXB cells, and found concentration-dependent uptake with a Michaelis-Menten constant value of 4.0 µmol/l and a Vmax value of 4.63 pmol/min per 106 cells. Cyclosporine A inhibited the uptake of rosuvastatin with an IC50 value of 0.21 µmol/l. We then examined in vivo DDIs, and the exposure of orally administered rosuvastatin increased by 3.3-fold and 11-fold in PXB mice pretreated with 10 and 50 mg/kg cyclosporine A, whereas it increased by 2.5-fold and 6.2-fold when rosuvastatin was administered intravenously, in studies that were conducted for considering gastrointestinal DDIs. The liver-to-blood concentration ratio of rosuvastatin was dose-dependently decreased by pretreatment with cyclosporine A in PXB mice and SCID mice. Observed DDIs in vivo were considered to be reasonable based on the estimated concentrations of cyclosporine A at the inlet to the liver and in the liver tissues of both mice. In conclusion, our results indicate that PXB mice might be a useful tool for predicting human OATP-mediated DDIs in drug discovery, and its limitation due to the differences of gastrointestinal condition from human should also be considered.

High expression of Mcl-1L via the MEK-ERK-phospho-STAT3 (Ser727) pathway protects melanocytes and melanoma from UVB-induced apoptosis.

Ultraviolet (UV) B is a major factor in melanomagenesis. This fact is linked to the resistance of melanocytes to UVB-induced apoptosis. In this study, we characterized the involvement of Mcl-1L in the regulation of UVB-induced apoptosis in melanocytes and in melanoma cells. In melanocytes, apoptosis was not evident at 24 h after UVB irradiation. The Mcl-1L expression increased after UVB irradiation, and the high Mcl-1L expression continued for at least 24 h. This UVB-dependent increase in Mcl-1L was mediated by the MEK-ERK-pS-STAT3 (STAT3 phosphorylated at Ser727) pathway. The Ser727 phosphorylation facilitated nuclear localization of STAT3. In melanoma cells, the expression levels of Mcl-1L varied depending on the cell line. WM39 melanoma cells expressed high levels of Mcl-1L via the MEK-ERK-pS-STAT3 pathway and were resistant to UVB-induced apoptosis without up-regulation of Mcl-1L. In melanocytes and in WM39 cells, transfection with Mcl-1 siRNA promoted UVB-induced apoptosis. Immunohistochemical studies showed that melanoma cells in in situ lesions expressed high amounts of Mcl-1L. These results indicate that the high expression of Mcl-1L mediated by the MEK-ERK-pS-STAT3 pathway protects melanocytes and melanoma cells from UVB-induced apoptosis.

Identification of mutations in FN1 leading to glomerulopathy with fibronectin deposits.

BACKGROUND: Glomerulopathy with fibronectin deposits (GFND) is a rare autosomal dominant disease characterized by massive fibronectin deposits, leading to end-stage renal failure. Although mutations within the heparin-binding domains of the fibronectin 1 gene (FN1) have been associated with GFND, no mutations have been reported within the integrin-binding domains. METHODS: In this study, FN1 mutational analysis was conducted in 12 families with GFND. Biochemical and functional features of mutated proteins were examined using recombinant fibronectin fragments encompassing both the integrin- and heparin-binding domains. RESULTS: We report six FN1 mutations from 12 families with GFND, including five that are novel (p.Pro969Leu, p.Pro1472del, p.Trp1925Cys, p.Lys1953_Ile1961del, and p.Leu1974Pro). p.Pro1472del is localized in the integrin-binding domain of fibronectin, while the others are in heparin-binding domains. We detected p.Tyr973Cys, p.Pro1472del, and p.Leu1974Pro mutations in multiple families, and haplotype analysis implied that p.Pro1472del and p.Leu1974Pro are founder mutations. The protein encoded by the novel integrin-binding domain mutation p.Pro1472del showed decreased cell binding ability via the integrin-binding site. Most affected patients developed urine abnormalities during the first or second decade of life, and some mutation carriers were completely asymptomatic. CONCLUSIONS: This is the second large-scale analysis of GFND families and the first report of an integrin-binding domain mutation. These findings may help determine the pathogenesis of GFND.

