Correction: The genomic and clinical landscape of fetal akinesia.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

The genomic and clinical landscape of fetal akinesia.

PURPOSE: Fetal akinesia has multiple clinical subtypes with over 160 gene associations, but the genetic etiology is not yet completely understood. METHODS: In this study, 51 patients from 47 unrelated families were analyzed using next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques aiming to decipher the genomic landscape of fetal akinesia (FA). RESULTS: We have identified likely pathogenic gene variants in 37 cases and report 41 novel variants. Additionally, we report putative pathogenic variants in eight cases including nine novel variants. Our work identified 14 novel disease-gene associations for fetal akinesia: ADSSL1, ASAH1, ASPM, ATP2B3, EARS2, FBLN1, PRG4, PRICKLE1, ROR2, SETBP1, SCN5A, SCN8A, and ZEB2. Furthermore, a sibling pair harbored a homozygous copy-number variant in TNNT1, an ultrarare congenital myopathy gene that has been linked to arthrogryposis via Gene Ontology analysis. CONCLUSION: Our analysis indicates that genetic defects leading to primary skeletal muscle diseases might have been underdiagnosed, especially pathogenic variants in RYR1. We discuss three novel putative fetal akinesia genes: GCN1, IQSEC3 and RYR3. Of those, IQSEC3, and RYR3 had been proposed as neuromuscular disease-associated genes recently, and our findings endorse them as FA candidate genes. By combining NGS with deep clinical phenotyping, we achieved a 73% success rate of solved cases.

Cleft Palate as Distinguishing Feature in a Patient with GABRB3 Epileptic Encephalopathy.

Mutations in GABAA-receptor subunit genes are associated with a heterogeneous spectrum of epilepsies. Patients with epilepsy caused by mutations in a specific GABAA-receptor (GABRA3) occasionally present with orofacial dysmorphism (e.g., cleft palates). While cleft palates have been described in Gabrb3 knockout mice and in humans with GABRB3 variants without epilepsy, the specific combination of epilepsy and cleft palate in humans with GABRB3 mutations has not yet been reported.We describe a patient with epileptic encephalopathy (EE) who presented with therapy-refractory neonatal-onset myoclonic seizures and severe developmental delay. Electroencephalogram showed burst suppression pattern at neonatal age and hypsarrhythmia at infantile age. Initial magnetic resonance imaging was unremarkable. As he additionally presented with a cleft palate, we were curious whether cleft palate and EE had the same genetic origin. Whole exome sequencing of the index patient revealed a novel pathogenic heterozygous de novo mutation in GABRB3 (c.899T > C; p.I300T). In consistency with Gabrb3 knockout mice data, this is the first report of cleft palate in a patient with GABRB3 associated EE.We suggest to add cleft palate to the phenotypic GABRB3 spectrum and to screen for mutations in GABAA-receptors in patients with EE and orofacial dysmorphism.

Molecular autopsy in maternal-fetal medicine.

PurposeThe application of genomic sequencing to investigate unexplained death during early human development, a form of lethality likely enriched for severe Mendelian disorders, has been limited.MethodsIn this study, we employed exome sequencing as a molecular autopsy tool in a cohort of 44 families with at least one death or lethal fetal malformation at any stage of in utero development. Where no DNA was available from the fetus, we performed molecular autopsy by proxy, i.e., through parental testing.ResultsPathogenic or likely pathogenic variants were identified in 22 families (50%), and variants of unknown significance were identified in further 15 families (34%). These variants were in genes known to cause embryonic or perinatal lethality (ALPL, GUSB, SLC17A5, MRPS16, THSD1, PIEZO1, and CTSA), genes known to cause Mendelian phenotypes that do not typically include embryonic lethality (INVS, FKTN, MYBPC3, COL11A2, KRIT1, ASCC1, NEB, LZTR1, TTC21B, AGT, KLHL41, GFPT1, and WDR81) and genes with no established links to human disease that we propose as novel candidates supported by embryonic lethality of their orthologs or other lines of evidence (MS4A7, SERPINA11, FCRL4, MYBPHL, PRPF19, VPS13D, KIAA1109, MOCS3, SVOPL, FEN1, HSPB11, KIF19, and EXOC3L2).ConclusionOur results suggest that molecular autopsy in pregnancy losses is a practical and high-yield alternative to traditional autopsy, and an opportunity for bringing precision medicine to the clinical practice of perinatology.

