RESUMEN
The accurate diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy relies on achieving ultrasensitive biosensing for biomarker detection. However, existing biosensors face challenges such as poor sensitivity, complexity, time-consuming procedures, and high assay costs. To address these limitations, we report a WS2-based plasmonic biosensor for the ultrasensitive detection of biomarker candidates in clinical human urine samples associated with diabetic nephropathy. Leveraging plasmonic-based electrochemical impedance microscopy (P-EIM) imaging, we observed a remarkable charge sensitivity in monolayer WS2 single crystals. Our biosensor exhibits an exceptionally low detection limit (0.201 ag/mL) and remarkable selectivity in detecting CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) protein biomarkers, outperforming conventional techniques such as ELISA. This work represents a breakthrough in traditional protein sensors, providing a direction and materials foundation for developing ultrasensitive sensors tailored to clinical applications for biomarker sensing.
Asunto(s)
Biomarcadores , Técnicas Biosensibles , Quimiocina CCL2 , Nefropatías Diabéticas , Humanos , Nefropatías Diabéticas/orina , Nefropatías Diabéticas/diagnóstico , Técnicas Biosensibles/métodos , Quimiocina CCL2/orina , Biomarcadores/orina , Límite de Detección , Técnicas Electroquímicas/métodosRESUMEN
Nonlinear-optical (NLO) crystals require birefringent phase matching (BPM), particularly in the solar-blind ultraviolet (UV) (200-280 nm) and deep-UV (100-200 nm) regions. Achieving BPM requires optimization of optical dispersion along with having large birefringence. This requirement is especially critical for structures with low optical anisotropy, including classical phosphate UV-NLO crystals like KH2PO4 (KDP). However, there is a scarcity of in-depth theoretical analysis and general design strategies based on structural chemistry to optimize dispersion. This study presents findings from a simplified dielectric model that uncover two vital factors to micro-optimize transparent optical dispersion: effective mass (m*) of excited states and effective number (N*) of photo-responsive states. Smoothing of dispersion occurs as m* increases and N* decreases. First-principles analysis of deep-UV KBe2BO3F2-family structures is used to confirm the conciseness and validity of the model. It further proposes substituting K+ with Be2+ to decrease N* and increase m* while enlarging bandgap. This will lead to improved dispersion and an overall enhancement of KDP's BPM capability. The existing BeH3PO5 (BDP) is predicted to improve the shortest BPM wavelength for second-harmonic generation, from 251 nm in KDP to 201 nm in BDP. BDP's extension into the broader UV solar-blind waveband fully supports the proposed optimization strategy.
RESUMEN
The rational design of visible-light-responsive catalysts is crucial for converting solar energy into hydrogen energy to promote sustainable energy development. In this work, a CâSâC bond is introduced into g-C3N4 (CN) through S doping. With the help of the flexible CâSâC bond under specific stimuli, a hollow coral-like porous structure of S-doped g-C3N4 (S-CN) is synthesized for the first time. And an S-doped g-C3N4/ZnIn2S4 (S-CN/ZIS) heterojunction catalyst is in situ synthesized based on S-CN. S0.5-CN/ZIS exhibits excellent photocatalytic hydrogen evolution (PHE) efficiency (19.25 mmol g-1 h-1), which is 2.7 times higher than that of the g-C3N4/ZnIn2S4 (CN/ZIS) catalyst (8.46 mmol g-1 h-1), with a high surface quantum efficiency (AQE) of 34.43% at 420 nm. Experiments and theoretical calculations demonstrate that the excellent photocatalytic performance is attributed to the larger specific surface area and porosity, enhanced interfacial electric field (IEF) effect, and appropriate hydrogen adsorption Gibbs free energy (ΔGH*). The synergistic effect of S doping and S-scheme heterojunction contributes to the above advancement. This study provides new insights and theoretical basis for the design of CN-based photocatalysts.