Understanding the Electron Beam Resilience of Two-Dimensional Conjugated Metal-Organic Frameworks.

Knowledge of the atomic structure of layer-stacked two-dimensional conjugated metal-organic frameworks (2D c-MOFs) is an essential prerequisite for establishing their structure-property correlation. For this, atomic resolution imaging is often the method of choice. In this paper, we gain a better understanding of the main properties contributing to the electron beam resilience and the achievable resolution in the high-resolution TEM images of 2D c-MOFs, which include chemical composition, density, and conductivity of the c-MOF structures. As a result, sub-angstrom resolution of 0.95 Å has been achieved for the most stable 2D c-MOF of the considered structures, Cu3(BHT) (BHT = benzenehexathiol), at an accelerating voltage of 80 kV in a spherical and chromatic aberration-corrected TEM. Complex damage mechanisms induced in Cu3(BHT) by the elastic interactions with the e-beam have been explained using detailed ab initio molecular dynamics calculations. Experimental and calculated knock-on damage thresholds are in good agreement.

Ultralow-Overpotential Acidic Oxygen Evolution Reaction Over Bismuth Telluride-Carbon Nanotube Heterostructure with Organic Framework.

The state-of-the-art iridium and ruthenium oxides-based materials are best known for high efficiency and stability in acidic oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, the development of economically feasible catalysts for water-splitting technologies is challenging by the requirements of low overpotential, high stability, and resistance of catalysts to dissolution during the acidic oxygen evolution reaction . Herein, an organometallic core-shell heterostructure composed of a carbon nanotube core (CNT) and bismuth telluride (Bi2Te3) shell (denoted as nC-Bi2Te3) is designed and use it as a catalyst for the acidic OER. The proposed catalyst achieves an ultralow overpotential of 160 mV at 10 mA cm-2 (geometrical), thereby outperforming most of the state-of-the-art precious-metal-based catalysts. The low Tafel slope of 30 mV dec-1 and charge transfer resistance (RCT) of 1.5 Ω demonstrate its excellent electrocatalytic activity. The morphological and chemical compositions of nC-Bi2Te3 enable the generation of ─OH functional group in the Bi─Te sections formed via a ligand support, which enhances the absorption capacity of H+ ions and increases the intrinsic catalytic activity. The presented insights regarding the material composition-structure relationship can help expand the application scope of high-performance catalysts.

Discovery of TCP-(MP)-caffeic acid analogs as a new class of agents for treatment of osteoclastic bone loss.

Inhibition of LSD1 was proposed as promising and attractive therapies for treating osteoporosis. Here, we synthesized a series of novel TCP-(MP)-Caffeic acid analogs as potential LSD1 inhibitors to assess their inhibitory effects on osteoclastogenesis by using TRAP-staining assay and try to explore the preliminary SAR. Among them, TCP-MP-CA (11a) demonstrated osteoclastic bone loss both in vitro and in vivo, showing a significant improvement in the in vivo effects compared to the LSD1 inhibitor GSK-LSD1. Additionally, we elucidated a mechanism that 11a and its precursor that 11e directly bind to LSD1/CoREST complex through FAD to inhibit LSD1 demethylation activity and influence its downstream IκB/NF-κB signaling pathway, and thus regulate osteoclastic bone loss. These findings suggested 11a or 11e as potential novel candidates for treating osteoclastic bone loss, and a concept for further development of TCP-(MP)-Caffeic acid analogs for therapeutic use in osteoporosis clinics.

Enhancement of Exfoliating Effects through the Novel Cosmetic Ingredient Mandelic acid_Carnitine Ion-Pairing Complex.

PURPOSE: This study aimed to develop a novel exfoliating material with high efficacy and low irritation by synthesizing the Mandelic acid_Carnitine ion pairing complex (M_C complex) and evaluating its exfoliating properties. Additionally, the study assessed the skin improvement effects of the M_C complex through clinical evaluations. METHODS: The M_C complex was synthesized in a 1:1 molar ratio of Mandelic acid and Carnitine. Structural characterization was performed using dynamic light scattering and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy. Exfoliating efficacy was evaluated on porcine skin, and clinical assessments were conducted on human subjects to measure various skin improvement parameters. RESULTS: The formation of the M_C complex was confirmed through particle size analysis, zeta-potential measurements, and FT-IR spectroscopy. The M_C complex demonstrated superior exfoliating efficacy compared to Mandelic acid alone, especially at pH 4.5. Clinical evaluations showed significant improvements in blackheads, whiteheads, pore volume, depth, density, count, and affected area, as well as skin texture. No adverse reactions were observed. CONCLUSION: The M_C complex exhibits high exfoliating efficacy and minimal irritation, making it a promising cosmetic ingredient for improving skin health. These findings support its potential as a low-irritation exfoliating material under mildly acidic conditions, contributing to overall skin health enhancement.

