ent-Clavilactone J and Its Quinone Derivative, Meroterpenoids from the Fungus Resupinatus sp.

Metabolites 1 and 2, isolated from cultures of the basidiomycete Resupinatus sp. BCC84615, collected in a tropical forest in northeastern Thailand, showed weak antibiotic activity against Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus aureus and cytotoxicity against cancer cell lines. Their planar structures were elucidated by high-resolution electrospray ionization mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy as clavilactone J, known from the basidiomycete Ampulloclitocybe clavipes, and its new 1,4-benzoquinone derivative. A detailed analysis of the ROESY correlations in 1 confirmed the recent revision of the relative configuration of clavilactone J. However, specific rotation and Cotton effects observed by electronic circular dichroism were contrary to those of the clavilactones; thus, we assigned a rare antipodal absolute configuration.

Ten decadal advances in fungal biology leading towards human well-being.

Fungi are an understudied resource possessing huge potential for developing products that can greatly improve human well-being. In the current paper, we highlight some important discoveries and developments in applied mycology and interdisciplinary Life Science research. These examples concern recently introduced drugs for the treatment of infections and neurological diseases; application of -OMICS techniques and genetic tools in medical mycology and the regulation of mycotoxin production; as well as some highlights of mushroom cultivaton in Asia. Examples for new diagnostic tools in medical mycology and the exploitation of new candidates for therapeutic drugs, are also given. In addition, two entries illustrating the latest developments in the use of fungi for biodegradation and fungal biomaterial production are provided. Some other areas where there have been and/or will be significant developments are also included. It is our hope that this paper will help realise the importance of fungi as a potential industrial resource and see the next two decades bring forward many new fungal and fungus-derived products.

PARP3 is a sensor of nicked nucleosomes and monoribosylates histone H2B(Glu2).

PARP3 is a member of the ADP-ribosyl transferase superfamily that we show accelerates the repair of chromosomal DNA single-strand breaks in avian DT40 cells. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance experiments reveal that PARP3 employs a conserved DNA-binding interface to detect and stably bind DNA breaks and to accumulate at sites of chromosome damage. PARP3 preferentially binds to and is activated by mononucleosomes containing nicked DNA and which target PARP3 trans-ribosylation activity to a single-histone substrate. Although nicks in naked DNA stimulate PARP3 autoribosylation, nicks in mononucleosomes promote the trans-ribosylation of histone H2B specifically at Glu2. These data identify PARP3 as a molecular sensor of nicked nucleosomes and demonstrate, for the first time, the ribosylation of chromatin at a site-specific DNA single-strand break.