Epithelial-mesenchymal transition status is a remarkable biomarker for the combination treatment with avutometinib and defactinib in KRAS-mutated non-small cell lung cancer.

BACKGROUND: Recent therapeutic strategies for KRAS-mutated cancers that inhibit the MAPK pathway have attracted considerable attention. The RAF/MEK clamp avutometinib (VS-6766/CH5126766/RO5126766/CKI27) is promising for patients with KRAS-mutated cancers. Although avutometinib monotherapy has shown clinical activity in patients with KRAS-mutated cancers, effective combination strategies will be important to develop. METHODS: Using a phosphorylation kinase array kit, we explored the feedback mechanism of avutometinib in KRAS-mutated NSCLC cells, and investigated the efficacy of combining avutometinib with inhibitors of the feedback signal using in vitro and in vivo experiments. Moreover, we searched for a biomarker for the efficacy of combination therapy through an in vitro study and analysis using the The Cancer Genome Atlas Programme dataset. RESULTS: Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) phosphorylation/activation was increased after avutometinib treatment and synergy between avutometinib and FAK inhibitor, defactinib, was observed in KRAS-mutated NSCLC cells with an epithelial rather than mesenchymal phenotype. Combination therapy with avutometinib and defactinib induced apoptosis with upregulation of Bim in cancer cells with an epithelial phenotype in an in vitro and in vivo study. CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition status may be a promising biomarker for the efficacy of combination therapy with avutometinib and defactinib in KRAS-mutated NSCLC.

Salicylic acid directly binds to ribosomal protein S3 and suppresses CDK4 expression in colorectal cancer cells.

Colorectal cancer is a significant cause of morbidity and represents a serious public health issue in many countries. The development of a breakthrough preventive method for colorectal cancer is urgently needed. Aspirin has recently been attracting attention as a cancer preventive drug, and its inhibitory effects on the development of various cancers have been reported in several large prospective studies. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated in detail. In the present study, we attempted to identify the target proteins of aspirin using a chemical biology technique with salicylic acid, the main metabolite of aspirin. We generated salicylic acid-presenting FG beads and purified salicylic acid-binding proteins from human colorectal cancer HT-29 cells. The results obtained showed the potential of ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3) as one of the target proteins of salicylic acid. The depletion of RPS3 by siRNA reduced CDK4 expression and induced G1 phase arrest in human colorectal cancer cells. These results were consistent with the effects induced by the treatment with sodium salicylate, suggesting that salicylic acid negatively regulates the function of RPS3. Collectively, the present results show the potential of RPS3 as a novel target for salicylic acid in the protective effects of aspirin against colorectal cancer, thereby supporting RPS3 as a target molecule for cancer prevention.

Novel RAF/MEK inhibitor CH5126766/VS-6766 has efficacy in combination with eribulin for the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer.

Various molecular-targeting drugs have markedly improved the treatment of patients with breast cancer. As yet, therapies for triple-negative breast cancer are mainly cytotoxic agents. To investigate the novel therapy for triple-negative breast cancer, we herein examined the effects of a new combination therapy comprising a RAF/MEK inhibitor CH5126766, also known as VS-6766, which we originally discovered, and eribulin. The combination of CH5126766 and eribulin potently inhibited cell growth in the triple-negative breast cancer cell lines tested. The underlying mechanism in the efficacy of this combination treatment in vitro and in vivo was due to enhanced apoptosis through the suppression of survivin and Bcl-2 family proteins. We also showed the suppressed expression of programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) in combination therapy in vivo. We found that combination therapy with eribulin and CH5126766 for triple-negative breast cancer inhibited cell growth by apoptosis and raised a possibility that immune responses through suppression of PD-L1 might partially contribute to inhibition of tumor growth, indicating the potential of this combination as a novel strategy for triple-negative breast cancer.

The effect of denosumab in breast cancer patients receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors: 36-month results.