Restorative effect of hair follicular dermal cells on injured human hair follicles in a mouse model.

No model is available for examining whether in vivo-damaged human hair follicles (hu-HFs) are rescued by transplanting cultured hu-HF dermal cells (dermal papilla and dermal sheath cells). Such a model might be valuable for examining whether in vivo-damaged hu-HFs such as miniaturized hu-HFs in androgenic alopecia are improvable by auto-transplanting hu-HF dermal cells. In this study, we first developed mice with humanized skin composed of hu-keratinocytes and hu-dermal fibroblasts. Then, a 'humanized scalp model mouse' was generated by transplanting hu-scalp HFs into the humanized skin. To demonstrate the usability of the model, the lower halves of the hu-HFs in the model were amputated in situ, and cultured hu-HF dermal cells were injected around the amputated area. The results demonstrated that the transplanted cells contributed to the restoration of the damaged HFs. This model could be used to explore clinically effective technologies for hair restoration therapy by autologous cell transplantation.

Involvement of sphingosine 1-phosphate signaling in insulin-like growth factor-II/mannose 6-phosphate receptor trafficking from endosome to the trans-Golgi network.

The insulin-like growth factor II/mannose 6-phosphate (IGF-II/M6P) receptor is a multifunctional glycoprotein not only play roles in IGF-II degradation and pro-TGFß activation but binding to and transport M6P-bearing lysosomal enzymes from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) or the cell surface to lysosomes. At present, information regarding a retrograde transport of IGF-II/M6P receptor from endosomes to the TGN is still limited. We show here that a continuous ligand-dependent activation of sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor type 3 (S1P3R) on the endosomal membranes is required for subsequent recycling back of cargo-unloaded IGF-II/M6P receptors to the TGN. We have further clarified that Gq coupled with S1P3R plays a critical role in the activation of casein kinase 2, which phosphorylates and keeps PACS1 connector protein active for the association with IGF-II/M6P receptors, which enables transport carrier formation with the aid of other adaptor proteins toward the TGN. These findings shed light on the molecular mechanism underlying how continuous activation of the S1P receptor and subsequent downstream Gq signaling regulates the retrograde transport of the empty IGF-II/M6P receptors back to the TGN.

CtBP1/BARS is an activator of phospholipase D1 necessary for agonist-induced macropinocytosis.

Vesicular trafficking such as macropinocytosis is a dynamic process that requires coordinated interactions between specialized proteins and lipids. A recent report suggests the involvement of CtBP1/BARS in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced macropinocytosis. Detailed mechanisms as to how lipid remodelling is regulated during macropinocytosis are still undefined. Here, we show that CtBP1/BARS is a physiological activator of PLD1 required in agonist-induced macropinocytosis. EGF-induced macropinocytosis was specifically blocked by 1-butanol but not by 2-butanol. In addition, stimulation of cells by serum or EGF resulted in the association of CtBP1/BARS with PLD1. Finally, CtBP1/BARS activated PLD1 in a synergistic manner with other PLD activators, including ADP-ribosylation factors as demonstrated by in vitro and intact cell systems. The present results shed light on the molecular basis of how the 'fission protein' CtBP1/BARS controls vesicular trafficking events including macropinocytosis.

Constitutive activation of S1P receptors at the trans-Golgi network is required for surface transport carrier formation.

The importance of the G-protein ßγ subunits in the regulation of cargo transport from the trans-Golgi network (TGN) to the plasma membrane (PM) is well accepted; however, the molecular mechanism underlying the G-protein activation at the TGN remains unclear. We show here that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) receptors at the PM were trafficked to the TGN in response to a surface transport cargo, temperature-sensitive vesicular stomatitis virus glycoprotein tagged with green fluorescent protein accumulation in the Golgi. The receptor internalization occurred in an S1P-independent manner but required phosphorylation by G-protein receptor kinase 2 and ß-arrestin association before internalization. Continuously activated S1P receptors in a manner dependent on S1P at the TGN kept transmitting G-protein signals including the ßγ subunits supply necessary for transport carrier formation at the TGN destined for the PM.

Roles of extracellular and intracellular sphingosine 1-phosphate in cell migration.

Sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is an important factor for the regulation of cell motility acting both inside and outside the cells. The precise role of S1P in the control of cell motility, however, remains unclear. Here we describe the roles of S1P in the regulation of cell motility by dissecting them into intracellular and extracellular actions using a liposomal S1P transfer technique. In a Boyden chamber assay free S1P enhanced directional cell movement, whereas liposomal S1P induced nondirectional cell movement. Furthermore, inhibition of sphingosine kinase (SphK) 1 by several inhibitors or knockdown of the enzyme expression by siRNA caused reduced wound-faced cell polarity formation as assessed by wound-healing assay. Moreover, S1P-induced cell migration was strongly inhibited by SphK inhibitors. These results indicate that extracellular S1P acting through S1P receptors facilitates the formation of cell polarity, whereas S1P generated inside the cells functions as an intracellular mediator per se to enhance nondirectional cell movement, thus S1P enhances directional cell movement in a coordinated fashion.

Idiopathic left ventricular arrhythmias originating adjacent to the left aortic sinus of valsalva: electrophysiological rationale for the surface electrocardiogram.

BACKGROUND: Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) may be amenable to catheter ablation within or adjacent to the left sinus of Valsalva (LSOV). However, features that discriminate these sites have not been defined. The purpose of this study was to determine the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological features of VAs originating within or adjacent to the LSOV. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 48 consecutive patients undergoing successful catheter ablation of idiopathic VAs originating from the left coronary cusp (LCC, n = 29), aortomitral continuity (AMC, n = 10) and great cardiac vein or anterior interventricular cardiac vein (Epi, n = 9). A small r wave, or rarely an R wave, was typically observed in lead I during the VAs and pacing in these regions. An S wave in lead V5 or V6 occurred significantly more often during both the VAs and pacing from the AMC than during that from the LCC and Epi (p < 0.05 to 0.0001). For discriminating whether VA origins can be ablated endocardially or epicardially, the maximum deflection index (MDI = the shortest time to the maximum deflection in any precordial lead/QRS duration) was reliable for VAs arising from the AMC (100%), but was less reliable for LCC (73%) and Epi (67%) VAs. In 3 (33%) of the Epi VAs, the site of an excellent pace map was located transmurally opposite to the successful ablation site (LCC = 1 and AMC = 2). CONCLUSIONS: The MDI has limited value for discriminating endocardial from epicardial VA origins in sites adjacent to the LSOV probably due to preferential conduction, intramural VA origins or myocardium in contact with the LCC.

Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias originating from the papillary muscles in the left ventricle: prevalence, electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics, and results of the radiofrequency catheter ablation.

INTRODUCTION: Idiopathic ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) can originate from the left ventricular (LV) papillary muscles (PAMs). This study investigated the prevalence, electrocardiographic and electrophysiological characteristics, and results of catheter ablation of these VAs, and compared them with other LV VAs. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 71 patients with VAs originating from the LV anterolateral and posteroseptal regions among 159 patients undergoing successful catheter ablation of idiopathic LV VAs. PAM VAs were uncommon, rare in a sustained form, and more common from the posterior papillary muscle (PPM) than anterior papillary muscle (APM). A younger age was a good predictor for differentiating left posterior fascicular VAs from PPM VAs. There were several electrocardiographic features that accurately differentiated PAM and LV fascicular VAs from mitral annular VAs. However, an R/S ratio < or =1 in lead V6 in the LV anterolateral region and a QRS duration >160 ms in the LV posteroseptal region were the only reliable predictors for differentiating PAM VAs from LV fascicular VAs. A sharp ventricular prepotential was recorded at the successful ablation site during 42% of the PAM VAs. Radiofrequency current with an irrigated or conventional 8-mm tip ablation catheter was required to achieve a lasting ablation of the PAM VA origins whereas that with a nonirrigated 4-mm tip ablation catheter produced excellent results in LV fascicular and mitral annular VAs. CONCLUSIONS: There are differences in the electrocardiographic and electrophysiological features among VAs originating from these regions that are helpful for their diagnosis and effective catheter ablation.

Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 upregulates interleukin-8 expression at the level of transcription in human melanoma cells.

