Elementary school-aged children's perceptions of academic dishonesty: Definitions and moral evaluations of cheating behaviors in school.

A total of 76 children (Mage = 9 years 5 months, SD = 2.22 years) participated in a structured interview about their experiences with and knowledge of academic dishonesty. Overall, 27% of the sample reported having cheated in school. Most of these children were 10 to 13 years old, and the most prevalent form of cheating behavior reported was using forbidden materials during a test. Children's age group was a significant positive predictor of their reported cheating history; however, no significant difference was found between children's gender and engagement with cheating. Children's moral evaluations of cheating did not predict their reported cheating history, nor did children's parents' cheating history. Vignette type (cheating vs. non-cheating), age group, and the interaction between vignette type and age group were significant predictors of children's ability to accurately identify behaviors that constitute cheating. Children rated cheating behaviors as significantly less moral than non-cheating behaviors. Overall, the current results provide insight into what forms of cheating behavior children engage in at the elementary school-age level.

COVID-19 in India: Making a case for the one health surveillance system.

Pandemics like COVID-19 warrant an urgent implementation of the one health surveillance (OHS) system to the focus on multisectoral, multidisciplinary, multi-institutional, and multispecialty coordination, in all aspects of the response to outbreaks that might involve humans, animals, and their environment. The Indian system so far has evolved in conducting surveillance and monitoring of parameters within the domain of human health, animal health, and the environment, but in silos. This commentary piece provides an opinion to boost the existing surveillance activities for early detection and ways to develop an integrated OHS to prevent future COVID-19 like pandemics in India. It also attempts to provide possible solutions at the interface of human-animal-environment, from the simpler to the complex system integration with the principles of one health.

An examination of questioning methods and the influence of child maltreatment on paediatric pain assessments: Perspectives of healthcare providers.

AIMS AND OBJECTIVES: Children with a history of maltreatment have underestimated and undertreated pain; however, it is unknown if healthcare providers consider maltreatment when assessing children's pain. The current study aimed to address this issue by investigating healthcare providers' pain assessment practices, and specifically, their consideration of child maltreatment. METHOD: Healthcare providers (N = 100) completed a survey, asking them to reflect upon their pediatric pain assessment practices (e.g., methods and questions used to assess pain) through self-report and case vignette questions. RESULTS: Participants who received continuing education about child maltreatment were more likely to consider maltreatment in several areas of their pediatric pain assessment practice, whereas participants who received continuing education about pediatric pain, were not. Participants were also more likely to report that they would consider maltreatment in vignette responses than in questions regarding their daily practice. CONCLUSION: Findings indicate healthcare providers use multidimensional methods when assessing children's pain, although it is unclear when or how they use open-ended vs. option posing questions. Healthcare providers also tended to consider the effects of child maltreatment on children's ability to communicate their pain more so when the history of maltreatment was known to them.

Dissecting WASH Assessment Tools and Recommending a Comprehensive Tool for Indian Healthcare Facilities.

Providing adequate Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) in Health Care Facilities (HCFs) has many benefits, including achieving Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) and Universal Health Coverage (UHC). However, there is a significant shortage of statistics on the status of WASH in Healthcare Facilities (WinHCF), resulting in roadblocks in developing improvement strategies. Further, there is a lack of detailed comparison of WASH components covered in available tools against the standards. The present study aims to dissect the national and international tools for WASH assessment in HCFs to suggest comprehensive WASH indicators. The databases like PubMed, Scopus, ScopeMed, Cochrane and Google Scholar were used to extract the available tools. The assessment process, methodology, and components of national and various international tools were compared and synthesized. A total of seven tools, namely WASH FIT 2, Facet, SARA, SPA, TOOL BOX-II, CDC and Kayakalp, were compared on eight components: water, sanitation, hand hygiene, healthcare waste, environmental cleaning and hygiene, infrastructure, workforce management, policy and protocols. Although most tools have covered the same indicators, the methodology and definitions differ. Few of the tools fail to capture the basic indicators defined by Joint Monitoring Programme (JMP). The critical indicators of policy and protocols are only covered in WASH FIT 2, Kayakalp, and TOOL BOX-II. Likewise, most tools fail to capture the indicator of cleaning, IPC practices and climate resilience. The present review also highlighted the limitations of selected tools regarding definitions, methodology and implementation. Hence, based on the review findings, a comprehensive short tool has been developed to monitor WASH in HCF of India. It comprises all the essential fundamental indicators identified from various tools, and recommended by the JMP service ladder with proper definitions. This tool can be helpful for hospital staff and managers for the routine monitoring of WASH in HCFs and improve the quality of care and IPC practices in HCFs.