INTRODUCTION: Aromatase inhibitor (AI)-associated bone loss increases the risk of bone fracture and reduces patients' quality of life, making it a critical issue worldwide. We conducted a prospective non-randomized clinical trial (UMIN-CTR, UMIN 000016173) to assess the effect of denosumab on bone loss in patients treated with adjuvant AI and have previously reported the results at 12 and 24 months. This study aimed to present the results at 36 months of treatment with denosumab for osteopenia in breast cancer patients who were undergoing treatment with adjuvant AI; 36 months is the longest denosumab treatment period reported so far. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients received 60-mg denosumab subcutaneously every 6 months. Daily supplements containing 500-mg elemental calcium and at least 400 international units of vitamin D were highly recommended throughout the study period. The levels of bone mineral density (BMD) and bone turnover markers, serum tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase isoform 5b, and bone alkaline phosphatase were determined at baseline and 6, 12, 18, 24, and 36 months. RESULTS: At 36 months, the bone mineral density of the lumbar spine, right femoral neck, and left femoral neck were found to increase by 8.8% (95% confidence interval CI 7.6-10.1), 4.3% (95% CI 3.0-5.5), and 3.1% (95% CI 2.1-4.1), respectively. No non-traumatic clinical fractures occurred in patients receiving AI and denosumab. CONCLUSION: Twice-yearly administration of denosumab to the breast cancer patients treated with adjuvant AI, regardless of the skeletal site, resulted in consistent increases in BMD without severe adverse events at 36 months.

The histone deacetylase inhibitor OBP-801 and eribulin synergistically inhibit the growth of triple-negative breast cancer cells with the suppression of survivin, Bcl-xL, and the MAPK pathway.

PURPOSE: Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype of breast cancer. Eribulin was approved for the treatment of metastatic breast cancer through the EMBRACE trial, and a subgroup analysis in this clinical trial indicated the efficacy of eribulin in patients with TNBC. However, the prognosis of patients with TNBC is still poor due to various molecular characteristics. Therefore, there is an urgent need for a more effective treatment for the management of TNBC. METHODS: We investigated the synergistic effect of a novel histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitor, OBP-801, and eribulin in TNBC cell lines because OBP-801 has been known to enhance the anti-tumor activities of other chemotherapeutic agents. The cell growth was analyzed, and the flow cytometry analysis was conducted to evaluate the effects on cell cycle and the induction of apoptosis. The mechanism underlying the enhancement of inhibition of TNBC cell growth was investigated through Western blot analyses. RESULTS: The combination treatment of OBP-801 with eribulin showed the synergistic inhibition of the growth in TNBC cells, involved with the enhancement of apoptosis. We, for the first time, found that eribulin upregulated survivin and also that OBP-801 could remarkably suppress the upregulation of survivin by eribulin. Moreover, this combination potently suppressed Bcl-xL and the MAPK pathway compared with either agent alone. CONCLUSION: We found that the combination of OBP-801 and eribulin synergistically inhibited the growth with apoptosis in TNBC cells, suggesting that this combination might be a promising novel strategy for treating TNBC patients.

[Analysis of breast reconstruction with a tissue expander and implant after ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence in patients undergoing breast-conserving surgery].

Mastectomy is recommended for ipsilateral breast tumor recurrence (IBTR) after breast-conserving surgery plus radiotherapy(breast-conserving treatment). However, the number of patients who receive radiation therapy such as breast- conserving treatment in the hope of breast reconstruction is increasing. Radiation therapy has a significant magnifying effect on the difficulties of breast reconstruction. In the study presented here, we compared the patients who underwent mastectomy+ breast reconstruction with a tissue expander and an implant after IBTR and breast-conserving treatment (irradiation group, n=5) with patients who underwent mastectomy+breast reconstruction with a tissue expander and an implant at the time of the first breast cancer operation (non-irradiation group, n=21). The parameters compared were background, complications, reconstruction success rate, and capsular contraction. A significant difference was not observed between the 2 groups. Complications after operation, specifically capsular contracture, are reported to be more frequent in the radiation group than in the non-irradiation group. However, with appropriate explanation of the risks, this surgery is an option for patients who strongly desire breast reconstruction.

[Clinical outcomes in patients with brain metastasis from gastric cancer].