Predicting Receiver Characteristics without Sensors in an LC-LC Tuned Wireless Power Transfer System Using Machine Learning.

Improvement of wireless power transfer (WPT) systems is necessary to tackle issues of power transfer efficiency, high costs due to sensor and communication requirements between the transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx), and maintenance problems. Analytical techniques and hardware-based synchronization research for Rx-sensorless WPT may not always have been available or accurate. To address these limitations, researchers have recently employed machine learning (ML) to improve efficiency and accuracy. The objective of this work was to replace Tx-Rx communication with ML, utilizing Tx-side parameters to predict the load and coupling coefficients on an LC-LC tuned WPT system. Based on current and voltage features collected on the Tx-side for various load and coupling coefficient values, we developed two models for each load and coupling prediction. This study demonstrated that the extra trees regressor effectively predicted the characteristics of LC-LC tuned WPT systems, with coefficients of determination of 0.967 and 0.996 for load and coupling, respectively. Additionally, the mean absolute percentage errors were 0.11% and 0.017%.

Advancing Cardiovascular Drug Screening Using Human Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes.

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hPSC-CMs) have emerged as a promising tool for studying cardiac physiology and drug responses. However, their use is largely limited by an immature phenotype and lack of high-throughput analytical methodology. In this study, we developed a high-throughput testing platform utilizing hPSC-CMs to assess the cardiotoxicity and effectiveness of drugs. Following an optimized differentiation and maturation protocol, hPSC-CMs exhibited mature CM morphology, phenotype, and functionality, making them suitable for drug testing applications. We monitored intracellular calcium dynamics using calcium imaging techniques to measure spontaneous calcium oscillations in hPSC-CMs in the presence or absence of test compounds. For the cardiotoxicity test, hPSC-CMs were treated with various compounds, and calcium flux was measured to evaluate their effects on calcium dynamics. We found that cardiotoxic drugs withdrawn due to adverse drug reactions, including encainide, mibefradil, and cetirizine, exhibited toxicity in hPSC-CMs but not in HEK293-hERG cells. Additionally, in the effectiveness test, hPSC-CMs were exposed to ATX-II, a sodium current inducer for mimicking long QT syndrome type 3, followed by exposure to test compounds. The observed changes in calcium dynamics following drug exposure demonstrated the utility of hPSC-CMs as a versatile model system for assessing both cardiotoxicity and drug efficacy. Overall, our findings highlight the potential of hPSC-CMs in advancing drug discovery and development, which offer a physiologically relevant platform for the preclinical screening of novel therapeutics.

Enhancement of Optical and Chemical Resistance Properties with a Novel Yellow Quinophthalone Derivative for Image Sensor Colorants.

A novel quinophthalone derivative, 4,5,6,7-tetrachloro-2-(2-(3-hydroxy-1-oxo-1H-cyclopenta[b]naphthalen-2-yl)quinolin-4-yl)isoindoline-1,3-dione (TCHCQ), was designed and synthesized as a yellow colorant additive for green color filters in image sensors. The characteristics of the new material were evaluated in terms of optical, thermal, and chemical properties under solution and color filter film conditions. TCHCQ exhibited a significantly enhanced molar extinction coefficient in solution, being 1.21 times higher than that of the commercially used yellow colorant Y138. It also demonstrated excellent thermal stability, with a decomposition temperature (Td) exceeding 450 °C. Utilizing the nano-pigmentation process, TCHCQ was used to prepare nano-sized particles with an excellent average size of 35 nm. This enabled the fabrication of a color filter film with outstanding properties. The optical properties of the produced film revealed outstanding yellow colorant transmittance of 0.97% at 435 nm and 91.2% at 530 nm. The color filter film exhibited similar optical and thermal stability to Y138, with an improved chemical stability, as evidenced by a ΔEab value of 0.52. The newly synthesized TCHCQ is considered a promising candidate for use as a yellow colorant additive in image sensor color filters, demonstrating superior optical, thermal, and chemical stability.

