Comparison of Intralesional Sodium Stibogluconate versus Intralesional Meglumine Antimoniate for the Treatment of Leishmania major Cutaneous Leishmaniasis.

Israel is endemic for Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis. The most common species is Leishmania major. However, the available treatment options are limited. This study's objective was to compare the authors' experience with different antimony intralesional treatments of Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis. A retrospective evaluation was undertaken for cases of Leishmania major cutaneous leishmaniasis treated by pentavalent antimony in a university-affiliated medical centre in Israel. The previous treatment of intralesional sodium stibogluconate (Pentostam®) was compared with the current treatment of meglumine antimoniate (Glucantime®). One hundred cases of cutaneous leishmaniasis were treated during the study period, of whom 33 were treated with intralesional sodium stibogluconate and 67 were treated with intralesional meglumine antimoniate. The patients were 78 males and 22 females, mean age 24 (range 10-67) and there was a total of 354 skin lesions. Within 3 months from treatment, 91% (30/33) of the intralesional sodium stibogluconate group and 88% (59/67) of the intralesional meglumine antimoniate group had complete healing of the cutaneous lesions after an average of 3 treatment cycles (non-statistically significant). In conclusion, the 2 different medications have the same efficacy and safety for treating cutaneous leishmaniasis. Pentavalent antimoniate intralesional infiltration treatment is safe, effective, and well tolerated with minimal side effects for Old-World cutaneous leishmaniasis.

Mycosis Fungoides in Solid-Organ Transplant Recipients: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Mycosis fungoides (MF) in solid-organ transplant recipients (SOTRs) is rare, with limited data on disease characteristics. OBJECTIVE: The aim was to study the characteristics of MF in SOTRs with an emphasis on the immunosuppressive therapy. METHODS: A retrospective cohort of patients diagnosed with MF, who were also SOTRs, were followed at 3 cutaneous lymphoma outpatient clinics, between January 2010 and February 2022. RESULTS: Ten patients were included (7 male; median ages at transplantation and at diagnosis of MF were 33 and 48 years, respectively; 40% were diagnosed before the age of 18 years). Median time from transplantation to diagnosis of MF was 8 years (range 0.5-22). Transplanted organs and immunosuppressive treatments included: liver (n = 5; 4 treated with tacrolimus, 1 with tacrolimus and prednisone), kidney (n = 3), liver and kidney (n = 1), and heart (n = 1), all treated with mycophenolic acid, tacrolimus, and prednisone. Nine had early-stage MF (IA - 4, IB - 5; 40% with early folliculotropic MF), treated with skin-directed therapies, in 2 combined with acitretin, achieving partial/complete response. One patient had advanced-stage MF (IIIA) with folliculotropic erythroderma, treated with ultraviolet A and narrow-band ultraviolet B with acitretin, achieving partial response. Immunosuppression was modified in 3. At last follow-up (median 4 years, range 1-8), no stage progression was observed; 5 had no evidence of disease, 5 had active disease (IA/IB - 4, III - 1). CONCLUSIONS: MF in SOTRs is usually diagnosed at an early stage, with overrepresentation of folliculotropic MF, and of children. Immunosuppressive therapy alterations, not conducted in most patients, should be balanced against the risk of organ compromise/rejection. Disease course was similar to MF in immunocompetent patients, during the limited time of follow-up.

White epidermal nevus as an early sign of tuberous sclerosis complex-A case series.

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is a rare genetic disease with neurocutaneous manifestations, often presenting initially to the dermatology clinic. We report a cohort of neonates who presented with a novel finding of white epidermal nevus and were eventually diagnosed with TSC. White epidermal nevus may be yet another dermatological finding that may aid in the early diagnosis of TSC.

Prophylactic Topical Treatment for EGFR Inhibitor-Induced Papulopustular Rash: A Randomized Clinical Trial.

