Highly stable ECL active films formed by the electrografting of a diazotized ruthenium complex generated in situ from the amine.

The electrodeposition of the electrochemiluminescent (ECL) ruthenium complex, bis(2,2'-bipyridyl)(4'-(4-aminophenyl)-2,2'-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II), [Ru(bpy)(2)(apb)](2+), via the in situ formation of a diazonium species from aqueous media is reported. Surface characterization undertaken using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) determined that the layer is bound to the substrate via azo bonding. The layer displays good ECL activity and is stable over a long period of time. The excellent potential of this system for ECL sensing applications is demonstrated using the well-known ECL coreactant 2-(dibutylamino)ethanol (DBAE) as a model analyte, which can be detected to a level of 10 nM with a linear range between 10(-8) and 10(-4) M.