Prevalence and prediction of dropout during depression treatment in routine outpatient care: an observational study.

Efficacious treatments are available for major depressive disorder (MDD), but treatment dropout is common and decreases their effectiveness. However, knowledge about prevalence of treatment dropout and its risk factors in routine care is limited. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of and risk factors for dropout in a large outpatient sample. In this retrospective cohort analysis, routinely collected data from 2235 outpatients with MDD who had a diagnostic work-up between 2014 and 2016 were examined. Dropout was defined as treatment termination without achieving remission before the fourth session within six months after its start. Total and item scores on the Dutch Measure for Quantification of Treatment Resistance in Depression (DM-TRD) at baseline, and demographic variables were analyzed for their association with dropout using logistic regression and elastic net analyses. Data of 987 subjects who started routine outpatient depression treatment were included in the analyses of which 143 (14.5%) dropped out. Higher DM-TRD-scores were predictive for lower dropout odds [OR = 0.78, 95% CI = (0.70-0.86), p < 0.001]. The elastic net analysis revealed several clinical variables predictive for dropout. Higher SES, higher depression severity, comorbid personality pathology and a comorbid anxiety disorder were significantly associated with less dropout in the sample. In this observational study, treatment dropout was relatively low. The DM-TRD, an easy-to-use clinical instrument, revealed several variables associated with less dropout. When applied in daily practice and combined with demographical information, this instrument may help to reduce dropout and increase treatment effectiveness.

[The impact of comorbid personality disorders on the effectiveness of acute phase treatments for depression: a meta-analysis and meta-regression]. / De impact van comorbide persoonlijk­heidsstoornissen op de effectiviteit van acute-fasebehandeling van depressie: een meta-analyse en metaregressie.

BACKGROUND: Results from previous meta-analyses of the impact of comorbid personality disorders (PD's) on treatment outcomes for depressive disorder are contradictory and biased by methodological differences between included studies. AIM: To investigate the impact of comorbid PD on the outcome of depression treatments, using only studies with controlled treatments and structured measurement instruments (PROSPERO, CRD42019120200). METHOD: Studies were searched in PubMed, PsycINFO and Embase, and in reference lists of selected articles and previous meta-analyses. Treatment studies for depression with a subset of individuals with comorbid PD were included. Primary outcome was depression severity change during treatment. Effect sizes were estimated using random effect models, study-level variables were examined with meta-regression. Bias was assessed with the Risk of Bias tool. RESULTS: Six studies involving 942 individuals (447 with PD) were included. There was no significant difference in depression severity reduction between individuals with and without PD (g = 0.03, 95% CI -0.15-0.20, p = 0.27). Heterogeneity and risk of bias were low. The meta-regression did not yield significant results. CONCLUSION: Findings don't indicate an impact of comorbid PD on the outcome of acute phase treatment for depression. Depressed patients with and without comorbid PD should receive the same evidence-based depression treatments.

[A patient with acute abdominal pain and vomiting due to the cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome]. / Een patiënt met acute buikpijn en braken veroorzaakt door het cannabinoïd-hyperemesissyndroom.

An adolescent patient with acute abdominal pain and vomiting presented in the emergency room. Bathing in hot water relieved his symptoms. Physical examination, basic laboratory testing and imaging showed no abnormalities. The patient was diagnosed with cannabinoid hyperemesis syndrome, which is characterized by chronic cannabis use, recurrent episodes of intractable vomiting and compulsively hot showering or bathing to relieve the symptoms. Unfamiliarity with the syndrome can easily lead to unnecessary diagnostic testing and inappropriate treatment. The consulting psychiatrist could play a role in the diagnostic process and treatment. Furthermore, early recognition of this syndrome in the emergency room may lead to a proper addiction treatment program.

Predicting clinical course in major depressive disorder: The association between DM-TRD score and symptom severity over time in 1115 outpatients.

