What Are the Ready-to-Use Endoscope Channels Hiding?: Unraveling the Risks of Safe Reuse.

Contamination due to failures or omissions in the reprocessing steps of gastrointestinal endoscopes is common in clinical practice. Ensuring the proper execution of each step is a challenge for reprocessing personnel. This cross-sectional study was conducted in an endoscopy setting between March and May 2021. We performed interviews about reprocessing practices, analyzed the life history of the equipment, and performed inspections through a borescope video of gastrointestinal endoscope channels that were stored and ready for use. A borescope is a complementary tool used to validate endoscope reprocessing, evaluate the internal visualization of channels, and identify changes that can compromise the safety of its use, which are often not detected in the leak test. Thirteen biopsy channels from stored gastrointestinal endoscopes were inspected. We found that 85% had stains and grooves, 69% contained moisture, and 46% had debris. There was at least one noncompliance issue in all of the channels inspected.

Adherence and factors related to acceptance of alcohol for antiseptic hand rubbing among nursing professionals.

OBJECTIVE: Identify rates of adhesion and related factors to acceptance of an alcohol based preparation to hands antiseptic friction among nursing professionals in a unit of intensive therapy. METHOD: A cross-sectional study, which involved direct observation of hand hygiene opportunities and nursing professionals' completion of questionnaires, was conducted at a university hospital between January and July 2015. Descriptive and univariate analyses were performed, with a 5% significance level. RESULTS: It was observed 956 opportunities of hand hygiene among 46 nursing professionals. The rate of adhesion to alcohol-based handrub (ABH) was 34.8% and about 87.0% preferred handwashing. Nurses used ABH more frequently than nursing technicians (p <0.001), and the report of feeling of clean hands after using the alcohol product was directly related to higher rates of adherence to antiseptic friction through observation (P <0.05). CONCLUSION: The finding indicating low ABH usage highlights the need for greater institutional investment in strategies that help health professionals to recognize the advantages of this type of HH with respect to time spent, ease of access to dispensers, effectiveness in eliminating microorganisms, and maintaining skin moisturization.

[Evaluation of adherence to measures for the prevention of surgical site infections by the surgical team]. / Avaliação da adesão às medidas para a prevenção de infecções do sítio cirúrgico pela equipe cirúrgica.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate pre- and intraoperative practices adopted by medical and nursing teams for the prevention of surgical infections. METHOD: A prospective study carried out in the period of April to May 2013, in a surgical center of a university hospital in Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. RESULTS: 18 surgeries were followed and 214 surgical gloves were analyzed, of which 23 (10.7%) had postoperative glove perforation detected, with 52.2% being perceived by users. Hair removal was performed on 27.7% of patients in the operating room, with the use of blades in 80% of the cases. Antibiotic prophylaxis was administered to 81.8% of patients up to 60 minutes prior to surgical incision. An average of nine professionals were present during surgery and the surgery room door remained open in 94.4% of the procedures. CONCLUSION: Partial adhesion to the recommended measures was identified, reaffirming a need for greater attention to these critical steps/actions in order to prevent surgical site infection.

Reuse of N95/PFF2 masks in clinical practice: morphological and structural analysis.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the integrity of N95/PFF2 masks in relation to fiber morphology, porosity, cracks and micro holes, as well as identify visible damage to their structure and components, after seven- and fifteen-day reuse protocols. METHOD: cross-sectional study. Structural and morphological characteristics of a new N95/PFF2 mask were analyzed in comparison with N95/PFF2 masks (n=10) used in seven- and fifteen-day protocols, through visual inspection and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: upon visual inspection, following the seven-day protocol, 40% and 60% of the N95/PFF2 masks showed, respectively, personal identification marks and external and internal dirt. Additionally, 20% exhibited loosening and/or tearing of the straps, while 100% showed some type of damage to the nose clips. In the fifteen-day protocol, all N95/PFF2 masks had dirt, loose straps and damaged nose clips, and 80% had folds. Electronic microscopy revealed an increase in pores and loosening in the weaves from seven days onwards, extending up to fifteen days, with the presence of micro holes and residues. CONCLUSION: the reuse of N95/PFF2 masks affects their structural and morphological integrity. It is crucial to carry out tests to measure the impact of this practice on the safety of health professionals.

Cleaning of in-hospital flexible endoscopes: Limitations and challenges.

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the cleaning process of gastroscopes, colonoscopes and duodenoscopes in eight in-hospital health services. METHOD: a cross-sectional study conducted with 22 endoscopes (eight gastroscopes, eight colonoscopes and six duodenoscopes), and microbiological analysis of 60 samples of air/water channels (all endoscopes) and elevator (duodenoscopes), in addition to protein testing. Descriptive statistics with calculation of frequencies and central tendency measures was used in data analysis. RESULTS: the processing of 22 endoscopes was monitored with microbiological analysis for 60 channels. In the pre-cleaning procedure, in 82.3% (14/17) of the devices, gauze was used in cleaning the insertion tube. Incomplete immersion of the endoscope in detergent solution occurred in 72.3% (17/22) of the cases, and in 63.6% (14/22) there was no standardization of filling-in of the channels. Friction of the biopsy channel was not performed in 13.6% (3/22) of the devices. In the microbiological analysis, 25% (7/32) of the samples from the stored endoscopes were positive for microbial growth (from 2x101 to 9.5x104 CFU/mL), while after processing, contamination was 32% (9/28). Protein residues in the elevator channel were detected in 33% of duodenoscopes. CONCLUSION: the results indicate important gaps in the stages of pre-cleaning and cleaning of endoscopes that, associated with presence of protein residues and growth of microorganisms of epidemiological importance, indicate limitations in safety of the processing procedures, which can compromise the disinfection processes and, consequently, their safe use among patients subjected to such tests.