Recessive PIEZO2 stop mutation causes distal arthrogryposis with distal muscle weakness, scoliosis and proprioception defects.

The genetic work-up of arthrogryposis is challenging due to the diverse clinical and molecular etiologies. We report a-183/12-year-old boy, from a 2nd degree consanguineous family, who presented at 36/12 years with hypotonia, distal laxity, contractures, feeding difficulties at birth. He required surgery for progressive scoliosis at 16 years of age, and walked independently since then with an unstable gait and coordination defects. His latest examination at 18 years of age revealed a proprioceptive defect and loss-of-joint position sense in the upper limbs. Somatosensory evoked potentials supported bilateral involvement of dorsal column-medial lemniscal sensory pathways and nerve conduction studies revealed a mild axonal neuropathy. Muscle biopsy showed myopathic changes with neonatal myosin expression. Mendeliome sequencing led to the discovery of a recessive stop mutation in piezo-type mechanosensitive ion channel component 2 (PIEZO2, NM_022068, c.1384C>T, p.R462*). PIEZO2 is a nonselective cation channel, expressed in sensory endings of proprioceptors innervating muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs. Dominant PIEZO2 mutations were described in patients with distal arthrogryposis type 5 and Marden-Walker syndrome. Sensory ataxia and proprioception defect with dorsal column involvement together with arthrogryposis, myopathy, scoliosis and progressive respiratory failure may represent a distinct clinical phenotype, and indicate recessive mutations in PIEZO2.

CUX1-related neurodevelopmental disorder: deep insights into phenotype-genotype spectrum and underlying pathology.

Heterozygous, pathogenic CUX1 variants are associated with global developmental delay or intellectual disability. This study delineates the clinical presentation in an extended cohort and investigates the molecular mechanism underlying the disorder in a Cux1+/- mouse model. Through international collaboration, we assembled the phenotypic and molecular information for 34 individuals (23 unpublished individuals). We analyze brain CUX1 expression and susceptibility to epilepsy in Cux1+/- mice. We describe 34 individuals, from which 30 were unrelated, with 26 different null and four missense variants. The leading symptoms were mild to moderate delayed speech and motor development and borderline to moderate intellectual disability. Additional symptoms were muscular hypotonia, seizures, joint laxity, and abnormalities of the forehead. In Cux1+/- mice, we found delayed growth, histologically normal brains, and increased susceptibility to seizures. In Cux1+/- brains, the expression of Cux1 transcripts was half of WT animals. Expression of CUX1 proteins was reduced, although in early postnatal animals significantly more than in adults. In summary, disease-causing CUX1 variants result in a non-syndromic phenotype of developmental delay and intellectual disability. In some individuals, this phenotype ameliorates with age, resulting in a clinical catch-up and normal IQ in adulthood. The post-transcriptional balance of CUX1 expression in the heterozygous brain at late developmental stages appears important for this favorable clinical course.

Genotype-Phenotype Correlations in Charcot-Marie-Tooth Disease Due to MTMR2 Mutations and Implications in Membrane Trafficking.

Charcot-Marie-Tooth type 4 (CMT4) is an autosomal recessive severe form of neuropathy with genetic heterogeneity. CMT4B1 is caused by mutations in the myotubularin-related 2 (MTMR2) gene and as a member of the myotubularin family, the MTMR2 protein is crucial for the modulation of membrane trafficking. To enable future clinical trials, we performed a detailed review of the published cases with MTMR2 mutations and describe four novel cases identified through whole-exome sequencing (WES). The four unrelated families harbor novel homozygous mutations in MTMR2 (NM_016156, Family 1: c.1490dupC; p.Phe498IlefsTer2; Family 2: c.1479+1G>A; Family 3: c.1090C>T; p.Arg364Ter; Family 4: c.883C>T; p.Arg295Ter) and present with CMT4B1-related severe early-onset motor and sensory neuropathy, generalized muscle atrophy, facial and bulbar weakness, and pes cavus deformity. The clinical description of the new mutations reported here overlap with previously reported CMT4B1 phenotypes caused by mutations in the phosphatase domain of MTMR2, suggesting that nonsense MTMR2 mutations, which are predicted to result in loss or disruption of the phosphatase domain, are associated with a severe phenotype and loss of independent ambulation by the early twenties. Whereas the few reported missense mutations and also those truncating mutations occurring at the C-terminus after the phosphatase domain cause a rather mild phenotype and patients were still ambulatory above the age 30 years. Charcot-Marie-Tooth neuropathy and Centronuclear Myopathy causing mutations have been shown to occur in proteins involved in membrane remodeling and trafficking pathway mediated by phosphoinositides. Earlier studies have showing the rescue of MTM1 myopathy by MTMR2 overexpression, emphasize the importance of maintaining the phosphoinositides equilibrium and highlight a potential compensatory mechanism amongst members of this pathway. This proved that the regulation of expression of these proteins involved in the membrane remodeling pathway may compensate each other's loss- or gain-of-function mutations by restoring the phosphoinositides equilibrium. This provides a potential therapeutic strategy for neuromuscular diseases resulting from mutations in the membrane remodeling pathway.