Many melanoma cells continuously produce interleukin-8 (IL-8). The involvement of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in the constant production of IL-8 in melanoma cells was examined. The level of IL-8 production correlated well with that of the phosphorylated (activated) STAT3 in six human melanoma cell lines. Introduction of the constitutively activated form of STAT3 (STAT3-C) into WM35 melanoma cells, that show low levels of IL-8 and phosphorylated STAT3, enhanced IL-8 production. Knockdown of STAT3 suppressed IL-8 production in WM1205Lu cells that contain a high level of IL-8 accompanied by STAT3 phosphorylation. Introduction of STAT3-C markedly increased the luciferase activity in WM1205Lu cells transfected with reporter vectors linked to the 5'-flanking region of the IL-8 gene from -546 to +44 base pair (bp) and from -272 to +44 bp, but not in cells expressing reporter plasmids from -133 to +44 bp and from -98 to +44 bp. These results indicate that the upregulation of IL-8 production is caused by constitutive STAT3 activation at the level of gene transcription in melanoma cells.

Sphingosine kinase 1 regulates mucin production via ERK phosphorylation.

Our previous report showed that inhibition of sphingosine kinase (SphK) ameliorates eosinophilic inflammation and mucin production in a mouse asthmatic model. To clarify the role of SphK in airway mucin production, we utilized the mouse asthmatic model and found that both SphK and MUC5AC expression were increased and co-localized in airway epithelium. Next we cultured normal human bronchial epithelial cells in an air-liquid interface and treated with IL-13 to induce their differentiation into goblet cells. We found that SphK1 and MUC5AC expression was increased by IL-13 treatment at both protein and mRNA levels, whereas SphK2 expression was not changed. N,N-dimethylsphingosine (DMS), a potent SphK inhibitor, decreased MUC5AC expression up-regulated by IL-13 treatment. Furthermore, DMS inhibited IL-13-induced ERK1/2 phosphorylation but neither p38 MAPK nor STAT6 phosphorylation. These results suggest that SphK1 is involved in MUC5AC production induced by IL-13 upstream of ERK1/2 phosphorylation, and independent of STAT6 phosphorylation.

Involvement of sphingosine-1-phosphate in glutamate secretion in hippocampal neurons.

Neuronal activity greatly influences the formation and stabilization of synapses. Although receptors for sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a lipid mediator regulating diverse cellular processes, are abundant in the central nervous system, neuron-specific functions of S1P remain largely undefined. Here, we report two novel actions of S1P using primary hippocampal neurons as a model system: (i) as a secretagogue where S1P triggers glutamate secretion and (ii) as an enhancer where S1P potentiates depolarization-evoked glutamate secretion. Sphingosine kinase 1 (SK1), a key enzyme for S1P production, was enriched in functional puncta of hippocampal neurons. Silencing SK1 expression by small interfering RNA as well as SK1 inhibition by dimethylsphingosine resulted in a strong inhibition of depolarization-evoked glutamate secretion. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analysis showed translocation of SK1 from cytosol to membranes at the puncta during depolarization, which resulted in subsequent accumulation of S1P within cells. Fluorescent resonance energy transfer analysis demonstrated that the S1P(1) receptor at the puncta was activated during depolarization and that depolarization-induced S1P(1) receptor activation was inhibited in SK1-knock-down cells. Importantly, exogenously added S1P at a nanomolar concentration by itself elicited glutamate secretion from hippocampal cells even when the Na(+)-channel was blocked by tetrodotoxin, suggesting that S1P acts on presynaptic membranes. Furthermore, exogenous S1P at a picomolar level potentiated depolarization-evoked secretion in the neurons. These findings indicate that S1P, through its autocrine action, facilitates glutamate secretion in hippocampal neurons both by secretagogue and enhancer actions and may be involved in mechanisms underlying regulation of synaptic transmission.

Involvement of Receptor-Mediated S1P Signaling in EGF-Induced Macropinocytosis in COS7 Cells.