Storage of gastrointestinal endoscopes: when is the safe time for re-use?

OBJECTIVES: to identify the safe storage time for the use of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes after high-level disinfection, as well as the defining criteria for this time. METHODS: an integrative literature review was carried out in the Virtual Health Library, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, considering original articles published since 2000. RESULTS: eleven articles were selected, whose storage times ranged from 1 to 56 days, with a predominance of one to seven days (73%). Several criteria were used to define this time, predominantly the premise of efficient processing (100%), use of alcohol flush (64%), use of drying cabinets (18%), among others. CONCLUSIONS: the criteria for determining the storage time did not show a consensus for clinical practice. Expanding the discussion of this theme with the definition of the minimum necessary conditions is of fundamental importance for the reduction of risks and safety of the procedure and the patient.

Is it possible to decontaminate N95 masks in pandemic times? integrative literature review.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the protocols on decontamination/reuse of N95 masks available in the literature in times of the Covid-19 pandemic. METHOD: Integrative literature review, in the period from 2010 to 2020, on the databases MEDLINE/PubMed, Science Direct, Cochrane, SAGE journals, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase and Wiley, with the descriptors Masks AND Respiratory protective devices; Mask OR N95 AND Covid-19; N95 AND Respirators; Decontamination AND N95 AND Coronavirus; Facemask OR Pandemic. RESULTS: Twelve studies were included, of which 3 (30.0%) used ultraviolet germicidal irradiation and indicated mask deterioration between 2 and 10 cycles, 4 (40.0%) used hydrogen peroxide vapor, and seal loss varied from 5 to 20 cycles, 4 (33.3%) evaluated the structural integrity of the N95 mask through visual inspection and 6 (54.4%), its filtration efficiency. CONCLUSION: Reuse strategies to overcome a shortage of devices in the face of the pandemic challenge the current concept for good practices in health-product processing.

Impact of the contamination time by Escherichia coli on biofilm formation in surgical instruments.

OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the microbial load and adherence of Escherichia coli in different areas of the surgical instrument surface exposed to experimental contamination over time. METHODS: experimental study in which fragments of crile forceps (serrated, rod and rack) were contaminated by immersion in Tryptic Soy Broth, containing 106 CFU/mL of E. coli, for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12 and 24 hours. Microbial load and bacterial adherence were evaluated using microbiological culture and scanning electron microscopy, respectively. RESULTS: there was an increase in the microbial load on the surgical instrument, proportional to the contamination interval, ranging from 102 after 1 hour to 105 CFU/cm2 in 24 hours. The presence of exopolysaccharide was detected after two hours of contamination. CONCLUSIONS: microbial load and adhesion of E. coli increased over time, reaching 105 CFU/cm2 after 24 hours of contamination, starting biofilm formation after two hours.

Effectiveness of manual versus automated cleaning on Staphylococcus epidermidis biofilm removal from the surface of surgical instruments.

BACKGROUND: Biofilm removal is a challenge during surgical instrument processing. We analyzed the time required for Staphylococcus epidermidis to form biofilms on surgical instruments, and how cleaning methods removed them. METHODS: Different areas (ratchet, shank, and jaw) of straight crile forceps were contaminated by soaking in Tryptic Soy Broth containing 106 colony forming units (CFU)/mL of S epidermidis for 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours. S epidermidis adhesion and removal, after manual or automated ultrasonic cleaning, was evaluated by microbiological culture and scanning electron microscopy. RESULTS: Microbial load increased with time (101-102 CFU/cm2 after 1 hour; 104 CFU/cm2 after 12 hours). Exopolysaccharide was detected after 2 hours and gradually increased thereafter. Bacterial load was reduced by 1-2 log10 after manual cleaning and 1-3 log10 after automated cleaning, but biofilms were not completely eliminated. In general, bacterial load was lower in shank fragments. This difference was significant at 6 hours. CONCLUSIONS: Rapid adhesion of S epidermidis and exopolysaccharide formation was observed on surgical instruments. Automated cleaning was more effective than manual cleaning, but neither method removed biofilms completely. The precleaning conditions and the forceps design are critical factors in processing quality.