Correction of a pathogenic gene mutation in human embryos.

Genome editing has potential for the targeted correction of germline mutations. Here we describe the correction of the heterozygous MYBPC3 mutation in human preimplantation embryos with precise CRISPR-Cas9-based targeting accuracy and high homology-directed repair efficiency by activating an endogenous, germline-specific DNA repair response. Induced double-strand breaks (DSBs) at the mutant paternal allele were predominantly repaired using the homologous wild-type maternal gene instead of a synthetic DNA template. By modulating the cell cycle stage at which the DSB was induced, we were able to avoid mosaicism in cleaving embryos and achieve a high yield of homozygous embryos carrying the wild-type MYBPC3 gene without evidence of off-target mutations. The efficiency, accuracy and safety of the approach presented suggest that it has potential to be used for the correction of heritable mutations in human embryos by complementing preimplantation genetic diagnosis. However, much remains to be considered before clinical applications, including the reproducibility of the technique with other heterozygous mutations.

Anti-acne activity of carnitine salicylate and magnolol through the regulation of exfoliation, lipogenesis, bacterial growth and inflammation.

BACKGROUND: Salicylic acid has been used as an anti-acne agent with its comedolytic property and antimicrobial activity. However, there is a limit to use for leave-on cosmetics because of the transient skin irritation and low efficacy at neutral pH condition. We prepared a salicylic acid-based ionic pair with L -carnitine (we named, IP-BHA) overcoming the limitation of salicylic acid. We examined the effect of IP-BHA as well as the combination effect with magnolol, a bioactive organic lignan, in order to clarify their efficacy as anti-acne agents. METHODS: After verifying the structure of IP-BHA, we confirmed anti-acne activities including the regulation of exfoliation, lipogenesis, bacterial growth, and inflammation with IP-BHA and/or magnolol. RESULTS: The antibacterial activity of IP-BHA and magnolol was evaluated by determining the minimum antibacterial inhibitory concentration. Magnolol showed strong activity against Cutibacterium acnes, which was better than a medical antibiotic acne drug, clindamycin. The combined application with IP-BHA was more effective in antibacterial activity by 2.5 times. It was confirmed that testosterone-induced lipogenesis was significantly inhibited by treatment with IP-BHA and magnolol, while single treatment had no significant inhibitory effect. Interestingly, MMP-1 and VEGF were induced by C. acnes lysate in human keratinocytes. We found that these inflammatory molecules were completely inhibited by combined application of IP-BHA and magnolol. Through ex vivo test, the dose-dependent exfoliation effect of IP-BHA was confirmed at pH 5.5, and the synergic exfoliation effect was shown in the combined application of IP-BHA and magnolol. When topically applied, the emulsion containing IP-BHA and magnolol relieved the sodium dodecyl sulfate-induced erythema and improved inflamed acne with papule and pustule. CONCLUSION: Our data demonstrate that the ionic paired salicylic acid with L -carnitine can overcome the limitations of salicylic acid at low concentration and natural skin pH. Based on the dual administration effects, we suggest that IP-BHA and magnolol may be the potential agent for acne by improving inflammatory skin condition.

USP39 promotes non-homologous end-joining repair by poly(ADP-ribose)-induced liquid demixing.

Mutual crosstalk among poly(ADP-ribose) (PAR), activated PAR polymerase 1 (PARP1) metabolites, and DNA repair machinery has emerged as a key regulatory mechanism of the DNA damage response (DDR). However, there is no conclusive evidence of how PAR precisely controls DDR. Herein, six deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) associated with PAR-coupled DDR were identified, and the role of USP39, an inactive DUB involved in spliceosome assembly, was characterized. USP39 rapidly localizes to DNA lesions in a PAR-dependent manner, where it regulates non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ) via a tripartite RG motif located in the N-terminus comprising 46 amino acids (N46). Furthermore, USP39 acts as a molecular trigger for liquid demixing in a PAR-coupled N46-dependent manner, thereby directly interacting with the XRCC4/LIG4 complex during NHEJ. In parallel, the USP39-associated spliceosome complex controls homologous recombination repair in a PAR-independent manner. These findings provide mechanistic insights into how PAR chains precisely control DNA repair processes in the DDR.