BACKGROUND: The Dutch Measure for Quantification of Treatment Resistance in Depression (DM-TRD) is a promising prediction tool for major depressive disorder (MDD) based on variables associated with treatment outcome. The objective of our study was to examine the association between the DM-TRD and clinical course in a large cohort of MDD outpatients receiving treatment as usual. Furthermore, we examined whether the addition of an item measuring the presence of childhood adversity improved this association. METHODS: We included 1115 subjects with MDD (according to the DSM-IV) who were naturalistically treated at seven outpatient departments of a secondary mental healthcare center in the Netherlands. Data on subjects who had a diagnostic work-up between June 2014 and June 2016 were analyzed. Multilevel analyses were performed to examine the association between the DM-TRD score at baseline and clinical course, defined by symptom severity according to scores on the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology-Self Report (QIDS-SR) over time. We also investigated whether an extra item measuring childhood adversity improved the model. RESULTS: The model including the DM-TRD and its interaction with time was superior to previous models. The addition of childhood adversity and its interaction with time did not improve the model. CONCLUSIONS: In depressed outpatients receiving treatment as usual, the solid longer-term association between higher DM-TRD scores and worse clinical course supports its usefulness in clinical practice. Childhood adversity did not improve the model value indicating that-counterintuitively-this parameter offers no additional predictive power to the variables included.

[Combining a classic monoamine oxidase inhibitor with a tricyclic antidepressant in therapy-resistant depression: a case report and literature review]. / Combineren van klassieke monoamine-oxidaseremmer en tricyclisch anti-depressivum bij therapieresistente depressie: gevalsbeschrijving en literatuuroverzicht.

BACKGROUND: Combining a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) with a tricyclic antidepressant (TCA) is considered to be contra-indicated because there is a risk that the recipient develops a serotonin syndrome. An accidental clinical observation motivated us to search and study publications relating to the risk and effectivity of combining these two types of antidepressants.
AIM: To search and study articles on the risks and effectivity of combining the use of MAOIs and TCAs in the treatment of therapy-resistant depression.
METHOD: We searched in PubMed and also studied relevant articles that papers referred to in the database.
RESULTS: Because many case-reports have been misinterpreted, the patients' risk of developing a serotonin syndrome and other complications as a result of the combined use of MAOIs and TCAs is overestimated. The literature provides some evidence that the combination therapy may be effective for some patients who have not responded to TCA or MAO-I monotherapy. Combination therapy seems to be safe if monitored carefully and if TCAs with marked serotonergic affinity are avoided. To enhance safety, the MAOI should be added to a TCA or both the TCA and MAOI should be started simultaneously and titrated slowly.
CONCLUSION: The combination of a MAOI and a TCA can be a possible treatment for patients with treatment resistant depression when monotherapy with either a TCA or a MAOI has failed.

[Tailored pharmacotherapy. Consultations about medication in a care programme for depression]. / Farmacotherapie op maat; medicatieconsulten in een zorgprogramma voor depressie.

BACKGROUND: Despite the increasing rationalisation of mental health care, there are no specific recommendations regarding the number of contacts between a patient and a psychiatrist for the pharmacotherapy that forms part of the combined outpatient treatment (antidepressants and psychotherapy) of depression. AIM: To consider the possibility of drawing up an advisory document regarding frequency, number and duration of consultations about medication in combined treatment for depression. METHOD: We reviewed the literature and had qualitative interviews with psychiatrists and trainees in psychiatric residency. RESULTS: The literature focuses predominantly on diagnostics and patient characteristics that determine the amount of care required. Advice on medication and pharmacotherapy is provided only by experts. According to the interviews, in psychiatric practice many factors influence the number and duration of consultations. Nevertheless, a distinctive pattern emerged. CONCLUSION: Regarding medication in the acute treatment phase, five or six visits to a psychiatrist are sufficient for most patients. Extra consultations have to be arranged for smaller groups of less stable patients and for crisis-prone patients.

[New generation behaviour therapy; new generation assessment measures; a review of currently available assessment measures]. / Nieuwe generatie gedragstherapie, nieuwe generatie meetinstrumenten.

BACKGROUND: Acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) is a relatively new form of behaviour therapy, which has relational frame theory as its theoretical foundation. Since ACT is not aimed primarily at reducing psychopathological symptoms, changes are likely to be needed in the nature and purpose of the assessment measures used. AIM: To provide an up-to-date overview of ACT-measures that are suitable for use with adults and that will assist Dutch-speaking clinicians and researchers. METHOD: We performed a systematic review of the literature. RESULTS: More than 50 ACT-related questionnaires were identified; of these, the AAQ-II was the most suitable for acceptance as an act component, the CFQ was the most appropriate for defusion and the SACS was the best for self as context; the FFMQ-SF was regarded as the best for contact with the present moment, the VLQ for values, the ELS for committed action and the FIT-60 for psychological flexibility. CONCLUSION: Clinicians and researchers with an interest in ACT have many measures at their disposal. Most of these are available free of charge and can also be used without payment.