Intensive care unit professionals' knowledge and behavior related to the adoption of contact precautions.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge and behavior of professionals working in Intensive Care Units (ICU) related to the adoption of contact precautions for the control of hospital infections (HI). This cross-sectional study used a semi-structured questionnaire to collect data. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were carried out, including logistic regression and decision tree using CHAID algorithm. A total of 102 professionals participated in the study, of whom 36.3% presented appropriate knowledge and 51% appropriate behavior in relation to HI control measures. Nursing professionals had almost four times more chance (OR = 3.58, CI 1.48-8.68) of presenting appropriate behavior than the remaining professionals. The multivariate analysis did not reveal variables associated with knowledge. No statistically significant association was found between knowledge and behavior (p = 0.196). These results suggest the need to implement educational activities so as to permit a balance between theory and professionals' practice concerning HI preventive measures, aiming to improve knowledge and behavior.

Effect of surgical safety checklist on colorectal surgical site infection rates in 2 countries: Brazil and Canada.

BACKGROUND: The effectiveness of the surgical safety checklist (SSC) in countries with different socioeconomic backgrounds is uncertain. To evaluate the effect of the SSC in 2 different socioeconomic settings, we compared surgical site infection (SSI) rates before and after its implementation in colorectal procedures. METHODS: An epidemiological retrospective study was conducted in the university hospitals in Ottawa, Canada, and Belo Horizonte, Brazil. Data were collected through chart review from the period before and after the SSC implementation. RESULTS: The SSI rate decreased from 27.7%-25.9% (P = .625) and from 17.0%-14.4% in Canada and Brazil, respectively (P = .448) after the SSC implementation. In Canada, there was no SSI in incomplete SSC, and in Brazil, SSI was 20.0% (P = .026). DISCUSSION: Despite high and regular completion of the SSC in the Canadian and Brazilian hospitals, respectively, there was no significant reduction of SSI after the SSC implementation in any setting. However, in Brazil, the association between incomplete SSC and higher SSI rates demonstrated the potential impact of the SSC in developing countries. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of the SSC on SSI may be greater in developing countries due to minor investment and consolidation of policies in SSI prevention.

Reuse of N95/PFF2 masks in clinical practice: morphological and structural analysis / Reutilización de mascarillas N95/PFF2 en la práctica clínica: análisis morfológico y estructural / Reutilização das máscaras N95/PFF2 na prática clínica: análise morfológica e estrutural

Objective: to analyze the integrity of N95/PFF2 masks in relation to fiber morphology, porosity, cracks and micro holes, as well as identify visible damage to their structure and components, after seven- and fifteen-day reuse protocols. Method: cross-sectional study. Structural and morphological characteristics of a new N95/PFF2 mask were analyzed in comparison with N95/PFF2 masks (n=10) used in seven- and fifteen-day protocols, through visual inspection and scanning electron microscopy. Results: upon visual inspection, following the seven-day protocol, 40% and 60% of the N95/PFF2 masks showed, respectively, personal identification marks and external and internal dirt. Additionally, 20% exhibited loosening and/or tearing of the straps, while 100% showed some type of damage to the nose clips. In the fifteen-day protocol, all N95/PFF2 masks had dirt, loose straps and damaged nose clips, and 80% had folds. Electronic microscopy revealed an increase in pores and loosening in the weaves from seven days onwards, extending up to fifteen days, with the presence of micro holes and residues. Conclusion: the reuse of N95/PFF2 masks affects their structural and morphological integrity. It is crucial to carry out tests to measure the impact of this practice on the safety of health professionals.

Objetivo: analizar la integridad de mascarillas N95/PFF2 con relación a la morfología de las fibras, porosidad, grietas y microagujeros, así como identificar daños visibles en su estructura y componentes, luego de protocolos de reutilización de siete y quince días. Método: estudio transversal. Se analizaron las características estructurales y morfológicas de una mascarilla N95/PFF2 nueva en comparación con las mascarillas N95/PFF2 (n=10) utilizadas en protocolos de siete y quince días, mediante inspección visual y microscopía electrónica de barrido. Resultados: tras la inspección visual, siguiendo el protocolo de siete días, el 40% y el 60% de las mascarillas N95/PFF2 mostraron, respectivamente, marcas de identificación personal y suciedad externa e interna. Además, el 20% presentó aflojamiento y/o desgarro de las correas de sujeción, mientras que el 100% presentó algún tipo de daño en los clips nasales. En el protocolo de quince días, todas las mascarillas N95/PFF2 tenían suciedad, correas de sujeción sueltas y clips nasales dañados, y el 80% tenía pliegues. La microscopía electrónica reveló un aumento de poros y aflojamiento en las tramas a partir de los siete días, extendiéndose hasta los quince días, con presencia de microagujeros y residuos. Conclusión: la reutilización de las mascarillas N95/PFF2 compromete su integridad estructural y morfológica. Es crucial realizar pruebas para medir el impacto de esta práctica en la seguridad de los profesionales de la salud.

