Systemic glucocorticoid exposure and postoperative infection risk in 143,782 appendectomy patients-a Danish longitudinal nationwide study.

BACKGROUND: Glucocorticoids are conventionally associated with increased postoperative infection risk. It is necessary to clarify if preoperative glucocorticoid exposure is associated with postoperative infection in appendectomy patients and if the association is different for open and laparoscopic appendectomies. METHODS: A Danish nationwide study of appendectomy patients between 1996 and 2018. Exposures were defined as high (≥ 5 mg) versus no/low (< 5 mg) glucocorticoid exposure in milligram prednisone-equivalents/day preoperatively. The main outcome was any postoperative infection. Then, 90-day cumulative incidences (absolute risk) and adjusted hazard ratios (relative risk) of the outcome were calculated for high versus no/low glucocorticoid exposure within all appendectomies and within open and laparoscopic subgroups. Propensity-score matching was used for sensitivity analysis. RESULTS: Of 143,782 patients, median age was 29 years, 74,543 were female, and 7654 experienced at least one infection during the 90-day follow-up. The 90-day cumulative incidence for postoperative infection was 5.3% within the no/low glucocorticoid exposure group and 10.0% within the high glucocorticoid exposure group. Compared to no/low glucocorticoid exposure, adjusted hazard ratios for 90-day postoperative infection with high glucocorticoid exposure were 1.25 [95% CI 1.02-1.52; p = 0.03] for all appendectomies, 1.59 [1.16-2.18; p = 0.004] for laparoscopic appendectomies, and 1.09 [0.85-1.40; p = 0.52] for open appendectomies (pinteraction < 0.001). The results were robust to sensitivity analyses. CONCLUSION: Preoperative high (≥ 5 mg/day) glucocorticoid exposure was associated with increased absolute risk of postoperative infections in open and laparoscopic appendectomies. The relative risk increase was significant for laparoscopic but not open appendectomies, possibly due to lower absolute risk with no/low glucocorticoid exposure in the laparoscopic subgroup.

Quantitative Analysis of Change in Intracranial Volume After Posterior Cranial Vault Distraction and Frontal Orbital Advancement/Remodeling.

INTRODUCTION: Patients with craniosynostosis with shortened occipitofrontal diameter are mainly treated with posterior cranial vault distraction osteogenesis (PVDO) in our institution. If further intracranial volume (ICV) expansion is needed, additional treatment with frontal orbital advancement (FOA) is done. On the contrary, frontal orbital remodeling (FOR) is done for better aesthetic results. In this study, post-treatment ICV changes in patients with craniosynostosis treated with these methods have been investigated. METHODS: Patients who underwent FOA or FOR in addition to PVDO at Juntendo University Hospital between 2011 and 2017 were reviewed for patient characteristics and pre/postoperative ICV measurements using 3-dimensional computed tomography scans. RESULTS: Nine patients aged from 5 months to 6 years 8 months at the time of PVDO were included. For PVDO, the ICV change was 113 to 328 mL, and the enlargement ratio of ICV was 109% to 152%. Two patients were further operated with FOA while the remaining 7 with FOR. With FOA, ICV change was 73 to 138 mL, while enlargement ratio of ICV was 107% to 114%. With FOR, ICV change was 3 to 45 mL (mean 20 mL), while enlargement ratio of ICV was 100% to 103%. CONCLUSION: The PVDO is our first line of treatment for ICV expansion and posterior cranial fossa decompression in patients with severe craniosynostosis. The FOA is performed if extra ICV increase is necessary. This approach seems to enable larger ICV expansions compared with other conventional methods. The FOR should be reserved for patients in whom adequate ICV levels are achieved with PVDO yet additional frontal reshaping is necessary.