Macropinocytosis is a highly conserved cellular process of endocytosis by which extracellular fluid and nutrients are taken up into cells through large, heterogeneous vesicles known as macropinosomes. Growth factors such as epidermal growth factor (EGF) can induce macropinocytosis in many types of cells, although precise mechanism underlying EGF-induced macropinocytosis remains unclear. In the present studies we have shown the involvement of S1P signaling in EGF-induced macropinocytosis in COS7 cells. First, EGF-induced macropinocytosis was strongly impaired in sphingosine kinase isozymes, SphK1 or SphK2-depleted cells, which was completely rescued by the expression of the corresponding wild-type isozyme but not the catalytically inactive one, suggesting the involvement of sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) in this phenomenon. Next, we observed that EGF-induced macropinocytosis was strongly inhibited in S1P type 1 receptor (S1P1R)-knockdown cells, implying involvement of S1P1R in this event. Furthermore, we could successfully demonstrate EGF-induced trans-activation of S1P1R using one-molecular fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) technique. Moreover, for EGF-induced Rac1 activation, a step essential to F-actin formation and subsequent macropinocytosis, S1P signaling is required for its full activation, as judged by FRET analysis. These findings indicate that growth factors such as EGF utilize receptor-mediated S1P signaling for the regulation of macropinocytosis to fulfil vital cell activity.

Idiopathic focal ventricular arrhythmias originating from the anterior papillary muscle in the left ventricle.

INTRODUCTION: Focal ventricular arrhythmias (VAs) have been reported to arise from the posterior papillary muscle in the left ventricle (LV). We report a distinct subgroup of idiopathic VAs arising from the anterior papillary muscle (APM) in the LV. METHODS AND RESULTS: We studied 432 consecutive patients undergoing catheter ablation for VAs based on a focal mechanism. Six patients were identified with ventricular tachycardia (VT, n = 1) or premature ventricular contractions (PVCs, n = 5) with the earliest site of ventricular activation localized to the base (n = 3) or middle portion (n = 3) of the LV APM. No Purkinje potentials were recorded at the ablation site during sinus rhythm or the VAs. All patients had a normal baseline electrocardiogram and normal LV systolic function. The VAs exhibited a right bundle branch block (RBBB) and right inferior axis (RIA) QRS morphology in all patients. Oral verapamil and/or Na(+) channel blockers failed to control the VAs in 4 patients. VT was not inducible by programmed electrical stimulation in any of the patients. In 4 patients, radiofrequency current with an irrigated or conventional 8-mm-tip ablation catheter was required to achieve a lasting success. Two patients had recurrent PVCs after a conventional radiofrequency ablation with a 4-mm-tip ablation catheter had initially suppressed the arrhythmia. CONCLUSIONS: VAs may arise from the base or middle portion of the APM and are characterized by an RBBB and RIA QRS morphology and focal mechanism. Catheter ablation of APM VAs is typically challenging, and creation of a deep radiofrequency lesion may be necessary for long-term success.

The difference in autonomic denervation and its effect on atrial fibrillation recurrence between the standard segmental and circumferential pulmonary vein isolation techniques.

AIMS: This study examined the difference in autonomic modification (AM) and its effect on paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (PAF) recurrence between segmental pulmonary vein isolation (S-PVI) and circumferential PVI (C-PVI). METHODS AND RESULTS: Successful S-PVI or C-PVI with a basket catheter was achieved in 120 consecutive PAF patients. Serial 24 Holter-recordings were obtained before, immediately, and 1, 3, 6, 12 months after the PVI to analyse the heart rate variability (HRV). Nineteen patients were excluded from analysis because of additional ablation for recurrent PAF after successful PVI. Among the residual 101 patients, 33 had PAF recurrences (S-PVI = 44.0%, C-PVI = 21.6%) at 1 year of follow-up. The root mean square of successive differences and high-frequency power reflecting parasympathetic nervous activity were significantly lower in patients with and without PAF recurrences after C-PVI and patients without PAF recurrences after S-PVI than patients with PAF recurrences after S-PVI (P < 0.005-0.0001). However, there were no significant differences in any HRV parameters in the immediate aftermath of PVI among the patients without PAF recurrences after S-PVI and those with and without PAF recurrences after C-PVI. CONCLUSION: Although additional radiofrequency ablation for AM may be recommended after S-PVI to reduce PAF recurrences, it should be carefully determined after C-PVI.