Objetivo: analisar a integridade das máscaras N95/PFF2 em relação à morfologia das fibras, porosidade, fissuras e micro furos, bem como identificar danos visíveis em sua estrutura e componentes, após protocolos de reutilização de sete e quinze dias. Método: estudo transversal. Características estruturais e morfológicas de uma máscara N95/PFF2 nova foram analisadas em comparação com máscaras N95/PFF2 (n=10) utilizadas em protocolos de sete e quinze dias, por meio da inspeção visual e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Resultados: na inspeção visual, seguindo o protocolo de sete dias, 40% e 60% das máscaras N95/PFF2 apresentaram, respectivamente, marcas de identificação pessoal e sujidades externas e internas. Além disso, 20% exibiram afrouxamento e/ou rompimento das tiras de fixação, enquanto 100% mostraram algum tipo de dano nos clipes nasais. No protocolo de quinze dias, todas as máscaras N95/PFF2 apresentavam sujidade, tiras de fixação frouxas e clipes nasais comprometidos; 80% possuíam dobras. A microscopia eletrônica revelou aumento dos poros e afrouxamento nas tramas a partir de sete dias, ampliando-se até quinze dias, com presença de micro furos e detritos. Conclusão: a reutilização das máscaras N95/PFF2 compromete a integridade estrutural e morfológica. É crucial realizar testes para mensurar o impacto dessa prática na segurança dos profissionais de saúde.

Enzymatic detergent reuse in gastroscope processing: a potential source of microorganism transmission.

OBJECTIVE: to evaluate the potential contamination of enzymatic detergent from its reuse and to identify the microbiological profile in the solution used to clean gastrointestinal endoscopic devices. METHOD: cross-sectional study based on microbiological analysis of 76 aliquots of 19 different enzymatic detergent solutions used to clean endoscopic devices. The aliquots were homogenized, subjected to Millipore® 0.45 µm membrane filtration and the presumptive identification of microorganisms was performed by biochemical-physiological methods according to previously established specific bacterial groups that are of clinical and epidemiological relevance. RESULTS: the mean values, as well as the standard deviation and the median, of the enzymatic detergent microbial load increased as the solution was reused. There was a significant difference between the means of after first use and after fifth reuse. A total of 97 microorganisms were identified, with predominance of the coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Pseudomonas spp., Klebsiella spp., Enterobacter spp. genus, and Escherichia coli species. CONCLUSION: the reuse of the enzymatic detergent solution is a risk to the safe processing of endoscopic devices, evidenced by its contamination with pathogenic potential microorganisms, since the enzymatic detergent has no bactericidal property and can contribute as an important source for outbreaks in patients under such procedures.

Instrumento de avaliação do processamento de produtos para saúde em centros de esterilização: estudo metodológico / Assessment instrument for the processing of healthcare products in sterilization centers: a methodological study / Instrumento de evaluación del procesamiento de productos sanitarios en centros de esterilización: estudio metodológico

Objetivo:construir e validar um instrumento de avaliação do processamento de produtos para saúde em centro de materiais e esterilização. Método:estudo metodológico realizado com 22 profissionais de saúde, sendo oito juízes especialistas e 14 enfermeiros responsáveis pelo setor de apoio. Foram realizadas quatro rodadas da técnica Delphi e posteriormente, as propriedades psicométricas foram analisadas por meio do Índice de Validade de Conteúdo e do teste Alfa de Cronbach. Resultados: o tempo de experiência dos juízes especialistas variou de 2 a 18 anos, com média de 7,7 (±6,1). A validação de conteúdo obteve média global de 0,95 (±0,05) e mediana de 0,97. O teste Alfa de Cronbach apresentou boa consistência interna após aplicação do pré-teste. Ao final, a versão do instrumento foi consolidada em 43 questões, divididas em três eixos de avaliação. Conclusão: este instrumento poderá ser utilizado em nível nacional, visto que suas propriedades psicométricas apresentaram valores satisfatórios.

Objective: to develop and validate an assessment instrument for the processing of healthcare products in a central materials and sterilization centers. Method:a methodological study was conducted with 22 healthcare professionals, comprising eight expert judges and 14 nurses responsible for the support sector. Four rounds of the Delphi technique were carried out, and subsequently, the psychometric properties were analyzed using the Content Validity Index and Cronbach's Alpha test.Results: the experience of the expert judges ranged from 2 to 18 years, with an average of 7.7 (±6.1). Content validation yielded a mean score of 0.95 (±0.05) and a median of 0.97. The Cronbach's Alpha test showed good internal consistency. Atthe end, the instrument version was consolidated into 43 questions.Conclusion: this instrument can be used nationally, asits psychometric properties showed satisfactory values.

Objetivo: construir y validar un instrumento para evaluar el procesamiento de productos sanitarios en centrosde materiales y esterilización.Método: estudio metodológico realizado con 22 profesionales de la salud, ocho de los cuales fueron jueces expertos y 14 enfermeros responsables del sector de apoyo. Se realizaron cuatro rondas de la técnica Delphi y posteriormente se analizaron las propiedades psicométricas mediante el Índice de Validez de Contenido y la prueba Alfa de Cronbach. Resultados:la experiencia de los jueces expertos osciló entre 2 y 18 años, con una media de 7,7 (±6,1). La validación de contenido obtuvo una media global de 0,95 (±0,05) y una mediana de 0,97. La prueba Alfa de Cronbach mostró buena consistencia interna luego de aplicar el pretest.Conclusión: este instrumento puede ser utilizado a nivel nacional, ya que sus propiedades psicométricas presentaron valores satisfactorios.