BACKGROUND: The incidence of epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitor (EGFRI)-induced papulopustular rash is 60-85%. OBJECTIVE: To investigate prophylactic topical treatment for EGFRI-induced rash. METHODS: A single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Adult cancer patients initiating treatment with EGFRIs were randomized to receive facial topical treatment with chloramphenicol 3% + prednisolone 0.5% (CHL-PRED) ointment, chloramphenicol 3% (CHL) ointment, or aqua cream (AQUA). The primary end points were the incidence of ≥grade 3 rash using the Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE), on days 14 and 30. A subanalysis was conducted for incidence of a protocol-specified significant rash, defined as ≥10 facial papulopustular lesions. RESULTS: The per-protocol analysis on day 14 included 69 patients, who received CHL-PRED (21), CHL (23), or AQUA (25). The incidence of CTCAE ≥grade 3 rash was not statistically significant between arms; however, the incidence of the protocol-specified significant rash was: CHL-PRED 14%, CHL 39%, and AQUA 48% (p = 0.03, CHL-PRED vs. AQUA). At 30 days, the CTCAE ≥grade 3 incidence was similar, but the incidences of protocol-specified significant rash were 6%, 16%, and 43% (p = 0.03, CHL-PRED vs. AQUA). No significant differences were found between CHL and CHL-PRED and between CHL and AQUA. CONCLUSIONS: Prophylactic topical CHL-PRED was efficacious when compared to AQUA, in the treatment of EGFRI-induced facial papulopustular rash.

Cutaneous Adverse Events to Targeted Therapies and Immuno-therapies in Children: A Retrospective Study of 103 Patients from Two Tertiary Haemato-Oncology Referral Centres.

Targeted medications and immunotherapies are being developed to specifically target the pathways involved in tumours. There is limited experience with these new medications and their cutaneous side-effects in the paediatric population. A retrospective study of all paediatric oncological patients treated with targeted therapies and immunotherapies between 1 January 2013 and 1 August 2020 was carried out in 2 haemato-oncological referral centres. A total of 103 children were included in the study. The median (interquartile range) age was 13 years (8.4-16.9), male:female ratio 1.5:1, median (interquartile range) follow-up was 7 months (2-18). Fifty (48%) of the children developed cutaneous adverse events. Treatment was discontinued in only 3 (6%) cases and was altered in only (2%) 1 case due to a cutaneous adverse event. When targeted therapies and immunotherapies for tumours in children are used, there is an increased incidence of cutaneous adverse events. Nevertheless, treatment modification or discontinuation due to cutaneous side-effects is rarely needed.

Incorporating joint pain screening into the pediatric dermatologic examination.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Joint manifestations are a feature of many pediatric skin disorders, among them psoriasis, autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, hypermobility disorders, and as an adverse effect of certain medications. Identifying joint disease early is important for intervention and prevention of chronic damage. However, pediatric musculoskeletal complaints are common and determining whether symptoms warrant a rheumatology referral for arthritis can be challenging. METHODS: Pediatric dermatologists were surveyed for their comfort in screening for joint disease. Through literature review and interviews with three pediatric rheumatologists, key joints involved in disorders with skin manifestations and arthritis were identified and the essential evaluations were determined. RESULTS: Of 100 surveyed practicing board-certified pediatric dermatologists, 79% did not feel confident in their ability to perform a joint-focused physical examination, a key step in screening for joint disease. A rapid joint examination technique (R-JET) was developed, along with an accompanying three-question survey and body diagram for patient self-report of symptoms. A video demonstration of the R-JET was created as a teaching tool. CONCLUSIONS: Teaching and incorporation of a rapid screening examination for arthritis by pediatric dermatologists has the potential to identify pediatric arthritis earlier, facilitate referral, and reduce the risk of progressive joint disease. These instruments can easily be incorporated into a pediatric dermatology office visit.