Temporomandibular disorders-review of evidence-based management and a proposed multidisciplinary care pathway.

Temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) are a prevalent but complex group of conditions that cause orofacial pain. Temporomandibular disorders are recognized as one of the most common chronic pain conditions, alongside back pain and headache disorders. Given the competing theories surrounding what causes TMDs and limited high-equality evidence on optimally treating TMDs, clinicians often encounter challenges in developing an effective management plan for patients. Furthermore, patients will often seek advice from multiple health care providers from varying specialties, seeking curative management, often resulting in inappropriate treatments and no improvement in pain symptoms. Throughout this review, we explore the existing evidence base surrounding the pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of TMDs. An existing United Kingdom-based multidisciplinary care pathway for the management of TMDs is described herein, highlighting the benefits of a multidisciplinary approach to patient care for TMDs.

SMOOTH protocol: A pilot randomised prospective intra-patient single-blinded observational study for examining the mechanistic basis of ablative fractional carbon dioxide laser therapy in treating hypertrophic scarring.

BACKGROUND: Burn injuries are the fourth most common type of trauma and are associated with substantial morbidity and mortality. The impact of burn injury is clinically significant as burn injuries often give rise to exuberant scarring. Hypertrophic scarring (HTS) is a particular concern as up to 70% of burns patients develop HTS. Laser therapy is used for treating HTS and has shown positive clinical outcomes, although the mechanisms remain unclear limiting approaches to improve its effectiveness. Emerging evidence has shown that fibroblasts and senescent cells are important modifiers of scarring. This study aims to investigate the cellular kinetics in HTS after laser therapy, with a focus on the association of scar reduction with the presence of senescent cells. METHODS: We will conduct a multicentre, intra-patient, single-blinded, randomised controlled longitudinal pilot study with parallel assignments to achieve this objective. 60 participants will be recruited to receive 3 interventional ablative fractional CO2 laser treatments over a 12-month period. Each participant will have two scars randomly allocated to receive either laser treatment or standard care. Biopsies will be obtained from laser-treated, scarred-no treatment and non-scarred tissues for immune-histological staining to investigate the longitudinal kinetics of p16INK4A+-senescent cells and fibroblast subpopulations (CD90+/Thy1+ and αSMA+). Combined subjective scar assessments including Modified Vancouver Scar Scale, Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale and Brisbane Burn Scar Impact Profile; and objective assessment tools including 3D-Vectra-H1 photography, DermaScan® Cortex, Cutometer® and ColoriMeter®DSMIII will be used to evaluate clinical outcomes. These will then be used to investigate the association between senescent cells and scar reduction after laser therapy. This study will also collect blood samples to explore the systemic biomarkers associated with the response to laser therapy. DISCUSSION: This study will provide an improved understanding of mechanisms potentially mediating scar reduction with laser treatment, which will enable better designs of laser treatment regimens for those living with HTS. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT04736251.

A nanofiber membrane maintains the quiescent phenotype of hepatic stellate cells.