Cultura de segurança em unidades de terapia intensiva na perspectiva da equipe multiprofissional: Estudo multicêntrico / Cultura de seguridad en unidades de terapia intensiva en la perspectiva del equipo multiprofesional: Estudio multicéntrico / Safety Culture in intensive care units from multiprofessional team perspective: A multicenter study

Resumo Introdução: A Cultura de Segurança do Paciente é considerada um importante componente estrutural dos serviços, que favorece a implantação de práticas seguras e a diminuição da ocorrência de eventos adversos. Objetivo: Identificar os fatores associados à cultura de segurança do paciente nas unidades de terapia intensiva adulto em hospitais de grande porte da região Sudeste do Brasil. Método: Estudo transversal do tipo survey e multicêntrico. Participaram 168 profissionais de saúde de quatro unidades (A, B, C e D) de terapia intensiva adulto. Foi utilizado o questionário "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture". Considerou-se como variável dependente o nível de cultura de segurança do paciente e variáveis independentes aspectos sociodemográficos e laborais. Foram usadas estatísticas descritivas e para a análise dos fatores associados foi elaborado um modelo de regressão logística múltipla. Resultados: Identificou-se associação entre tipo de hospital com onze dimensões da cultura de segurança, quanto à função a categoria profissional médico, técnico de enfermagem e enfermeiro foram relacionadas com três dimensões; o gênero com duas dimensões e tempo de atuação no setor com uma dimensão. Conclusão: Evidenciou-se que o tipo de hospital, categoria profissional, tempo de atuação no setor e gênero foram associados às dimensões de cultura de segurança do paciente.

Resumen Introducción: La cultura de seguridad del paciente se considera un componente estructural importante de los servicios, que favorece la aplicación de prácticas seguras y la reducción de la aparición de acontecimientos adversos. Objetivo: Identificar los factores asociados a la cultura de seguridad del paciente en unidades de terapia intensiva adulto en hospitales de la región Sudeste del Brasil. Metodología: Estudio transversal de tipo encuesta y multicéntrico. Participaron 168 profesionales de salud de cuatro unidades (A, B, C y D) de terapia intensiva adulto. Se utilizó el cuestionario "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture". Se consideró como variable dependiente el nivel de cultura de seguridad del paciente y variables independientes los aspectos sociodemográficos y laborales. Fueron usadas estadísticas descriptivas y, para analizar los factores asociados, fue elaborado un modelo de regresión logística múltiple. Resultados: Se identificó asociación entre tipo de hospital con once dimensiones de cultura de seguridad del paciente. En relación a la función, personal médico, técnicos de enfermería y personal de enfermería fueron asociados con tres dimensiones, el género con dos dimensiones y tiempo de actuación con una dimensión en el modelo de regresión. Conclusión: Se evidenció que el tipo de hospital, función, tiempo de actuación en el sector y género fueron asociados a las dimensiones de la cultura de seguridad del paciente.

Abstract Introduction: Patient safety culture is considered an important structural component of the services, which promotes the implementation of safe practices and the reduction of adverse events. Objective: To identify the factors associated with patient safety culture in adult intensive care units in large hospitals in Belo Horizonte. Method: Cross-sectional survey and multicenter study. A total of 168 health professionals from four units (A, B, C and D) of adult intensive care participated. The questionnaire "Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture" was used. The patient's level of safety culture was considered as a dependent variable, and sociodemographic and labor aspects were the independent variables. Descriptive statistics were used and a multiple logistic regression model was developed to analyze the associated factors. Results: An association was identified between the type of hospital and eleven dimensions of the safety culture. In terms of function, the doctors, nursing technicians, and nurse were related to three dimensions; gender with two dimensions, and time working in the sector with one dimension. Conclusion: It was evidenced that the type of hospital, function, time working in the sector, and gender were associated with the dimensions of patient safety culture.

Prevenção da infecção urinária associada a cateter: efeito de uma intervenção no conhecimento de intensivistas / Prevention of catheter-associated infection: effect of an intervention on the knowledge of intensivists

A infecção do trato urinário é um dos agravos mais comuns durante a assistência à saúde, sobretudo na unidade de terapia intensiva, e, em sua maioria, é associada ao uso do cateter vesical, contribuindo, de forma significativa, na mortalidade, na morbidade e no custo de tratamento. O objetivo foi avaliar o efeito de uma intervenção educacional no conhecimento dos profissionais intensivistas sobre medidas de prevenção de infecção do trato urinário associada ao uso do cateter vesical. Trata-se de um estudo de intervenção, do tipo antes e depois, realizado em unidade de terapia intensiva com dez leitos de um hospital de alta complexidade. A coleta de dados contemplou três momentos: pré-intervenção, intervenção e pós-intervenção, realizada entre janeiro de 2018 a janeiro de 2019. Na pré e na pós-intervenção, foi feita entrevista por meio de um questionário estruturado. A intervenção ocorreu por sessão de treinamento com metodologias ativas e demonstrações práticas. Observou-se uma tendência ao aumento do conhecimento em todos os itens avaliados para prevenção da infecção do trato urinário associada ao uso do cateter vesical, com diferenças significativas (p<0,05) nos momentos para higienização das mãos, indicações para inserção do cateter vesical, medidas de barreira na técnica de inserção e prevenção dessa infecção durante a manipulação e manutenção do cateter vesical. A intervenção proporcionou aumento do conhecimento dos profissionais sobre as medidas de prevenção. Entretanto, lacunas relacionadas a estas práticas ainda foram verificadas e intervenções em longo prazo devem ser conduzidas com vistas à melhoria e segurança do cuidado.