A novel mutation in sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase causing congenital brain malformation.

INTRODUCTION: Recently recessive mutations in sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1) have been published as a cause of syndromic congenital nephrotic syndrome with adrenal insufficiency. We have identified a case with fetal hydrops and brain malformations due to a mutation in SGPL1. CASE REPORT: We report a patient presenting with severe fetal hydrops, congenital nephrotic syndrome and adrenal calcifications. MRI imaging showed generalized cortical atrophy with simplified gyral pattern and hypoplastic temporal lobes as well as cerebellar hypoplasia and hyperintensity in the pons. The boy deceased at 6 weeks of age. Via whole exome sequencing, we identified a novel homozygous frameshift mutation c.1233delC (p.Phe411Leufs∗56) in SGPL1. CONCLUSION: In our patient, we describe a novel mutation in sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase (SGPL1) leading to severe brain malformation. Neurodevelopmental phenotypes have been reported earlier, but not described in detail. To this end, we present a review on all published SGPL1-mutations and genotype-phenotype correlations focusing on neurodevelopmental outcomes. We hypothesized on the severe neurological phenotypes, which might be due to disruption of neuronal autophagy. Mutations in SGPL1 shall be considered in the differential diagnosis of fetal hydrops as well as congenital brain malformations and neuropathies.

Dropped head congenital muscular dystrophy caused by de novo mutations in LMNA.

BACKGROUND: Dropped head syndrome is an easily recognizable clinical presentation of Lamin A/C-related congenital muscular dystrophy. Patients usually present in the first year of life with profound neck muscle weakness, dropped head, and elevated serum creatine kinase. CASE DESCRIPTION: Two patients exhibited head drop during infancy although they were able to sit independently. Later they developed progressive axial and limb-girdle weakness. Creatine kinase levels were elevated and muscle biopsies of both patients showed severe dystrophic changes. The distinctive clinical hallmark of the dropped head led us to the diagnosis of Lamin A/C-related congenital muscular dystrophy, with a pathogenic de novo mutation p.Glu31del in the head domain of the Lamin A/C gene in both patients. Remarkably, one patient also had a central involvement with white matter changes on brain magnetic resonance imaging. CONCLUSION: Lamin A/C-related dropped-head syndrome is a rapidly progressive congenital muscular dystrophy and may lead to loss of ambulation, respiratory insufficiency, and cardiac complications. Thus, the genetic diagnosis of dropped-head syndrome as L-CMD and the implicated clinical care protocols are of vital importance for these patients. This disease may be underdiagnosed, as only a few genetically confirmed cases have been reported.

The ancient cell death suppressor BAX inhibitor-1.

Bax inhibitor-1 (BI-1) was initially identified for its ability to inhibit BAX-induced apoptosis in yeast cells and is the founding member of a family of highly hydrophobic proteins localized in diverse cellular membranes. It is evolutionarily conserved and orthologues from plants can substitute for mammalian BI-1 in regard to its anti-apoptotic function suggesting a high degree of functional conservation. BI-1 interacts with BCL-2 and BCL-XL and, similar to these two anti-apoptotic proteins, the effect of BI-1 on cell death involves changes in the amount of Ca(2+) releasable from intracellular stores. However, BI-1 is also a negative regulator of the endoplasmic reticulum stress sensor IRE1 α, it interacts with G-actin and increases actin polymerization, enhances cancer metastasis by altering glucose metabolism and activating the sodium-hydrogen exchanger, and reduces the production of reactive oxygen species through direct interaction with NADPH-P450 reductase. In this contribution, we summarize what is known about the expression, intracellular localization and structure of BI-1 and specifically illuminate its effects on the intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis and how this might relate to its other functions. We also present a thorough phylogenetic analysis of BI-1 proteins from major phyla together with paralogues from all BI-1 family members.