Subclinical psychotic experiences and bipolar spectrum features in depression: association with outcome of psychotherapy.

BACKGROUND: Subthreshold psychotic and bipolar experiences are common in major depressive disorder (MDD). However, it is unknown if effectiveness of psychotherapy is altered in depressed patients who display such features compared with those without. The current paper aimed to investigate the impact of the co-presence of subclinical psychotic experiences and subclinical bipolar symptoms on the effectiveness of psychological treatment, alone or in combination with pharmacotherapy. METHOD: In a naturalistic study, patients with MDD (n = 116) received psychological treatment (cognitive behavioural therapy or interpersonal psychotherapy) alone or in combination with pharmacotherapy. Depression and functioning were assessed six times over 2 years. Lifetime psychotic experiences and bipolar symptoms were assessed at the second time point. RESULTS: Subclinical psychotic experiences predicted more depression over time (ß = 0.20, p < 0.002), non-remission [odds ratio (OR) 7.51, p < 0.016] and relapse (OR 3.85, p < 0.034). Subthreshold bipolar symptoms predicted relapse (OR 1.16, p < 0.037). CONCLUSIONS: In general, subclinical psychotic experiences have a negative impact on the course and outcome of psychotherapy in MDD. Effects of subclinical bipolar experiences were less prominent.

Worse off by waiting for treatment? The impact of waiting time on clinical course and treatment outcome for depression in routine care.

BACKGROUND: Long-term untreated major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with a less favorable clinical course. Waiting time, defined as the interval between diagnostic workup and treatment initiation, may be clinically relevant given the prolongation of the pre-existing duration of untreated MDD. However, it is currently unknown whether and to what extent waiting time affects treatment course in routine outpatient care. METHODS: Retrospectively extracted data from 715 outpatients with MDD who received naturalistic outpatient MDD treatment were examined. Treatment outcome was defined as the difference in depression severity at the start of treatment and six months thereafter. Clinical course during waiting time was defined by the difference in severity at diagnostic workup and at treatment initiation. We analyzed the association between waiting time and treatment outcome and between waiting time and clinical course during this waiting time using multivariable regression analyses. We adjusted for severity and suicidality as potential confounders. RESULTS: An increased duration of the waiting time was associated with a less favorable treatment outcome (B = 0.049, SE = 0.019, p = 0.01). This association persisted after adjustment for potential confounders (B = 0.053, SE = 0.02, p = 0.01). No association was found between length of waiting time and clinical course during waiting time. LIMITATIONS: Strict definitions resulted in smaller sample sizes for the final analyses. The uncontrolled design may be questionable to definitively establish the impact of waiting time on treatment outcome. CONCLUSIONS: A prolonged waiting time is significantly associated with less favorable treatment outcome. Reduction of waiting time deserves priority in depression treatment planning to improve clinical outcomes.

[Staging and profiling of unipolar depression]. / Stagering en profilering van unipolaire depressies.

BACKGROUND: Not only is the heterogeneous concept of depression too comprehensive, it is also insufficiently differentiated. This serves as a barrier to scientific research and obscures the symptoms that should indicate what treatment is required. AIM: To describe an accurate model for staging and profiling depression. METHOD: We placed depressive disorders in the context of the entire course of the disorder and we regarded the course as a continuum of psychopathology. RESULTS: First of all we distinguish five stages: (1) the prodromal phase, (2) the first depressive episode, (3) residual symptoms following an episode, (4) the relapse episode and (5) the chronic and/or treatment-resistant depression. The higher the stage, the greater the need for complex and specialised treatment. As characteristics for profiling we distinguish (a) aetiological and pathophysiological variables and (b) clinical factors. The latter are the ones that mainly influence treatment from stage 2 onwards. CONCLUSION: In our article we give a tentative overview of possible characteristics for profiling. At the moment the clinical factors are the ones used most for assessment. Current research into the value of aetiological characteristics for profiling will increase the applicability of a staging and profiling model.

[Augmentation with atypical antipsychotics for the treatment of patients with a therapy-resistant depression: a review]. / Augmentatie met atypische antipsychotica bij de behandeling van therapieresistente depressieve patiënten: een overzicht.