Brain metastasis from gastric cancer is uncommon and difficult to treat. Patients with brain metastasis had a poor prognosis with simultaneous and multiple metastases to other organs. Four patients with brain metastasis were reported. All patients were male with the median age of 76 years and the diagnosis was stage IA in one, stage IIIA in 2 and stage IV in one. Three patients underwent gastrectmy and one patient in stage IV received chemotherapy as the initial treatment. An interval between the initial treatment and the diagnosis of brain metastasis was 11, 24, 30 and 83 months, respectively. The symptoms of brain metastasis were stagger in two, unconsciousness in one and headache in one. The treatment for brain metastases were a surgical resection for two lesions larger than 3 cm and gamma-knife radiotherapy was performed for the other lesions. The duration of survival from the treatment for brain metastasis was 45, 48, 58 and 94 days, respectively. Multidisciplinary treatment, including a surgical resection and stereotactic radiosurgery such as gamma-knife for brain metastasis is thought to improve the quality of life, but not prolong survival due to metastases to other organs. The development of effective systemic treatment will be necessary in order to prolong survival.

[A case whose lung metastasis was detected and resected eleven years after resection of primary colon cancer].

In July 1999, a 79-year-old man underwent sigmoidectomy and D3 lymphadectomy for sigmoid colon cancer (ss, n(-), stage II, cur A). In September 2000, hepatectomy of right lobe and cholecystectomy were performed for his liver metastasis. Every three to six months follow-up had been kept since adjuvant chemotherapy (200 mg/day of 5-FU per os for two years) completed. Eleven years and two months after sigmoidectomy (in September 2010), a chest X-ray examination detected a small nodule in upper area of his right lung, which was diagnosed as either primary lung cancer or metastatic lung tumor followed by chest CT scan and PET-CT examination. In November 2010, laparoscopy-assisted partial resection of his right lung was performed. Histochemical examination of the resected lung tumor resulted cytokeratin 7(-), cytokeratin 20(+) and TTF-1(-), confirming its final diagnosis as lung metastasis from sigmoid colon cancer. He has been alive for six months without any recurrence since resection of his lung metastasis. It was a very rare case to have more than ten-year interval between colon cancer resection and detection of its lung metastasis. However, when we diagnosed the patient with lung tumor, who had undergone a colorectal resection, we should consider if he had a lung metastasis from colorectal cancer.

[Wallflex duodenal stenting for gastric outlet obstruction caused by inoperable advanced gastric cancer].

INTRODUCTION: Wallflex duodenal stent (WDS) placement for gastric outlet obstruction caused by malignant disease has been covered by health insurance in Japan since April 2010. We have placed five-WDS for three gastric outlet obstructions caused by inoperable advanced gastric cancer. CASE 1: A 67-year-old male diagnosed as having Stage IV gastric cancer with liver, lung, and lymph node metastases underwent a WDS placement during first-line chemotherapy. He was able to consume a soft diet orally for about five months thereafter. He underwent a WDS replacement for stent obstruction by tumor ingrowth and finally died due to the primary tumor 11 months after the first visit. CASE 2: A 63-year-old male diagnosed as having Stage IV gastric cancer with liver and lymph node metastases underwent a WDS placement during the first-line chemotherapy. He was able to consume a soft diet orally for about three months thereafter. He died due to the primary tumor six months after the first visit. CASE 3: A 72-year-old male diagnosed as having Stage IV gastric cancer with liver and lymph node metastases underwent a WDS placement during the first-line chemotherapy. He was able to consume a soft diet orally for about four months and subsequently received the fourth-line chemotherapy. He underwent a WDS replacement for stent obstruction by tumor ingrowth and finally died due to the primary tumor nine months after the first visit. CONCLUSIONS: WDS stent placements for gastric outlet obstruction caused by inoperable advanced gastric cancer were performed safely and enabled the consumption of a soft diet orally for at least three months. This approach is expected to be a safe and effective treatment option.

[Pure laparoscopic surgery for repeat hepatectomy].