BACKGROUND: Hepatic stellate cells (HSC) play a major role in the progression of liver fibrosis. AIM: The aim of our study was to investigate whether rat HSC cultured on a nanofiber membrane (NM) retain their quiescent phenotype during both short- and long-term culture and whether activated HSC revert to a quiescent form when re-cultured on NM. METHODS: Rat HSC cultured for 1 day on plastic plates (PP) were used as quiescent HSC, while cells cultured for 1 week on PP were considered to be activated HSC. Quiescent or activated HSC were subsequently plated on PP or NM and cultured for an additional 4 days at which time their gene expression, stress fiber development, and growth factor production were determined. For long-term culture, HSC were grown on NM for 20 days and the cells then replated on PP and cultured for another 10 days. RESULTS: Expression of marker genes for HSC activation, stress fiber development, and growth factor production were significantly lower in both quiescent and activated HSC cultured on NM than in those cultured on PP. After long-term culture on NM, activation marker gene expression and stress fiber development were still significantly lower in HSC than in PP, and HSC still retained the ability to activate when replated onto PP. CONCLUSIONS: HSC cultured on NM retained quiescent characteristics after both short- and long-term culture while activated HSC reverted toward a quiescent state when cultured on NM. Cultures of HSC grown on NM are a useful in vitro model to investigate the mechanisms of activation and deactivation.

Evidence of Antimicrobial Resistance from Maternity Units and Labor Rooms: A Water, Sanitation, and Hygiene (WASH) Study from Gujarat, India.

The main objective of this study was to determine the microbial contamination and antimicrobial resistance pattern among isolated bacteria from the environment surfaces of maternity units and labor rooms of healthcare facilities in the Gujarat state of India. The cross-sectional study was conducted in ten healthcare facilities, where the microbiological swab samples were collected from various pre-decided environmental surfaces of the maternity and labor rooms as part of the Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) assessment. The swabs were analyzed by conventional microbiological culture methods to identify microorganisms, including antimicrobial susceptibility testing. The study provides an insight into the microbial contamination of the visibly clean areas, i.e., the maternity ward, labor room, and general wards of the healthcare facilities. The labor rooms were found to be highly contaminated in comparison to other selected sites. The microbiological findings revealed a predominance of Gram-negative bacteria, specifically Pseudomonas species. The antibiotic susceptibility testing indicates resistance against many commonly used antibiotics. This study produces an identified necessity for enhancing microbiological surveillance in labor rooms and maternity units. This study also highlights the importance of microbiological status along with the WASH status of healthcare facilities.

The journeys of patients with trigeminal neuralgia on a background of multiple sclerosis.

Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is well recognized as a secondary cause for trigeminal neuralgia (TN). In this case series, we detail the management of all the patients with TN and MS (pwTNMS) presenting to a specialist unit. Materials & methods: A prospective patient database was used to extract key clinical data on pharmacological, psychometric and surgical management of 20 pwTNMS. Results: 65% of pwTNMS underwent surgical interventions for management of their pain.12/20 achieved remission periods, through surgery and/or medication. Significant improvement was noted on the global impression of change illustrated by a p < 0.001. Conclusion: pwTNMS require a multifaceted approach combining polypharmacy, surgical interventions and psychological support. Developing self-management skills is crucial if patients are to live well with pain.

Lay abstract Aim: Multiple sclerosis (MS) is understood to be the leading secondary cause for the development of trigeminal neuralgia (TN). Very little is known about how this group of patients are managed, in terms of the medication and surgical treatments used. In this study we follow the journey of all the patients with TN and MS (pwTNMS) presenting to the same multidisciplinary (several specialists) unit, detailing their management and impact on the quality of life. Materials & methods: Data were collected on 20 pwTNMS on what types of medication and surgical treatments were undertaken to try and manage their pain. Results: A total of 65% of pwTNMS underwent one or more surgical treatments for management of their pain. Twelve patients achieved periods of being pain free, through surgery and/or medication. There was significant improvement noted on the global impression of change in pain. Pain catastrophizing scores remained high, suggesting many patients remained fearful and worried regarding their pain. Conclusion: TN in patients with MS can be very challenging to manage, often necessitating a more complex approach to treatment involving a combination of medication, surgery and psychological support, to achieve better management of their pain. Multiple medications are often used in an attempt to reduce adverse drug side effects. Patients, are likely to undergo frequent surgical procedures. A multidisciplinary approach encouraging self-management is crucial if patients are to live well with their pain and improve prognosis.