Resonant-Based Wireless Power Transfer System Using Electric Coupling for Transparent Wearable Devices and Null Power Points.

This study provides information on the transfer efficiency of four-plate-structured copper plate and metal mesh sheet couplers, the cause of null-power point. The couplers are compared based on the equivalent circuit model analysis, experimental results of fabricated couplers, and simulation results of the High-Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS) tool. It was confirmed that the metal mesh material exhibits the same performance as the existing copper plate and can be fully used as a coupler material for the electrical resonance wireless power transfer system. In addition, the null-power point phenomenon is only determined by the main coupling and cross coupling between the transmitter and receiver, which are most dominantly affected by the coupler structure.

Performance of a Double RIS Communication System Aided by Partially Active Elements.

Reconfigurable intelligent surface (RIS) has emerged as a promising technology to enhance the spectral efficiency of wireless communication systems. However, if there are many obstacles between the RIS and users, a single RIS may not provide sufficient performance. For this reason, a double RIS-aided communication system is proposed in this paper. However, this system also has a problem: the signal is attenuated three times due to the three channels created by the double RIS. To overcome these attenuations, an active RIS is proposed in this paper. An active RIS is almost the same as a conventional RIS, except for the included amplifier. Comprehensively, the proposed system overcomes various obstacles and attenuations. In this paper, an active RIS is applied to the second RIS. To reduce the power consumption of active elements, a partially active RIS is applied. To optimize the RIS elements, the sum of the covariance matrix is found by using channels related to each RIS, and the right singular vector is exploited using singular value decomposition for the sum of the covariance matrix. Then, the singular value of the sum of the covariance value is checked to determine which element is the active element. Simulation results show that the proposed system has better sum rate performance compared to a single RIS system. Although it has a lower sum rate performance compared to a double RIS with fully active elements, the proposed system will be more attractive in the future because it has much better energy efficiency.

Crucial Role of Lysine-Specific Histone Demethylase 1 in RANKL-Mediated Osteoclast Differentiation.

Epigenetic regulators are involved in osteoclast differentiation. This study proposes that the inhibitors of epigenetic regulators could be effective in the treatment of osteoporosis. This study identified GSK2879552, a lysine-specific histone demethylase 1 (LSD1) inhibitor, as a candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis from epigenetic modulator inhibitors. We investigate the function of LSD1 during RANKL-induced osteoclast formation. LSD1 small-molecule inhibitors effectively inhibit the RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation in a dose-dependent manner. LSD1 gene knockout in macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 also inhibits RANKL-mediated osteoclastogenesis. LSD1-inhibitor-treated primary macrophage cells and LSD1 gene knockout Raw 264.7 cells failed to show actin ring formation. LSD1 inhibitors prevent the expression of RANKL-induced osteoclast-specific genes. They also downregulated the protein expression of osteoclast-related markers in osteoclastogeneses, such as Cathepsin K, c-Src, and NFATc1. Although LSD1 inhibitors were shown to reduce the in vitro demethylation activity of LSD1, they did not modulate the methylation of Histone 3 K4 and K9 during osteoclastogenesis. The ovariectomy (OVX)-induced osteoporosis model revealed that GSK2879552 slightly restores OVX-induced cortical bone loss. LSD1 can be employed as a positive regulator to promote osteoclast formation. Hence, inhibition of LSD1 activities is a potential target for preventing bone diseases characterized by excessive osteoclast activities.

(S)-2-(Cyclobutylamino)-N-(3-(3,4-dihydroisoquinolin-2(1H)-yl)-2-hydroxypropyl)isonicotinamide Attenuates RANKL-Induced Osteoclast Differentiation by Inhibiting NF-κB Nuclear Translocation.

Osteoporosis is a common skeletal disease; however, effective pharmacological treatments still need to be discovered. This study aimed to identify new drug candidates for the treatment of osteoporosis. Here, we investigated the effect of EPZ compounds, protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) inhibitors, on RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation via molecular mechanisms by in vitro experiments. EPZ015866 attenuated RANKL-induced osteoclast differentiation, and its inhibitory effect was more significant than EPZ015666. EPZ015866 suppressed the F-actin ring formation and bone resorption during osteoclastogenesis. In addition, EPZ015866 significantly decreased the protein expression of Cathepsin K, NFATc1, and PU.1 compared with the EPZ015666 group. Both EPZ compounds inhibited the nuclear translocation of NF-κB by inhibiting the dimethylation of the p65 subunit, which eventually prevented osteoclast differentiation and bone resorption. Hence, EPZ015866 may be a potential drug candidate for the treatment of osteoporosis.