Urinary tract infection is one of the most common problems during health care, especially in the intensive care unit, and is mostly associated with the use of a urinary catheter, contributing significantly to mortality, morbidity, and the cost of treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of an educational intervention on the knowledge of intensive care professionals upon measures to prevent urinary tract infections associated with the use of a urinary catheter. This is a before-and-after intervention study, carried out in a ten-bed intensive care unit in a high-complexity hospital. Data collection included three moments: pre-intervention, intervention, and post-intervention, carried out between January 2018 and January 2019. In the pre- and post-intervention, an interview was carried out using a structured questionnaire. The intervention took place through a training session with active methodologies and practical demonstrations. There was a trend towards increased knowledge in all items evaluated for the prevention of urinary tract infections associated with the use of a urinary catheter, with significant differences (p<0.05) concerning hand hygiene, indications for catheter insertion bladder, barrier measures in the insertion technique, and prevention of this infection during manipulation and maintenance of the bladder catheter. The intervention provided an increase in the knowledge of professionals about prevention measures. However, gaps related to these practices were still being verified and long-term interventions should be conducted with a view to the improvement and safety of care.

Patient participation in hand hygiene among health professionals.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perception and attitude of health professionals (HPs) about the patient participation in hand hygiene (HH). METHOD: A cross-sectional study with 150 HPs from a university hospital in Brazil. A descriptive analysis was conducted. RESULTS: Simple hand hygiene was the preferred method of HPs, rather than hand rubbing with alcohol-based solutions. A total of 83.3% of the HPs supported the patient participation in reminding them about HH, but 48% reported that they would feel uncomfortable; 45.3%, comfortable; and 20.7% were familiar with the "Patients for Patient Safety" program. CONCLUSION: HPs showed limited knowledge about HH, opposing recommendations on the topic. The contradiction between the HPs acceptance and attitude when questioned by the patient regarding HH was revealed, reflecting a lack of knowledge about the WHO program and the need to implement educational practices in health.

Adesão às medidas de prevenção de infecção do sítio cirúrgico em hospitais / Adhesión a las medidas de prevención de infección del sitio quirúrgico en hospitales / Compliance with surgical site infection prevention measures in hospitals

Resumo Objetivo Avaliar a adesão às ações de prevenção e controle da infecção de sítio cirúrgico, adotadas na prática clínica de acordo com as recomendações propostas pela Organização Mundial de Saúde: realização da auditoria de momento da administração de antibiótico, tricotomia com tricotomizador elétrico/lâmina descartável, confirmação da esterilidade dos materiais e, vigilância e divulgação das taxas de infecção de sítio cirúrgico. Métodos Estudo observacional transversal, realizado em 30 hospitais de grande porte do estado de Minas Gerais, de fevereiro de 2018 a abril de 2019, a partir de uma auditoria de um procedimento cirúrgico, diagnóstico situacional e entrevista com os Serviços de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar. Resultados Em 93,3% dos Serviços de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar foram referidos protocolos para uso de antibiótico profilático e auditorias de adesão, 69% informaram tricotomia com tricotomizador elétrico; todos realizavam a vigilância da infecção de sítio cirúrgico, no entanto, apenas 63,3% realizavam a divulgação das taxas. No diagnóstico situacional, a tricotomia foi realizada em 76,7% dentro da sala cirúrgica com tricotomizador elétrico (56,7%). Na auditoria do momento de administração do antimicrobiano profilático entre 30-60 minutos antes da incisão cirúrgica identificou-se conformidade em 63,3%; 93,3% dos serviços confirmavam a esterilidade dos materiais por meio de indicadores de processo. Conclusão Verificou-se divergências entre recomendações do Serviço de Controle de Infecção Hospitalar e adesão às boas práticas durante diagnóstico situacional e auditoria de procedimentos cirúrgicos, reforçando a necessidade de treinamentos e auditorias visando adesão efetiva às práticas dos profissionais a tais medidas.