Multicentre, longitudinal, observational cohort study to examine the relationship between neutrophil function and sepsis in adults and children with severe thermal injuries: a protocol for the Scientific Investigation of the Biological Pathways Following Thermal Injury-2 (SIFTI-2) study.

INTRODUCTION: Burn-induced changes in the phenotype and function of neutrophils, cells which provide front-line protection against rapidly dividing bacterial infections, are emerging as potential biomarkers for the early prediction of sepsis. In a longitudinal study of adult burns patients, we recently demonstrated that a combined measurement of neutrophil phagocytic capacity, immature granulocyte (IG) count and plasma cell-free DNA (cfDNA) levels on the day of injury gave good discriminatory power for the prediction of later sepsis development. However, limited by a small sample size, single-centre design and focus on adult burns patients, these biomarkers require prospective validation in a larger patient cohort. The Scientific Investigation of the Biological Pathways Following Thermal Injury-2 study aims to prospectively validate neutrophil phagocytic activity, IG count and plasma cfDNA levels as early prognostic biomarkers of sepsis in thermally injured adult and paediatric patients. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This multicentre, longitudinal, observational cohort study will enrol 245 paediatric and adult patients with moderate to severe burns within 24 hours of injury. Blood samples will be obtained at 19 postinjury time points (days 1-14, day 28, months 3, 6, 12 and 24) and analysed for neutrophil phagocytic activity, IG count and cfDNA levels. Patients will be screened daily for sepsis using the 2007 American Burn Association diagnostic criteria for sepsis. In addition, daily multiple organ dysfunction syndrome and Sequential Organ Failure Assessment Scores will be recorded relationships between neutrophil phagocytic activity, IG count and plasma cfDNA levels on day 1 of injury and the development of sepsis will be examined using logistic regression models. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study received ethics approval from the West Midlands, Coventry and Warwickshire Research Ethics Committee (REC reference:16/WM/0217). Findings will be presented at national and international conferences, and submitted for publication in peer-reviewed journals. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: NCT04693442.

Visually clean is not necessarily microbiologically safe: Learnings from WASH assessment of maternity units of Gujarat, India.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: Water Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) within the context of Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) is well debated; however, WASH in health care sector is still in nascent phase, especially for maternity units. Although there are studies on WASH in maternity units, least are focused towards the microbiological safety. The objective of present study is to compare the visual assessment with microbiological assessment of selected maternity units of Gujarat (India) and to document microbiological contamination and drug resistance. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was carried out in 10 selected maternity units of Sabarkantha and Gandhinagar district of Gujarat, India, during Feb-March 2018. Two steps of Tool Box Plus were used for documentation: visual and microbiological assessment. Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) patterns amongst positive microorganisms were also documented. RESULTS: Although the majority of the studied maternity units were visually clean, the microbiological findings contraindicated the same. The overall visual score across all facilities was close to 50% indicating good visual cleanliness. Out of 195 samples collected, 18% (35) samples were positive for pathogenic organisms and the majority were identified from mops and labour table. 1/3rd of organisms were resistant to > 5 antibiotics. Pathogenic organism identified includes Acitenobacter, Klebsilla, MR CONS, E coli, Psudomonas Aeruginosa and Pseudomonas species. CONCLUSIONS: Visual assessment alone which is currently used for assessment of hygiene is not a proxy for safety. It should be validated by the microbiological method. Microbiology surveillance should be explored to get valuable insights on the effectiveness of cleaning practices of the maternity units.

One Health in the context of coronavirus outbreaks: A systematic literature review.