In this study, we evaluate the capability of pure laparoscopic surgery for repeat hepatectomy. From June 2010 through March 2011, 15 cases of primary hepatectomy (hepatocellular carcinoma 11, liver metastasis 4) and 6 cases of re-hepatectomy patients (all cases were hepatocellular carcinoma) were underwent pure laparoscopic hepatectomy. As for the liver function in primary hepatectomy and re-hepatectomy, liver damage A/B was 8/7 and 2/4, median ICG R15 was 18 (4- 42) % and 30 (10-35) %, respectively. As for operative variables in primary hepatectomy and re-hepatectomy, the median operative duration was 265 (105-673) minutes, 296 (157-475) minutes, the median amount of bleeding was 10 (small amount-2,000) cc, 25 (small amount-140) cc, and the median post-operative hospital stay was 10 (6-17) days and 11 (6-24) days, respectively. Primary hepatectomy and re-hepatectomy represented equal clinical outcomes, although re-hepatectomy patients had lower hepatic function compared with primary hepatectomy patients.

[Successful treatment of advanced esophageal cancer with lymph node metastases by docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-FU followed by salvage lymphadenectomy--a case report].

We present a case of advanced esophageal cancer with multiple lymph node metastases successfully treated by combination therapy of docetaxel, cisplatin and 5-FU (DCF) followed by salvage lymphadenectomy. The patient was a 60-year-old female with the diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma of the middle thoracic esophagus. The clinical stage diagnosis was cT2N4M0, cStage IVa. Systemic chemotherapy with DCF was started as the initial treatment. The changes noted on endoscopy and CT scan in the primary lesion and lymph nodes after two cycles of DCF were judged as complete response (CR). However, recurrence was diagnosed in the left cervical lymph nodes based on FDG uptake on FDG-PET. Salvage cervical lymphadenectomy was performed. Thereafter, the patient again achieved CR after the second administration of DCF for upper mediastinal lymph node recurrence. At present, she is still alive three years after the first visit. Combination therapy of DCF and salvage lymphadenectomy is potentially effective for advanced esophageal cancer with lymph node metastases.

Endovenous Thermal Ablation for a Varicose Vein Patient with Factor XII Deficiency: A Case Report.

Factor XII (FXII) deficiency is a rare coagulation disorder, and its potential relationship with venous thrombosis was reported. Here we present a case of a 67-year-old woman with FXII deficiency who successfully underwent endovenous thermal ablation (ETA) for primary varicose vein due to the incompetent great saphenous vein (GSV). The FXII deficiency was revealed through preoperative examinations, and the patient underwent ETA as a day surgery. For prophylaxis of thrombosis, she received compression therapy alone. Her postoperative course was uneventful, without any kind of thrombosis. In the presence of FXII deficiency, ETA could be safely performed.

Efficacy of denosumab for restoring normal bone mineral density in women receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for early breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: Osteoporosis is a major side effect of aromatase inhibitors (AIs), which are greatly effective in the treatment of breast cancer. However, there are no satisfactory measures against osteoporosis. In this multicenter, randomized, comparative study, we evaluate the efficacy of denosumab for preventing loss of bone mineral density (BMD) induced by adjuvant therapy with AI s in breast cancer patients with normal BMD. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The bone loss-suppressing effect of denosumab will be comparatively evaluated in postmenopausal patients scheduled to receive letrozole or anastrozole as a postoperative endocrine therapy for stage I-IIIA hormone-sensitive breast cancer and a control group. Patients will be administered letrozole 2.5 mg or anastrozole 1 mg once a day, and the treatment will be continued for 5 years unless recurrence, secondary cancer, or unacceptable toxicity develops. Patients in the denosumab group will receive a subcutaneous injection of 60 mg of denosumab every 6 months. The primary endpoint is the rate of change in the lumbar spine (L1-L4) BMD, as determined by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), 12 months after the start of the injection. The secondary endpoints were ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION:: The protocol was approved by the institutional review boards of Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine and all the participating faculties. Written informed consent was obtained from all patients before registration, in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Results of the study will be disseminated via publications in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinical Trials.gov Identifier: NCT03324932, Japan Registry of Clinical Trial (jRCT): CRB5180001.