Topical calcineurin inhibitors for pediatric periorificial dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Data regarding the treatment of periorificial dermatitis with topical calcineurin inhibitors (TCI) in the pediatric population are limited. OBJECTIVE: To assess the clinical utility of TCI in pediatric patients with periorificial dermatitis. METHODS: A retrospective medical record review of all pediatric patients with periorificial dermatitis treated with TCIs was performed. Follow-up via telephone was performed to capture missing data. RESULTS: A total of 132 patients met the inclusion criteria. The median age at diagnosis was 4.2 years (interquartile range, 2.3-8.2). The median follow-up was 5.2 months (interquartile range, 2.1-11.7). Seventy-two patients had evaluable follow-up data. Of these, 48 (67%) patients were treated with TCI alone, 12 (16.7%) were treated with a combination of TCI and topical metronidazole, and 9 (12.5%) were treated with a combination of TCI and a systemic antibiotic. Complete response was noted in 68.8% of patients treated with TCI alone, in 75% of patients treated with TCI and metronidazole, and in 77.8% of patients treated with TCI and a systemic antibiotic. Adverse events were rare and mild in severity. CONCLUSION: Topical calcineurin inhibitors are an effective therapeutic option for pediatric patients with periorificial dermatitis and were well tolerated in this cohort.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treated with Miltefosine: A Case Series of 10 Paediatric Patients.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis poses a therapeutic challenge in the paediatric population. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of miltefosine treatment for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in paediatric patients. A multicentre retrospective review of 10 children (≤ 18 years of age) with cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with miltefosine in Israel was performed. Mean ± standard deviation age at diagnosis was 9.1 ± 5.0 years. The Leishmania species diagnosed was L. tropica in 8 cases and Leishmania major in 2 cases. Mean ± standard deviation duration of treatment was 44.8 ± 20.6 days, with a mean follow-up period of 12.1 ± 17.1 months. Complete response was noted in 8 (80%) patients. Treatment failure was noted in 2 (20%) cases. Side-effects related to the medication were minimal. In conclusion, oral miltefosine may be an effective and safe treatment for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica or Leishmania major in children. However, further studies are warranted to draw a definite conclusion.

Cutaneous Leishmaniasis Treated with Miltefosine: A Case Series of 10 Paediatric Patients.

Cutaneous leishmaniasis poses a therapeutic challenge in the paediatric population. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of miltefosine treatment for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis in paediatric patients. A multicentre retrospective review of 10 children (≤ 18 years of age) with cutaneous leishmaniasis treated with miltefosine in Israel was performed. Mean ± standard deviation age at diagnosis was 9.1 ± 5.0 years. The Leishmania species diagnosed was L. tropica in 8 cases and Leishmania major in 2 cases. Mean ± standard deviation duration of treatment was 44.8 ± 20.6 days, with a mean follow-up period of 12.1 ± 17.1 months. Complete response was noted in 8 (80%) patients. Treatment failure was noted in 2 (20%) cases. Side-effects related to the medication were minimal. In conclusion, oral miltefosine may be an effective and safe treatment for Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by Leishmania tropica or Leishmania major in children. However, further studies are warranted to draw a definite conclusion.

Idiopathic Papular Dermatitis in the Spectrum of Chronic Papular Eruptions (Subacute Prurigo): Reappraisal and Diagnostic Algorithm.

BACKGROUND: The clinical diagnosis of papular eruptions is common but poorly characterized in the literature and the etiology is often unknown. OBJECTIVE: To characterize the entity of idiopathic papular dermatitis in the spectrum of chronic papular eruptions. METHODS: The cohort consisted of patients who presented at a tertiary medical center in 2005-2014 with a papular eruption of at least 4 months' duration. Findings on histological analysis and thorough clinical investigation, performed in all cases, were collected. The patients completed a questionnaire on disease course and outcome. RESULTS: Sixty-five patients were included. Sixteen patients showed morphological changes over time and were excluded. Investigations in the remaining 49 patients with a consistent papular morphology yielded a well-defined diagnosis in 23 (46%). Twenty-six patients (54%; 14 male) were diagnosed with idiopathic papular dermatitis. Their mean age at onset was 61.6 ± 14.4 years and the mean duration of disease 3.11 ± 2.726 years. In 60%, the rash resolved with conservative treatment during follow-up (mean 4.35 ± 2.53 years). CONCLUSIONS: Chronic papular eruptions encompass a wide range of skin diseases. In more than half of the cases, the etiopathogenesis remains unclear. On the basis of our results, we propose a diagnostic algorithm for idiopathic papular dermatitis.

The Epidemiology of PCR-Confirmed Cutaneous Leishmaniasis in Israel: A Nationwide Study.

BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis, mainly cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL), is endemic in Israel. In recent years, the diagnosis of leishmaniasis has transitioned to a molecular diagnosis. OBJECTIVE: To summarize all cases of leishmaniasis and the identified species seen in Israel based on molecular diagnosis. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed of patients diagnosed with leishmaniasis between January 2017 and December 2022. All five medical centers in Israel in which Leishmania diagnosis is performed were included: Soroka, HaEmek, Hadassah, Rambam, and Sheba, all utilized molecular diagnostic methods. Data on the annual number of cases, species, age, and gender were retrieved. RESULTS: During the years 2017-2022, a total of 4168 cases of leishmaniasis were diagnosed, which corresponds with ~7/100,000 inhabitants. L. (L.) major and L. (L.) tropica accounted for 84% and 14%, respectively. During the years 2020-2021, L. (L.) infantum emerged as a new form of cutaneous disease [2.7% of cases during this period]. Visceral L. (L.) infantum was found in five cases. Imported New World leishmaniasis accounted for 1% of the cases. L. (L.) major affected more males (67%) while L. (L.) tropica commonly affected more children and caused more facial lesions. CONCLUSIONS: The mean annual number of cases during these years is ~700. The dominant species is L. (L.) major. Since 2020, cutaneous L. (L.) infantum is an emerging infection in Israel.

Pediatric Psoriasis with or without Arthritis: Does It Make a Difference?

BACKGROUND: Psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis can present simultaneously or separately in children and may pose a diagnostic challenge. OBJECTIVE: To compare the dermatological manifestations in pediatric psoriatic patients with and without arthritis. METHODS: A retrospective case-control study of psoriatic patients ≤ 18 years old at Sheba Medical Center was conducted between 2011 and 2021. Patients with psoriatic arthritis versus psoriasis-only were compared according to body surface area (BSA) involvement, cutaneous distribution, severity of skin disease, response to treatment and related side effects. RESULTS: The study cohort included 29 psoriatic arthritis and 64 psoriasis-only patients matched by age and sex. The psoriasis-only group had a significantly higher mean BSA (19.7%, SD ± 18.7) than the psoriatic arthritis group (6.1%, SD ± 11.4), (p = 0.029). The skin distribution differed with the psoriasis group showing more involvement of the extremities, scalp, trunk, and genitals. Both groups primarily experienced partial responses to methotrexate, whereas the psoriasis group mainly saw complete responses to biologics. Adverse events were rare, with a higher incidence in the psoriasis group. CONCLUSION: This retrospective study highlights the differences in cutaneous disease characteristics, severity, and treatment response in pediatric patients with psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis, providing valuable insights for diagnosis and disease course in the pediatric population.

A horse or a zebra? Unusual manifestations of common cutaneous infections in primary immunodeficiency pediatric patients.

Background: Patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders (PIDs) often suffer from recurrent infections because of their inappropriate immune response to both common and less common pathogens. These patients may present with unique and severe cutaneous infectious manifestations that are not common in healthy individuals and may be more challenging to diagnose and treat. Objective: To describe a cohort of patients with PIDs with atypical presentations of skin infections, who posed a diagnostic and/or therapeutic challenge. Methods: This is a retrospective study of pediatric patients with PID with atypical presentations of infections, who were treated at the immunodeficiency specialty clinic and the pediatric dermatology clinic at the Sheba Medical Center between September 2012 and August 2022. Epidemiologic data, PID diagnosis, infectious etiology, presentation, course, and treatment were recorded. Results: Eight children with a diagnosis of PID were included, five of whom were boys. The average age at PID diagnosis was 1.7 (±SD 3.2) years. The average age of cutaneous infection was 6.9 (±SD 5.9) years. Three patients were born to consanguineous parents. The PIDs included the following: common variable immunodeficiency, severe combined immunodeficiency, DOCK8 deficiency, ataxia telangiectasia, CARD11 deficiency, MALT1 deficiency, chronic granulomatous disease, and a combined cellular and humoral immunodeficiency syndrome of unknown etiology. The infections included the following: ulcerative-hemorrhagic varicella-zoster virus (two cases) atypical fungal and bacterial infections, resistant Norwegian scabies, giant perianal verrucae (two cases), and diffuse molluscum contagiosum. Conclusions: In this case series, we present unusual manifestations of infectious skin diseases in pediatric patients with PID. In some of the cases, recognition of the infectious process prompted life-saving treatment. Increasing familiarity with these dermatological manifestations, as well as keeping a high index of suspicion, is important to enabling early diagnosis of cutaneous infections in PIDs and initiation of prompt suitable treatment.