The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic threatens global health thereby causing unprecedented social, economic, and political disruptions. One way to prevent such a pandemic is through interventions at the human-animal-environment interface by using an integrated One Health (OH) approach. This systematic literature review documented the three coronavirus outbreaks, i.e. SARS, MERS, COVID-19, to evaluate the evolution of the OH approach, including the identification of key OH actions taken for prevention, response, and control. The OH understandings identified were categorized into three distinct patterns: institutional coordination and collaboration, OH in action/implementation, and extended OH (i.e. a clear involvement of the environmental domain). Across all studies, OH was most often framed as OH in action/implementation and least often in its extended meaning. Utilizing OH as institutional coordination and collaboration and the extended OH both increased over time. OH actions were classified into twelve sub-groups and further categorized as classical OH actions (i.e. at the human-animal interface), classical OH actions with outcomes to the environment, and extended OH actions. The majority of studies focused on human-animal interaction, giving less attention to the natural and built environment. Different understandings of the OH approach in practice and several practical limitations might hinder current efforts to achieve the operationalization of OH by combining institutional coordination and collaboration with specific OH actions. The actions identified here are a valuable starting point for evaluating the stage of OH development in different settings. This study showed that by moving beyond the classical OH approach and its actions towards a more extended understanding, OH can unfold its entire capacity thereby improving preparedness and mitigating the impacts of the next outbreak.

Self-reported selected zoonotic diseases among animal handlers in Urban Ahmedabad, India.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Out of all global microbial pathogens, 61% are zoonoses. Zoonotic diseases (Z/D/S) are responsible for a large burden on the public health, livestock economies, and wildlife of India. Data on burden and knowledge about Z/D/S among animal handlers are limited for urban and peri-urban areas of India. The present study aimed to estimate the prevalence of self-reported selected Z/D/S and knowledge about those diseases among animal handlers in the urban area of Ahmedabad city, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted among 170 animal handlers from three zones of Ahmedabad city, India, from February to May 2017. Data were collected on sociodemographic, different exposure, knowledge, practices about animal handling, and self-reported Z/D/S condition. RESULTS: Majority of study participants were females. Participants had numbers of animals, and it ranged from 1 to 70. However, the majority of them were cattle. Average experience and hours/day spent for handling animal were reported 22±15 years and 5±2 h, respectively. From all participants, about one-third perceived that handling animal could be a cause of disease. Average knowledge on the mode of transmission of Z/D/S was found 4.1%. Most common high risk and preventive practices found consumption of raw milk (72%) and handwashing (83%). The proportion of self-reported Z/D/S in the past 5 years was found to be 23% among respondents and 17% among family members. However, the proportion of existing self-reported Z/D/S or symptomatic Z/D/S was 17% among respondents and 18% among family members. Most common self-reported Z/D/S were vector-borne, animal bite, and respiratory disorders. CONCLUSION: The knowledge and prevalence of Z/D/S were found low as compared to other studies from India. Further awareness and screening of animal handlers can be useful to increase the reporting and prevention and control of Z/D/S among them.

Assessment of water, sanitation and hygiene in HCFs: which tool to follow?

Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) is important to improve and maintain the quality of health care services. Improving and managing WASH services require strong and consistent monitoring mechanisms to measure progress and direct efforts where needs are greatest. Although several tools are available to assess WASH in health care facilities (HCFs), there is always a dilemma among the program managers to select an appropriate tool for the assessment of WASH. Thus, it was aimed to perform a descriptive review of all available WASH assessment tools and assist in reaching a consensus for an optimal tool to assess WASH in HCFs. For this descriptive review, PubMed, ScopeMed and Google Scholar were used to search all available tools for the assessment of WASH. All the tools available online since 1991 till July 2018 were included in the review. Globally, nine different WASH assessment tools were retrieved. The majority of them have their self-limitations on the basis of 11 selected indicators and were examined in all the retrieved tools. There are variability and overlapping components within the specific tools. Very few survey instruments including human resource (HR), supply, budget, patient/staff satisfaction and documentation for appropriateness of WASH were found to be neglected. The majority of instruments were based on the subjective assessment of WASH validating with microbiological surveillance and photo documentation. The descriptive review suggests that various tools are available for the assessment of WASH but none of them seem to be complete with all indicators and to have consensus for the elements. Therefore, there is a need to develop a robust and comprehensive tool for the assessment of WASH in HCFs.