Effect of denosumab on low bone mineral density in postmenopausal Japanese women receiving adjuvant aromatase inhibitors for non-metastatic breast cancer: 24-month results.

BACKGROUND: Aromatase inhibitors (AI) have been established as the gold-standard therapy for postmenopausal patients. Worldwide, adjuvant denosumab at a dose of 60 mg twice per year reduces the risk of clinical fractures in postmenopausal patients with breast cancer who received AI. However, the efficacy of denosumab in the treatment of AI-associated bone loss had not been prospectively evaluated in Japan. Previously, we reported the 12-month effect of denosumab in Japanese patients for the first time; the primary endpoint was the change in the percentage of bone mineral density (BMD) of the lumbar spine from baseline to 12 months. METHODS: This secondary follow-up study prospectively evaluated the change in the percentage of BMD of the lumbar spine from baseline to 24 months. Postmenopausal women with early-stage, histologically confirmed, hormone receptor-positive, invasive breast cancer who were receiving or scheduled to receive AI were included. Denosumab was administered subcutaneously on day 1 of the study and then 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. The lumbar spine and bilateral femoral neck BMD was measured at baseline and 6, 12, 18, and 24 months. RESULTS: At 18 and 24 months, the lumbar spine BMD increased by 5.9 and 7.0%, respectively. The femoral neck BMD also increased. Grade ≥ 2 hypocalcemia, osteonecrosis of the jaw, and atypical femoral fractures did not occur. CONCLUSIONS: Our prospective study showed that semiannual treatment with denosumab was associated with continuously increased BMD in Japanese women receiving adjuvant AI therapy for up to 24 months, regardless of prior AI treatment.

Ribosomal protein S3 regulates XIAP expression independently of the NF-κB pathway in breast cancer cells.

The X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis (XIAP) confers the resistance of various types of cancer to standard chemotherapeutic agents such as anthracycline and taxane. In breast cancer, XIAP is known to be overexpressed. However, the mechanisms underlying the overexpression of XIAP remain currently unclear. In order to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for the overexpression of the XIAP protein in breast cancer, we attempted to clarify the mechanisms by which the natural compound curcumin downregulates XIAP in breast cancer cells. In that process, we identified the ribosomal protein S3 (RPS3) as a curcumin­binding protein using curcumin-fixed magnetic FG beads. The knockdown of RPS3 inhibited cell growth and induced apoptosis as well as the downregulation of XIAP in breast cancer cells. Although RPS3 is known to directly bind to and activate the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), which induces several anti-apoptotic genes such as XIAP, the knockdown of RPS3 unexpectedly reduced the levels of the XIAP protein, but not the mRNA level of XIAP and the transcription factor NF-κB activity. These results reveal that RPS3 upregulates XIAP independently of the NF-κB pathway in human breast cancer cells.

Asymptomatic Isolated Calf Deep Vein Thrombosis: Does It Worsen after Varicose Vein Surgery?

In our varicose vein center, on a trial basis, among the patients with asymptomatic calf deep vein thrombosis (CDVT) we carefully selected the patients for varicose vein surgery using the requirements as follows; 1) the patients had varicose veins with incompetent saphenous veins, 2) sequential examination including DUS confirmed stability and clinical insignificance of asymptomatic CDVT, 3) the patients do not have any risk factors for DVT such as a coagulation profile disorder (antithrombin deficiency, protein C deficiency, protein S deficiency, or antiphospholipid syndrome) or malignancies, 4) surgery is possible under local anesthesia alone, and 5) the patients can understand the concept of asymptomatic CDVT and undergo the surgery on their own will and informed consent. The patients who fulfilled these conditions underwent the varicose vein surgery. Twenty-eight patients with 30 limbs with varicose veins had asymptomatic CDVT, found by preoperative duplex ultrasonography (DUS). Among CDVT, 91% of CDVT existed in the soleal veins. After the diagnosis of the asymptomatic CDVT, serial DUS was performed and showed no changes in the status of the thrombus. Then varicose vein surgery (high ligation of the saphenous junctions either with or without stripping of the saphenous veins) was performed. After the surgery, the CDVT was re-evaluated by DUS. In 27 limbs, CDVT did not show any changes in the status of the thrombus, and in 3 limbs the CDVT was partially resolved. These data suggest that, at least, as far as the patients fulfilled these conditions, varicose vein surgery did not worsen the asymptomatic CDVT. (This is a translation of Jpn J Phlebol 2016; 27: 405-412.).