Oncoplastic Lower Eyelid Reconstruction Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Oncoplastic lower eyelid reconstruction is a challenging task due to the complicated structure of the eyelid and requirement of high operative accuracy. Poorly treated defects result in ectropion and ptosis which may lead to keratitis and corneal ulceration. Previous related studies do not include a detailed comparison of the common reconstructive methods of the lower eyelid in terms of results and complication rates. OBJECTIVE: The authors aim to demonstrate whether the choice of reconstruction affects the aesthetic and functional outcome of oncoplastic lower eyelid reconstruction. METHODS & MATERIALS: The authors performed a 10-year retrospective review of all oncoplastic lower eyelid reconstructions carried out in our hospital. Information on patient background, diagnosis and the choice of reconstructive method were evaluated. Postoperative photographs of each patient were then subjectively evaluated for color match, cosmesis, quality of shape, symmetry, and overall appearance. The authors hypothesized that the outcome is related to the main trajectory of the flap. Patients treated with local flaps of horizontal and vertical trajectories were then compared in terms of outcome and complication rates. RESULTS: Reconstructions based on a horizontal trajectory compared with a vertical trajectory resulted with lower rates of ectropion and ptosis occurrence. The results were statistically significant.

Conservative Treatment of Large Aplasia Cutis Congenita of the Scalp With Bone Defect With Basic Fibroblast Growth Factor Application.

The object of this report is to share our experience of conservative management of giant aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) of the scalp with the topical application of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF). Complete epithelialization of the 9 × 8 cm sized defect was achieved in 33 weeks. Careful conservative management could eliminate the requirement of surgery for giant ACC defects of the scalp with bone defects and should be tried if surgery is thought to be risky or has consecutive morbidity. Topical bFGF application seems to accelerate healing, also providing a better epithelium for later reconstructive treatments and its usage could be standardized in the future.

The Rapid Development of Squamous Cell Carcinoma on the Nasal Dorsum of a Patient Receiving Immunosuppressive Therapy.

The risk of cancer is significantly increased in patients undergoing renal transplant surgery than in the general population. In particular, skin cancer is the most commonly occurring cancer in these patients.A 34-year-old man underwent living renal transplantation for focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. After 18 months, he developed a lesion on the nasal dorsum, approximately 1 cm in size, and the lesion rapidly expanded to cover the entire dorsum.Owing to its rapid expansion, the lesion was suspected to be a malignant tumor and wide excision was planned.We removed the lesion with a 6-mm margin. Squamous cell carcinoma was diagnosed through intraoperative rapid pathological examination. The nasal bone and septum were invaded by the tumor and, as a result, the entire external nose was removed. The patient's nose was subsequently reconstructed using a free forearm flap for lining, iliac bone graft for the nasal frame, and a scalping forehead flap for skin coverage.Selective target radiotherapy was administered at the closest margin around the lesion, and the dosage of immunosuppressants was reduced.At >2 years postoperatively, the patient showed good cosmetic results with no relapse or metastasis of the tumor.We report the unusual case of a young man who developed a rapidly progressing squamous cell carcinoma on his nasal dorsum after 18 months of immunosuppression. Squamous cell carcinoma in organ transplant recipients may be more aggressive and may progress differently than in regular patients. Therefore, special attention is required for patients who take immunosuppressive drugs after renal transplant surgery.

Management of recurrent acquired choanal atresia with radial forearm free flap transfer.

Acquired choanal atresia is a rare complication of pharyngeal surgical interventions. Here, we report the case of a 72-year-old woman who was treated in our institution for acquired choanal atresia after failed previous treatments. We have excised the obstructing fibrotic scar tissue and then reconstructed the area using a mucosal local flap and free radial forearm flap transfer. Choanal stenosis caused by abnormal granulation was identified in the months after surgery; however, this was treated with endoscopic dilatation and steroid injections in the outpatient setting. No restenosis was identified 1 year after the operation. Postoperative evaluation of speech was satisfactory. Free flap transfer could be an option for refractory choanal atresia, and endoscopic dilatation with local steroid injections may be an effective method to treat postoperative restenosis.

Real-Time Assessment of Free Flap Capillary Circulation Using Videocapillaroscopy.