Cross-Referencing Self-Training Network for Sound Event Detection in Audio Mixtures.

Sound event detection is an important facet of audio tagging that aims to identify sounds of interest and define both the sound category and time boundaries for each sound event in a continuous recording. With advances in deep neural networks, there has been tremendous improvement in the performance of sound event detection systems, although at the expense of costly data collection and labeling efforts. In fact, current state-of-the-art methods employ supervised training methods that leverage large amounts of data samples and corresponding labels in order to facilitate identification of sound category and time stamps of events. As an alternative, the current study proposes a semi-supervised method for generating pseudo-labels from unsupervised data using a student-teacher scheme that balances self-training and cross-training. Additionally, this paper explores post-processing which extracts sound intervals from network prediction, for further improvement in sound event detection performance. The proposed approach is evaluated on sound event detection task for the DCASE2020 challenge. The results of these methods on both "validation" and "public evaluation" sets of DESED database show significant improvement compared to the state-of-the art systems in semi-supervised learning.

A High-Efficiency Deep Blue Emitter for OLEDs with a New Dual-Core Structure Incorporating ETL Characteristics.

In this study, we introduced the weak electron-accepting oxazole derivative 4,5-diphenyl-2-(4-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolan-2-yl)phenyl)oxazole (TPO) into both anthracene and pyrene moieties of a dual core structure. Ultimately, we developed 2-(4-(6-(anthracen-9-yl)pyren-1-yl)phenyl)-4,5-diphenyloxazole (AP-TPO) as the substitution on the second core, pyrene, and 4,5-diphenyl-2-(4-(10-(pyren-1-yl)anthracen-9-yl)phenyl)oxazole (TPO-AP) as the substitution on the first core, anthracene. Both materials exhibited maximum photoluminescence wavelengths at 433 and 443 nm in solution and emitted deep blue light with high photoluminescence quantum yields of 82% and 88%, respectively. When used as the emitting layer in non-doped devices, TPO-AP outperformed AP-TPO, achieving a current efficiency of 5.49 cd/A and an external quantum efficiency of 4.26% in electroluminescence. These materials introduce a new category of deep blue emitters in the organic light-emitting diodes field, combining characteristics related to the electron transport layer.

Visual illusion susceptibility in autism: A neural model.

While atypical sensory perception is reported among individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), the underlying neural mechanisms of autism that give rise to disruptions in sensory perception remain unclear. We developed a neural model with key physiological, functional and neuroanatomical parameters to investigate mechanisms underlying the range of representations of visual illusions related to orientation perception in typically developed subjects compared to individuals with ASD. Our results showed that two theorized autistic traits, excitation/inhibition imbalance and weakening of top-down modulation, could be potential candidates for reduced susceptibility to some visual illusions. Parametric correlation between cortical suppression, balance of excitation/inhibition, feedback from higher visual areas on one hand and susceptibility to a class of visual illusions related to orientation perception on the other hand provide the opportunity to investigate the contribution and complex interactions of distinct sensory processing mechanisms in ASD. The novel approach used in this study can be used to link behavioural, functional and neuropathological studies; estimate and predict perceptual and cognitive heterogeneity in ASD; and form a basis for the development of novel diagnostics and therapeutics.

Parkin interacting substrate phosphorylation by c-Abl drives dopaminergic neurodegeneration.