Prevalence of Isolated Asymptomatic Deep Vein Thrombosis in Varicose Vein Patients with Superficial Thrombophlebitis: A Single Center Experience in Japan.

OBJECTIVE: Prevalence of asymptomatic deep vein thrombosis (DVT) in patients with primary varicose veins remains unclear. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Here, we conducted a retrospective study to clarify the incidence of asymptomatic DVT in patients with varicose veins, especially focusing on those with superficial thrombophlebitis (STP). RESULTS: Among 431 patients with primary varicose veins with saphenous vein incompetence, 20 (4.64%) had asymptomatic DVT. The presence of STP was a significant risk factor for asymptomatic DVT as 10 of the 24 (41.7%) patients with STP had asymptomatic DVT, and all cases having calf muscle vein thrombosis. In contrast, of the patients with primary varicose veins without STP only 2.46% had asymptomatic DVT. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with primary varicose veins with STP, significant risk factors for DVT were being over C3 on the clinical, etiological, anatomical, and pathophysiological (CEAP) classification. (This article is a translation of Jpn J Phlebol 2014; 25: 13-19.).

Comprehensive evaluation of characteristics of left ventricular myocardium in a subject with non-coronary arterial cardiac dysfunction through segment by segment analysis using various diagnostic modalities.

We performed segment by segment analysis for comprehensive evaluation of the characteristics of the left ventricular (LV) myocardium by multislice CT (MSCT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) and positron emission tomography (PET) in a patient with non-coronary arterial cardiac dysfunction. If diagnosis had been performed only by transthoracic echocardiogram and conventional coronary angiography, this subject might have been diagnosed as having dilated cardiomyopathy. However, we succeeded in the detailed evaluation of characteristics of LV myocardium non-invasively. Because of the difference in spatial resolution, MSCT and MRI could only detect focal fibrosis and MSCT could only detect fatty changes in the LV myocardium with an accurate ratio of thickness of lesions in comparison with the thickness of the whole LV myocardium. Conversely, a drawback of PET and SPECT was the partial volume effect and these methods could visualize the lesions as only diffuse decrements of attenuation and could not provide detailed information. Furthermore in MSCT, LV wall motion abnormality could be visualized by showing the ribs, sternum and descending aorta and in particular MSCT could obtain much information, including extra cardiac findings.

Trisomy 10p and translocation of 10q to 4p associated with selective dysgenesis of IgA-producing cells in lymphoid tissue.

A combined chromosomal abberation trisomy of the short arm of chromosome 10 associated with translocation of 10q to chromosome 4p was found in a 14-month-old boy, who died after repeated bouts of pneumonia. The translocation involved the target region 4p16.3 of Wolf-Hirschhorn syndrome and/or Pitt-Rogers-Danks syndrome. The karyotype was 46,XY,der(4)t(4;10)(p16;q11.2),i(10)(p10),ish der(4)t(4;10)(p16.3;q11.2) (D4S96+,D4Z1+),i(10) (pter ++). In addition to growth retardation and external as well as internal dysmorphism, the patient had abnormalities of the immune system, such as thymic involution, generalized lymph node enlargement, unusual distribution of T cells in lymphoid follicles, and selective IgA deficiency. The IgA-producing cells were rarely found in lymph nodes but normally in intestinal mucosa. In contrast, in the lymph nodes, the paracortical T-lymphocytes were hyperplastic, but they rarely entered the primary follicles. It is assumed that the chromosomal abnormality may lead to the dysfunction of T lymphocytes and, further, to the dysgenesis of IgA-producing cells in lymph nodes but not in intestinal mucosa. This suggests that the thymus may differentially control the subsets of IgA-producing cells in lymph nodes and intestinal mucosa.