BACKGROUND: Free tissue transfer is a common method of reconstruction for various surgical defects. Many clinical assessment methods, including flap color monitoring and capillary refill time measurements, are commonly used to assess the microcirculation of the flap, yet there is no objective tool available that can clear real-time visualization of the flap microcirculation. The purpose of this study was to use a novel videocapillaroscope to evaluate the circulation changes on free flap skin surfaces while purposely clamping pedicle vessels. METHODS: Ten patients who underwent free flap transfer for head and neck cancer from November of 2019 to June of 2020 were included in the study. Videocapillaroscopic observation was performed after flap elevation, and changes in the flap skin capillary circulation with artery-controlled and vein-controlled clamping were recorded. RESULTS: Average total surgery time was 517.91 minutes (SD, 73.3 minutes), average flap elevation time was 102.9 minutes (SD, 18.3 minutes). When the pedicle artery or vein was purposely clamped, the movement of red blood cells in blood vessels stopped; when clamps were removed after 60 seconds, the restoration of red blood cell movements was rapidly observed. When the pedicle artery was clamped, the number of visualizable blood vessels decreased and flap color became relatively white. When the pedicle vein was clamped, the number of visualizable blood vessels increased, and flap color tone had a tendency toward red. CONCLUSION: Novel videocapillaroscopy can be utilized for objective real-time flap monitoring by directly visualizing flap skin capillary microcirculation. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, V.

Quality and Quantity-Cultured Human Mononuclear Cells Improve Human Fat Graft Vascularization and Survival in an In Vivo Murine Experimental Model.

BACKGROUND: Fat graft ischemia impedes us from having satisfying long-term results. The quality and quantity culture is a 1-week cell culture that increases the vasculogenic potential of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMNC). This in vivo murine model investigates whether enrichment with quality and quantity-cultured human mononuclear cells (MNC-QQ) improves the vascularization in the human fat graft and whether this decreases the tissue loss. METHODS: Human adipose tissue, PBMNC, MNC-QQ, and stromal vascular fraction were prepared. First, PBMNC, MNC-QQ, and stromal vascular fraction were compared in vitro for vasculogenic potential by endothelial progenitor cell colony-forming and culture assays. Second, 0.25-g fat grafts were created with 1 × 106 PBMNC (n = 16), 1 × 106 MNC-QQ (n = 16), 1 × 106 stromal vascular fraction (n = 16), or phosphate-buffered saline as control (n = 16) before grafting in BALB/c nude mice. Grafts were analyzed for weight persistence, vessel formation by CD31 immunohistochemistry, and angiogenic markers by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: MNC-QQ develop more definitive endothelial progenitor cell colonies and more functional endothelial progenitor cells compared to PBMNC and stromal vascular fraction. Weight persistence after 7 weeks was significantly higher in grafts with MNC-QQ (89.8 ± 3.5 percent) or stromal vascular fraction (90.1 ± 4.2 percent) compared with control (70.4 ± 6.3 percent; p < 0.05). MNC-QQ-enriched grafts had the highest vessel density (96.6 ± 6.5 vessels/mm2; control, 70.4 ± 5.6 vessels/mm2; p < 0.05). MNC-QQ exerted a direct vasculogenic effect through vascular integration and a potential paracrine vascular endothelial growth factor-mediated effect. CONCLUSION: Quality and quantity-cultured human mononuclear cells containing endothelial progenitor cells stimulate fat graft vascularization and enhance graft survival in a rodent recipient.

Mammary Analogue Secretory Carcinoma Arising in the Parotid Gland of Child.

Mammary analogue secretory carcinoma (MASC) of salivary glands is a newly recognized tumor entity. We report a child who was initially diagnosed with lymphangioma and referred to our institute for sclerotherapy, only to find out that the tumor was in fact MASC after excision. This case of MASC is in a 7-year-old boy, the youngest case so far reported. He referred to his primary care physician with a infra-auricular swelling, and it was diagnosed as lymphatic malformation he was referred to our institution for sclerotherapy. For Doppler and ultrasound magnetic resonance imaging, there was a distinct cystic lesion with a heterogeneous solid lesion inside. Minimally invasive treatment such as sclerotherapy was thought to be more desirable due to a pediatric case, the risk of postoperative facial paralysis and scar. However, even the successful treatment of cystic lesion with sclerotherapy, solid lesion of the tumor could be remained without pathological findings. Otolaryngologist also thought the importance of pathological diagnosis, and we finally chose surgical excision. The tumor was ultimately diagnosed as MASC considering histological and genetic findings. For child case, we tend to treat patient less invasively, and it might bring a risk of MASC being incorrectly treated nonsurgically such as with sclerotherapy. This could lead to tumor progression and wider radical excision at last. We believe that histological diagnosis should become the priority in similar cases of mixed solid and cystic tumors to avoid incorrect treatment, and we need to choose surgical excision by understanding the character of salivary gland tumor occurring in childhood.