Resumen Objetivo Evaluar la adhesión a las acciones de prevención y control de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico adoptadas en la práctica clínica, de acuerdo con las recomendaciones propuestas por la Organización Mundial de la Salud: realización de auditoría del momento de administración del antibiótico, tricotomía con tricotomizador eléctrico/lámina descartable, confirmación de esterilidad del material y control y difusión de índices de infección del sitio quirúrgico. Métodos Estudio observacional transversal, realizado en 30 hospitales de gran tamaño del estado de Minas Gerais, de febrero de 2018 a abril de 2019, a partir de una auditoría de un procedimiento quirúrgico, diagnóstico situacional y entrevista con los Servicios de Control de Infecciones Hospitalarias. Resultados En el 93,3 % de los Servicios de Control de Infecciones Hospitalarias se citaron protocolos para el uso de antibiótico profiláctico y auditorías de adhesión, el 69 % informó tricotomía con tricotomizador eléctrico, todos realizaban el control de infecciones del sitio quirúrgico, pero solo el 63,3 % realizaba la difusión de los índices. En el diagnóstico situacional, la tricotomía fue realizada en el 76,7 % dentro del quirófano con tricotomizador eléctrico (56,7 %). En la auditoría del momento de administración del antimicrobiano profiláctico de 30 a 60 minutos antes de la incisión quirúrgica, se identificó conformidad en el 63,3 %, el 93,3 % de los servicios confirmó la esterilidad del material por medio de indicadores de proceso. Conclusión Se verificaron divergencias entre las recomendaciones del Servicio de Control de Infecciones Hospitalarias y la adhesión a las buenas prácticas durante el diagnóstico situacional y auditoría de procedimientos quirúrgicos, lo que refuerza la necesidad de capacitaciones y auditorías para una efectiva adhesión de las prácticas de los profesionales a tales medidas.

Abstract Objective To assess compliance with actions for surgical site infection prevention and control, adopted in clinical practice in accordance with the recommendations proposed by the World Health Organization: auditing the moment of antibiotic administration, trichotomy with an electric clipper/disposable blade, material sterility confirmation, and surveillance and dissemination of surgical site infection rates. Methods This is a cross-sectional observational study, carried out in 30 hospitals in the state of Minas Gerais, from February 2018 to April 2019, based on an audit of a surgical procedure, situational diagnosis and interview with Hospital Infection Control Services. Results In 93.3% of Hospital Infection Control Services, protocols for prophylactic antibiotic use and compliance audits were reported, 69% reported trichotomy with an electric clipper. All carried out surgical site infection surveillance, however, only 63.3% carried out rate disclosure. In the situational diagnosis, trichotomy was performed in 76.7% inside the operating room with an electric clipper (56.7%). In the audit of the moment of antimicrobial administration between 30-60 minutes before surgical incision, compliance was identified in 63.3%; 93.3% of services confirmed material sterility through process indicators. Conclusion Differences were found between recommendations from the Hospital Infection Control Service and compliance with good practices during situational diagnosis and auditing of surgical procedures, reinforcing the need for training and audits aimed at effectively complying with professionals' practices regarding such measures.

Infecção do sítio cirúrgico em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias neurológicas e ortopédicas / Infección del sitio quirúrgico en pacientes sometidos a cirugía neurológica y ortopédica / Surgical site infection in patients submitted to neurological and orthopedic surgeries abstract

RESUMO Objetivo: analisar a incidência das infecções de sítio cirúrgico (ISC) em pacientes submetidos a cirurgias neurológicas e ortopédicas e seus determinantes em um hospital público. Método: estudo de coorte retrospectivo, conduzido entre pacientes submetidos a cirurgias neurológicas e ortopédicas, de janeiro de 2015 a dezembro de 2020. Resultados: dos 3.029 procedimentos cirúrgicos realizados, 1.327 (43,8%) foram neurocirúrgicos; e 1.702 (56,2%), ortopédicos. A incidência da ISC foi 6,7% (89) em neurocirurgias e 3,3% (56) em ortopedias. A taxa global e de óbitos foi 4,8% e 12,4%, respectivamente. Na análise univariada, os fatores de risco associados às ISC em neurocirurgiasenvolveram tempo cirúrgico (>231 minutos), pontuação da American Society of Anesthesiologistsmaior que doise cirurgias emergenciais; para os procedimentos ortopédicos: cirurgias emergenciais, tempo de internação pré-operatório (>quatro dias) e cirúrgico (>149 minutos). Na análise multivariada, permaneceram cirurgias emergenciais e maior tempo cirúrgico como fatores de risco de ISC para ambas as especialidades;e, para as cirurgias ortopédicas e neurológicas, tempo de internação pré-operatório e classificação ASA, respectivamente. Conclusão: a taxa de incidência das ISC e de mortalidade bem como os fatores de risco identificados neste estudo devem ser considerados para elaborar estratégias destinadas a prevenir e controlar essas infecções.