BACKGROUND: A considerable number of depressed patients are showing resistance to current drug treatment strategies. In such cases it is becoming increasingly common in clinical practice to augment an antidepressant with an atypical antipsychotic (aap). purpose To provide an overview of the scientific evidence for this new strategy, to explain the possible mechanisms of action and to assess the place that augmentation with an aap occupies in the treatment of therapy-resistant non-psychotic depression. METHOD: Various search terms were used to locate relevant articles in Pubmed; these articles were examined for relevant references. results Only 6 randomised controlled trials were found, therefore 7 case reports and 10 open-label studies were included. There seems to be some evidence that augmentation with an aap, particularly olanzapine, is effective. One of the main advantages of this strategy is the fast response, namely within a few weeks or even within a week. In view of the lack of scientific support for augmentation with aaps, this strategy is advisable when other augmentation strategies have proved unworkable or are contraindicated. It must be exercised with caution because the combination therapy can have negative effects on the patient's glucose and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION: Augmentation with aaps in treatment resistant depression may be a potential useful treatment strategy but its scientific evidence is insufficient to warrant inclusion within current guidelines.

[Sensitive to change: neuroendocrinologic aspects of depression in women]. / Gevoelig voor verandering Neuro-endocrinologische aspecten van depressie bij vrouwen.

BACKGROUND: Depression is more prevalent among women than among men. There are several possible explanations for this. There are indications that the aetiology of this difference in prevalence has to do with fluctuations in the oestrogen level, which are a feature of the female reproductive system. The influence of oestrogens on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis may play an important role. AIM: To cast light on the deregulating influence of oestrogen on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. This deregulation could lead to depression in a subgroup of women with a neuroendocrine stress response that is sensitive to hormonal fluctuations. METHOD: PubMed was used to review the literature on the basis of the key words 'depression', 'estrogen', 'gender', 'gonadal hormones', 'hpa axis', 'stress' and 'women'. RESULTS: Deregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis plays a role in the aetiology of major depression. On the one hand, oestrogens stimulate the activity of this system. On the other hand, a lowering of the endogenous oestrogen level seems to be accompanied by reduced activity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis. CONCLUSION: Changing oestrogen levels characterise the female reproductive system. It is these changing levels--not the absolute oestrogen level--which have the potential to deregulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis.

[Chronic depersonalisation following cannabis use]. / Chronische depersonalisatie na cannabisgebruik.

A 19-year-old patient had developed a depersonalisation disorder following the use of considerable amounts of cannabis for several weeks two years before. The symptoms decreased sharply after treatment with a serotonergic antidepressant. In cases of persistent or recurrent symptoms of depersonalisation, both psychiatric and somatic causes should be looked for. In cases of primary depersonalisation, the use of (soft) drugs should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Various forms of pharmaco- and psychotherapy seem to be able to reduce the symptoms. However, the effectiveness of no treatment has yet been proven.

Perfectionism and coping strategies as risk factors for the development of non-specific work-related upper limb disorders (WRULD).

BACKGROUND: The incidence of non-specific work-related upper limb disorders (WRULD) is rising throughout western society. Literature and our own WRULD file (>1200 patients) revealed that both physical and psychosocial work-related factors are major causes of non-specific WRULD. It also appeared that non-specific WRULD was more likely to develop in patients with neurotic-perfectionist personalities. AIM: To see if, alongside physical and psychosocial work-related factors, personality factors play an important role in developing non-specific WRULD. METHOD: This was a case-control study with two control groups, comparing 45 computer workers with non-specific WRULD with 45 computer workers free from upper limb disorder (first control group) and 42 chronic pain patients (second control group). Main questionnaires administered were: the Utrecht Coping List (UCL), measuring coping-styles; the Multidimensional Perfectionism Scale (MPS), measuring neurotic perfectionism; and the Symptom Check List (SCL-90), measuring general psychological complaints (psychoneuroticism). The SCL-90 was added because of its known high correlation with neurotic perfectionism. RESULTS: Logistic regression analysis revealed significant differences in SCL-90 scores (chi(2) = 17.2, P < 0.0001), thereby potentially negating the significance of the higher neurotic perfectionism in the non-specific WRULD group. A second control group of chronic pain patients, with prospective high score on the SCL-90, was added. Logistic regression showed that, after controlling for psychoneuroticism, non-specific WRULD patients had more neurotic perfectionist traits (chi(2) = 22.83, P < 0.0001). There were no significant differences in mean UCL scores (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Alongside physical and psychosocial work-related factors, psychoneuroticism and neurotic perfectionism appear to be important risk factors for developing non-specific WRULD.