Aberrant activation of the non-receptor kinase c-Abl is implicated in the development of pathogenic hallmarks of Parkinson's disease, such as α-synuclein aggregation and progressive neuronal loss. c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation and inhibition of parkin ligase function lead to accumulation of parkin interacting substrate (PARIS) that mediates α-synuclein pathology-initiated dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Here we show that, in addition to PARIS accumulation, c-Abl phosphorylation of PARIS is required for PARIS-induced cytotoxicity. c-Abl-mediated phosphorylation of PARIS at Y137 (within the Krüppel-associated box domain) drives its association with KAP1 and the repression of genes with diverse functions in pathways such as chromatin remodelling and p53-dependent cell death. One phosphorylation-dependent PARIS target, MDM4 (a p53 inhibitor that associates with MDM2; also known as MDMX), is transcriptionally repressed in a histone deacetylase-dependent manner via PARIS binding to insulin response sequence motifs within the MDM4 promoter. Virally induced PARIS transgenic mice develop c-Abl activity-dependent Parkinson's disease features such as motor deficits, dopaminergic neuron loss and neuroinflammation. PARIS expression in the midbrain resulted in c-Abl activation, PARIS phosphorylation, MDM4 repression and p53 activation, all of which are blocked by the c-Abl inhibitor nilotinib. Importantly, we also observed aberrant c-Abl activation and PARIS phosphorylation along with PARIS accumulation in the midbrain of adult parkin knockout mice, implicating c-Abl in recessive Parkinson's disease. Inhibition of c-Abl or PARIS phosphorylation by nilotinib or Y137F-PARIS expression in adult parkin knockout mice blocked MDM4 repression and p53 activation, preventing motor deficits and dopaminergic neurodegeneration. Finally, we found correlative increases in PARIS phosphorylation, MDM4 repression and p53 activation in post-mortem Parkinson's disease brains, pointing to clinical relevance of the c-Abl-PARIS-MDM4-p53 pathway. Taken together, our results describe a novel mechanism of epigenetic regulation of dopaminergic degeneration downstream of pathological c-Abl activation in Parkinson's disease. Since c-Abl activation has been shown in sporadic Parkinson's disease, PARIS phosphorylation might serve as both a useful biomarker and a potential therapeutic target to regulate neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease.

Improving and evaluating the adhesion and stability of make-up by enhancing the affinity between skin/make-up layer.

PURPOSE: Make-up clumps, bumps and collapses are the three factors that determine how well make-up has been performed. The purpose of this study is to reduce the three factors mentioned above by using amphiphilic substances to increase the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer. In addition, it aims to evaluate the improvement of the make-up layer by developing an objective make-up layer evaluation method. METHODS: Experiments were performed in an attempt to increase the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer by minimizing the difference in surface energy between the two. Multiple types of artificial skin (leather and bio-skin) were used and treated to form the liquid foundation layer. Qualitative evaluation of the make-up layer was conducted by analyzing the surface, cross-section, and fracture area of the make-up layer, using the evaluation method proposed in this study. RESULTS: After applying this method and taking measurements by 3D surface analysis, the surface roughness of the make-up layer reduced by 46%, and the maximum thickness of the make-up layer reduced by about 50% in comparison with the control group (method not applied). In the case of the make-up layer to which this method was applied, two-dimensional cross-sectional Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image analysis confirmed that agglomeration was reduced, and the thickness of the make-up layer was also reduced by an average of 54%. According to this result, the technique of increasing the affinity between the skin and the make-up layer reduces the level of aggregation of make-up and encourages the formation of a uniform and thin make-up layer. Also, the fracture area after motion simulation was reduced by 33%. These results indicate that the method of increasing the affinity between skin/make-up membranes positively affects the formation of a uniform make-up layer. CONCLUSION: Increasing the affinity by reducing the surface energy between the skin and the make-up layer plays an important role in forming a thin and uniform make-up layer by improving the problems of lifting, agglomeration, and collapse of the make-up. In addition, it has been confirmed that through this method, the quality of consumer experience related to make-up satisfaction can be improved. The results show that objective analyses of make-up help the understanding of the quality of consumer experience on make-up.

Assessment of the Electromagnetic Radiation Exposure at EV Charging Facilities.

As the number of electric vehicles (EV) increases, the number of EV chargers also increases. Charging infrastructure will be built into our close environment. Because of this, the assessment of the electromagnetic field exposure generated from the charger is an important issue. This paper valuates the electromagnetic field exposure of six EV chargers. To assess the level of exposure of EV chargers, the electromagnetic fields from six chargers were measured and analyzed. In addition, measured electromagnetic field exposure levels were evaluated against ICNIRP guidelines. Higher electromagnetic fields were measured with standard chargers than with fast chargers. For the fast charger in the charging state, the magnetic field increased with the charging current. Electromagnetic field exposures for all six chargers did not exceed standard limits. The results of the assessment of the electromagnetic field exposure of the six EV chargers will contribute to the establishment of standards for the evaluation of the electromagnetic field exposure of the EV chargers in the future.