RESUMEN Objetivo: analizar la incidencia de las infecciones de sitio quirúrgico (ISC) en pacientes sometidos a cirugías neurológicas y ortopédicas y sus determinantes en un hospital público. Método: estudio de cohorte retrospectivo, realizado entre pacientes sometidos a cirugías neurológicas y ortopédicas, de enero de 2015 a diciembre de 2020. Resultados: de los 3.029 procedimientos quirúrgicos realizados, 1.327 (43,8%) fueron neuroquirúrgicos; y 1.702 (56,2%), ortopédicos. La incidencia de la ISC fue 6,7% (89) en neurocirugía y 3,3% (56) en ortopedias. La tasa global y de muertes fue 4,8% y 12,4%, respectivamente. En el análisis univariado, los factores de riesgo asociados a las ISC en neurocirugía involucraron tiempo quirúrgico (>231 minutos), puntuación de la American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) mayor que dos y cirugías de emergencia; para los procedimientos ortopédicos: cirugías de emergencia, tiempo de internación preoperatorio (> cuatro días) y quirúrgico (>149 minutos). En el análisis multivariado, permanecieron cirugías de emergencia y mayor tiempo quirúrgico como factores de riesgo de ISC para ambas especialidades; y, para las cirugías ortopédicas y neurológicas, tiempo de internación preoperatorio y clasificación ASA, respectivamente. Conclusión: la tasa de incidencia de las ISC y de mortalidad, así como los factores de riesgo identificados en este estudio, debenser consideradosa la hora de elaborar estrategias para prevenir y controlar estas infecciones.

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the incidence of surgical site infections (SSI) in patients submitted to neurological and orthopedic surgeries and their determinants in a public hospital. Method: retrospective cohort study, conducted between patients submitted to neurological and orthopedic surgeries, from January 2015 to December 2020. Results: of the 3,029 surgical procedures performed, 1,327 (43.8%) were neurosurgical; and 1,702 (56.2%) were orthopedic. The incidence of SSI was 6.7% (89) in neurosurgeries and 3.3% (56) in orthopedic surgery. The overall rate and death rates were 4.8% and 12.4%, respectively. In the univariate analysis, the risk factors associated with SSI in neurosurgeries involved surgical time (>231 minutes), an American Society of Anesthesiologists score greater than two and emergency surgeries; the risk factors for orthopedic procedures were emergency surgeries, preoperative hospitalization time (> four days), and surgical procedures (>149 minutes). In the multivariate analysis, emergency surgeries and longer surgical time remained as risk factors for SSI for both specialties; the SSI risk factors for orthopedic and neurological surgeries were preoperative hospitalization time and ASA classification, respectively. Conclusion: the incidence rate of SSI and mortality, as well as the risk factors identified in this study, should be considered in order to develop strategies aimed at preventing and controlling these infections.

Storage of gastrointestinal endoscopes: when is the safe time for re-use? / Almacenamiento de endoscopios gastrointestinales: ¿cuál el tiempo seguro para la reutilización? / Armazenamento de endoscópios gastrointestinais: qual o tempo seguro para o reúso?

ABSTRACT Objectives: to identify the safe storage time for the use of flexible gastrointestinal endoscopes after high-level disinfection, as well as the defining criteria for this time. Methods: an integrative literature review was carried out in the Virtual Health Library, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, considering original articles published since 2000. Results: eleven articles were selected, whose storage times ranged from 1 to 56 days, with a predominance of one to seven days (73%). Several criteria were used to define this time, predominantly the premise of efficient processing (100%), use of alcohol flush (64%), use of drying cabinets (18%), among others. Conclusions: the criteria for determining the storage time did not show a consensus for clinical practice. Expanding the discussion of this theme with the definition of the minimum necessary conditions is of fundamental importance for the reduction of risks and safety of the procedure and the patient.

RESUMEN Objetivos: identificar el tiempo de almacenamiento seguro para utilización de endoscopios flexibles gastrointestinales después de la desinfección de alto nivel, así como los criterios definidores de ese tiempo. Métodos: realizado una revisión integrativa de la literatura en la Biblioteca Virtual en Salud, PubMed, Scopus y Web of Science, considerando artículos originales publicados desde 2000. Resultados: fueron seleccionados 11 artículos, cuyos tiempos de almacenamiento variaron entre 1 y 56 días, con predominio de uno a siete días (73%). Utilizados diversos criterios para definición de ese tiempo, siendo predominantes la premisa del procesamiento eficiente (100%), uso de flush de alcohol (64%), armarios de secado (18%), entre otros. Conclusiones: los criterios para determinación del tiempo de almacenamiento no evidenciaron un consenso para práctica clínica. Ampliar la discusión de esa temática con definición de las condiciones mínimas necesarias es de fundamental importancia para la reducción de riesgos y seguridad del procedimiento y del paciente.

RESUMO Objetivos: identificar o tempo de armazenamento seguro para utilização de endoscópios flexíveis gastrointestinais após a desinfecção de alto nível, bem como os critérios definidores desse tempo. Métodos: realizou-se uma revisão integrativa da literatura na Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde, PubMed, Scopus e Web of Science, considerando artigos originais publicados desde 2000. Resultados: foram selecionados 11 artigos, cujos tempos de armazenamento variaram entre 1 e 56 dias, com predomínio de um a sete dias (73%). Utilizaram-se diversos critérios para definição desse tempo, sendo predominantes a premissa do processamento eficiente (100%), uso de flush de álcool (64%), uso de armários de secagem (18%), entre outros. Conclusões: os critérios para determinação do tempo de armazenamento não evidenciaram um consenso para prática clínica. Ampliar a discussão dessa temática com definição das condições mínimas necessárias é de fundamental importância para a redução de riscos e segurança do procedimento e do paciente.