Spread of phosphine resistance among brazilian populations of three species of stored product insects.

The resistance to fumigant insecticides in stored-products insects is often recorded. Several factors influence the evolution of insecticide resistance. Among these, the frequency of applications and the migration of resistant populations are of primary importance for the stored-product insects. The aim of this study was to characterize the spectrum and investigate the status of phosphine resistance in Brazil, in 13 populations of the Coleoptera Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Tenebrionidae), ten populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabr.) (Bostrichidae), and eight populations of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Silvanidae). The pattern of resistance dispersion in the populations of these species was also verified. The bioassays for the detection of phosphine resistance followed the FAO standard method. To test the influence of migration in the evolution of the phosphine resistance, the difference of mortality in the discriminating concentration and the geographical distance among each pair wise combination of collection sites were correlated. None of the populations exhibited mortality above 90% in the discriminating concentration, for the three species. Mortality in the discriminating concentration increased with the geographical distance for R.dominica and O.surinamensis. However, no significant linear response was observed among the variables for T.castaneum populations. These results suggest that the dispersion of insects and the local selection are relevant in the evolution of the phosphine resistance in populations of R.dominica and O.surinamensis. In contrast, grain trade and local selection are probably the factors that determine the evolution of the phosphine resistance in populations of T. castaneum.

[Biological efficacy and persistence of biphenthrin sprayed on maize at different grain temperatures]. / Eficácia biológica e persistência de bifentrina pulverizada em grãos de milho com diferentes temperaturas.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the immediate and latent effects of the grain temperature, during the spraying process, on the persistence and biological efficacy of the biphenthrin insecticide against Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). For such, biphenthrin was sprayed on the grain at the temperatures: 25, 30, 35, 40 and 45 degrees C. To access the persistence of biphenthrin, insecticide residue analyses were carried out monthly, just after spraying until 90 days of storage. To evaluate the biological efficacy of biphenthrin, 20 adults of each species were placed in petri dishes with sprayed grain, and kept in climate cabinets under 27 degrees C and 55% of RH, during 48h. Evaluations were done every 15 days, starting just after spraying and finishing at 90 days of storage. Both persistence and biological efficacy of biphenthrin reduced as storage time and grain temperatures increased. Additionally, S. zeamais was more tolerant to biphenthrin than T. castaneum.

Spread of phosphine resistance among brazilian populations of three species of stored product insects

The resistance to fumigant insecticides in stored-products insects is often recorded. Several factors influence the evolution of insecticide resistance. Among these, the frequency of applications and the migration of resistant populations are of primary importance for the stored-product insects. The aim of this study was to characterize the spectrum and investigate the status of phosphine resistance in Brazil, in 13 populations of the Coleoptera Tribolium castaneum Herbst (Tenebrionidae), ten populations of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabr.) (Bostrichidae), and eight populations of Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Silvanidae). The pattern of resistance dispersion in the populations of these species was also verified. The bioassays for the detection of phosphine resistance followed the FAO standard method. To test the influence of migration in the evolution of the phosphine resistance, the difference of mortality in the discriminating concentration and the geographical distance among each pair wise combination of collection sites were correlated. None of the populations exhibited mortality above 90 percent in the discriminating concentration, for the three species. Mortality in the discriminating concentration increased with the geographical distance for R.dominica and O.surinamensis. However, no significant linear response was observed among the variables for T.castaneum populations. These results suggest that the dispersion of insects and the local selection are relevant in the evolution of the phosphine resistance in populations of R.dominica and O.surinamensis. In contrast, grain trade and local selection are probably the factors that determine the evolution of the phosphine resistance in populations of T. castaneum.

Eficácia biológica e persistência de bifentrina pulverizada em grãos de milho com diferentes temperaturas / Biological efficacy and persistence of biphenthrin sprayed on maize at different grain temperatures

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram avaliar os efeitos imediato e latente da temperatura do grão, durante a pulverização, sobre a persistência e eficácia biológica do inseticida bifentrina, no controle de Sitophilus zeamais Motschulsky (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) e Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae). Para tal, bifentrina foi pulverizada em grãos de milho com diferentes temperaturas (25, 30, 35, 40 e 45°C). Para avaliação da sua persistência fez-se a extração e análise do resíduo a cada 30 dias, iniciando logo após a pulverização do inseticida, até os 90 dias de armazenamento. Para avaliação da eficácia biológica, 20 adultos de cada espécie foram colocados em placasde-petri contendo grãos tratados, sendo mantidas em câmaras do tipo B.O.D., a 27 °C e 55 por cento de UR durante 48 horas. Estas avaliações foram realizadas em intervalos de 15 dias, com início logo após a pulverização e término aos 90 dias de armazenamento. Observou-se que tanto a persistência quanto a eficácia biológica da bifentrina reduziram à medida que o período de armazenamento e a temperatura do grão aumentaram. Observou-se, ainda, que S. zeamais apresentou maior tolerância à bifentrina, que T. castaneum.