Treatment with Methotrexate in Infants and Toddlers with Atopic Dermatitis: A Retrospective Multi-Center Study.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic inflammatory skin disease affecting up to 20% of children. Methotrexate (MTX) is used off-label as a systemic treatment for AD patients unresponsive to topical therapies, but limited data exist regarding its safety and efficacy in children, especially in those < 4 years old. To further investigate MTX in younger patients, we screened the medical records of three referral centers between 2016 and 2022 and identified 28 infants and toddlers < 4 years old with AD treated with MTX. Mean age upon MTX initiation was 2.7 ± 1.2 years and mean investigator global assessment (IGA) score was 3.78 ± 0.4. Median duration of MTX treatment was five months. Following 12 and 24 weeks of MTX treatment, the response rate was 50% and IGA 0/1 was achieved in 14.2% and 21.4% of patients, respectively. Most treatment cessations were attributed to a lack of efficacy or parental concern. Although adverse events were reported in 57.1% of patients, MTX was discontinued due to such adverse events only in two patients (7.1%). Taken together, MTX demonstrated a high safety profile in AD patients <4 years old. MTX efficacy was moderate and presumably underestimated by parents who opted for premature treatment cessation due to concerns associated with an immunomodulatory drug.

Safety of COVID-19 mRNA vaccination and effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adults with mast cell disorders.

Mastocytosis is characterized by abnormal clonal mast cell proliferation. Given the paucity of data in patients with mastocytosis, it is crucial to assess the safety of COVID-19 vaccines in this population. We aimed to assess the risk of allergic reactions and the effect of COVID-19 infection among patients with mastocytosis. Participants were recruited from Canada and Israel between December 2021 and May 2022. Consenting participants were administered standardized questionnaires querying whether they were infected with COVID-19, if they received the first and second dose vaccines, and post-vaccination side effects including allergic reactions (urticaria/angioedema, current rash flaring, need for updosing medications, or respiratory symptoms) and common side effects including injection site reaction (ISR) and flu-like symptoms. Forty participants with mastocytosis were administered a standardized questionnaire (median age = 9, 59% male). Amongst all participants, 16 (39%) reported COVID-19 infection and most (75%) reported flu-like symptoms, 3 (19%) were asymptomatic, 1 suffered from shortness of breath/chest pain and 1 from facial flushing. Of the 25 participants who were eligible for vaccination (≥ 5 years old), 80% received a first-dose vaccine and 68% received a second-dose vaccine. Of those who received the first-dose vaccine, most (60%) remained asymptomatic, 20% developed flu-like symptoms, 20% had an ISR, and 1 patient had an allergic reaction (urticaria and swelling). Of those who received the second-dose vaccine, most (53%) were asymptomatic, and 1 had an allergic reaction. No significant difference was found between side effects of both vaccine doses. No reactions fulfilled the criteria for anaphylaxis in either dose. This study reveals that among patients with mastocytosis, COVID-19 vaccine and infection were well-tolerated in the majority of cases.

Treatment options for DOCK8 deficiency-related severe dermatitis.