Use of Integra dermal substitute to prevent implantable device extrusion in an Olympic athlete.

We present a challenging case of imminent metallic implant extrusion in a Paralympic athlete managed with a single-stage procedure using 'Integra' dermal substitute. The patient had hereditary spastic paraparesis, for which a baclofen pump delivering intrathecal medication was vital in the management of his condition. The device had been most recently implanted into the thigh after previous complications. Integra provided robust soft-tissue coverage over the implanted baclofen pump in the thigh. Different operative management strategies were considered but the use of Integra was felt to offer the least morbidity and a quick recovery. The patient was able to successfully compete in a Paralympic canoeing qualifying event the week following surgery and achieve medal success. To the authors' knowledge, this is first case in which Integra has been used in such circumstances.

Improving Adolescent Health: Learnings from an Interventional Study in Gujarat, India.

BACKGROUND: There are multiple risk factors during adolescence, which become precursors of various diseases and injuries inflicting high morbidity, mortality, and disability. There are several gaps in adolescent health research in India; one among them is that programs targeting adolescent health are constrained by the absence of rigorous interventional research informing interventions for improving adolescent health. This study aims to document the effectiveness of intervention on adolescent health and knowledge change on the risk factors among adolescents in one of the selected districts in Gujarat, India. METHODS: This was an interventional study with quasi-experimental design executed in one of the blocks of Gujarat. Baseline was conducted in 2013-2014 followed by intervention and the end line during 2016-2017. A structured validated questionnaire after pilot testing was executed to collect information on sociodemographic profile, nutrition status, menstrual hygiene practices, reproductive and sexual health, substance abuse, program awareness and utilization, and empowerment through life skills of adolescents in baseline and end line survey. Data analysis was carried out using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 20.0. (Armonk, NY: IBM Corp). RESULTS: This study documented increased awareness regarding anemia, knowledge about STD and HIV/AIDS, reduced addiction to tobacco, improved practices during menstrual hygiene and engagement with adolescent services/schemes in the intervention site. CONCLUSION: This study concludes that evidence-based interventions lead to increase in knowledge and practices; however, some improvements have also been documented in the nonintervention site. Therefore, changes due to interventions could not be attributed completely for improving adolescent health. Further long term interventional studies are required to develop a robust evidence on improving health of adolescents in India.

Chatting in the face of the eyewitness: The impact of extraneous cell-phone conversation on memory for a perpetrator.

Cell-phone conversation is ubiquitous within public spaces. The current study investigates whether ignored cell-phone conversation impairs eyewitness memory for a perpetrator. Participants viewed a video of a staged crime in the presence of 1 side of a comprehensible cell-phone conversation (meaningful halfalogue), 2 sides of a comprehensible cell-phone conversation (meaningful dialogue), 1 side of an incomprehensible cell-phone conversation (meaningless halfalogue), or quiet. Between 24 and 28 hr later, participants freely described the perpetrator's face, constructed a single composite image of the perpetrator from memory, and attempted to identify the perpetrator from a sequential lineup. Further, participants rated the likeness of the composites to the perpetrator. Face recall and lineup identification were impaired when participants witnessed the staged crime in the presence of a meaningful halfalogue compared to a meaningless halfalogue, meaningful dialogue, or quiet. Moreover, likeness ratings showed that the composites constructed after ignoring the meaningful halfalogue resembled the perpetrator less than did those constructed after experiencing quiet or ignoring a meaningless halfalogue or a meaningful dialogue. The unpredictability of the meaningful content of the halfalogue, rather than its acoustic unexpectedness, produces distraction. The results are novel in that they suggest that an everyday distraction, even when presented in a different modality to target information, can impair the long-term memory of an eyewitness. (PsycINFO Database Record