BACKGROUND: Cutaneous manifestations of dedicator of cytokinesis 8 gene (DOCK8) deficiency, a combined type of T and B cell immunodeficiency, previously designated as autosomal recessive hyper IgE syndrome, includes dermatitis and skin infections. There are limited treatment options for dermatitis related to the syndrome. OBJECTIVE: To describe a cohort of patients with DOCK8 deficiency with a focus on the treatment of their cutaneous manifestations. METHODS: A retrospective study on all children with the genetic diagnosis of DOCK8 deficiency treated at the Sheba Medical Center between 1/1/2003 and 1/1/2021 was preformed. Collected data included: demographic features, family history, laboratory, genetic testing, skin manifestations, treatment, and disease course. Description of two cases of severe recalcitrant dermatitis treated with dupilumab is detailed. RESULTS: Nine children with a genetic diagnosis of DOCK8 deficiency were included, of whom six were girls (66%) with a median age of 8.5 (±2.2 SD) years. The median age at diagnosis was 2.8 (±2.6 SD) years. Six patients were born to consanguineous parents. Five out of six patients who received hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) had a complete response, and one was recently transplanted. Of note, two patients, while awaiting HSCT, were treated with dupilumab for their severe dermatitis resulting in a marked improvement of the cutaneous manifestations and pruritus. CONCLUSIONS: Hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is the gold standard and most effective therapy for patients with DOCK8 deficiency. Dupilumab, a biological therapy indicated for atopic dermatitis and other Th2 derived dermatoses, is an excellent option for dermatitis in patients with DOCK8 deficiency and can be used as a bridge before HSCT. Larger studies are needed to confirm this observation.

Clinical approach to skin eruptions induced by anti-TNF agents among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases: insights from a multidisciplinary IBD-DERMA clinic.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Skin eruptions are prevalent among patients with inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), often associated with therapies and frequently leading to dermatological consults and treatment interruptions. We aimed to assess the impact of joint shared decision-making in a multidisciplinary (MDT) IBD-DERMA clinic. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study assessed a consecutive group of patients with IBD who were referred for consultation in an MDT clinic at a tertiary referral center in Israel. RESULTS: Over 1 year, 118 patients were evaluated in the MDT-IBD-DERMA clinic: 68 (57.6%) males; age - 35.2 ±â€„13.5 years, disease duration - 7.1 (interquartile range: 3.7-13.9) years; Crohn's disease - 94/118 (79.6%). Skin eruption induced by an anti-tumor necrosis factor (TNF) were the most common diagnoses [46/118 (39%)], including psoriasiform dermatitis (PD) - 31/46 (67.4%) and inflammatory alopecia (IA) - 15/46 (32.6%). Of these, 18 patients (39.1%) continued the anti-TNF agent concomitantly with a topical or systemic anti-inflammatory agent to control the eruption. The remaining 28 patients (60.9%) discontinued the anti-TNF, of whom 16/28 (57.1%) switched to ustekinumab. These strategies effectively treated the majority [38/46 (82.6%)] of patients. Continuation of the anti-TNF was possible in a significantly higher proportion of patients with PD: 12/31 (38.7%) than only one in the IA group, p = 0.035. There was a higher switch to ustekinumab among the IA 7/15 (46.6%) compared with the PD 7/31 (22.6%) group, P = .09. Following IBD-DERMA advised intervention, IBD deteriorated in 9/4 6(19.5%) patients, 5/9 on ustekinumab (PD versus IA, P = NS). CONCLUSION: Shared decision-making in an integrated IBD-DERMA clinic allowed successful control of skin eruptions while preserving control of the underlying IBD in more than 80% of cases. Patients with IA profited from a switch to ustekinumab.

Skin-interfaced biosensors for advanced wireless physiological monitoring in neonatal and pediatric intensive-care units.

Standard clinical care in neonatal and pediatric intensive-care units (NICUs and PICUs, respectively) involves continuous monitoring of vital signs with hard-wired devices that adhere to the skin and, in certain instances, can involve catheter-based pressure sensors inserted into the arteries. These systems entail risks of causing iatrogenic skin injuries, complicating clinical care and impeding skin-to-skin contact between parent and child. Here we present a wireless, non-invasive technology that not only offers measurement equivalency to existing clinical standards for heart rate, respiration rate, temperature and blood oxygenation, but also provides a range of important additional features, as supported by data from pilot clinical studies in both the NICU and PICU. These new modalities include tracking movements and body orientation, quantifying the physiological benefits of skin-to-skin care, capturing acoustic signatures of cardiac activity, recording vocal biomarkers associated with tonality and temporal characteristics of crying and monitoring a reliable surrogate for systolic blood pressure. These platforms have the potential to substantially enhance the quality of neonatal and pediatric critical care.