UV photoreaction pathways of acetylacetaldehyde trapped in cryogenic matrices.

The broadband UV photochemistry kinetics of acetylacetaldehyde, the hybrid form between malonaldehyde and acetylacetone (the two other most simple molecules exhibiting an intramolecular proton transfer), trapped in four cryogenic matrices, neon, nitrogen, argon, and xenon, has been followed by FTIR and UV spectroscopy. After deposition, only the two chelated forms are observed while they isomerize upon UV irradiation toward nonchelated species. From previous UV irradiation effects, we have already identified several nonchelated isomers, capable, in turn, of isomerizing and fragmenting; even fragmentation seems to be most unlikely due to cryogenic cages confinement. Based on these findings, we have attempted an approach to understand the reaction path of electronic relaxation. Indeed, we have demonstrated, in previous studies, that in the case of malonaldehyde, this electronic relaxation pathway proceeds through singlet states while it proceeds through triplet ones in the case of acetylacetone. We observed CO and CO2 formations when photochemistry is almost observed among nonchelated forms, i.e., when the parent molecule is almost totally consumed. In order to identify a triplet state transition, we have tried to observe a "heavy atom effect" by increasing the weight of the matrix gas, from Ne to Xe, and to quench the T1 state by doping the matrices with O2. It appears that, as in the case of acetylacetone, it is the nonchelated forms that fragment. It also appears that these fragmentations certainly take place in the T1 triplet state and originate in an Π* ← n transition.

Observed psychopathology in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

BACKGROUND: Children of parents with mood and psychotic disorders are at elevated risk for a range of behavioral and emotional problems. However, as the usual reporter of psychopathology in children is the parent, reports of early problems in children of parents with mood and psychotic disorders may be biased by the parents' own experience of mental illness and their mental state. METHODS: Independent observers rated psychopathology using the Test Observation Form in 378 children and youth between the ages of 4 and 24 (mean = 11.01, s.d. = 4.40) who had a parent with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, or no history of mood and psychotic disorders. RESULTS: Observed attentional problems were elevated in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia (effect sizes ranging between 0.31 and 0.56). Oppositional behavior and language/thought problems showed variable degrees of elevation (effect sizes 0.17 to 0.57) across the three high-risk groups, with the greatest difficulties observed in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder. Observed anxiety was increased in offspring of parents with major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder (effect sizes 0.19 and 0.25 respectively) but not in offspring of parents with schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that externalizing problems and cognitive and language difficulties may represent a general manifestation of familial risk for mood and psychotic disorders, while anxiety may be a specific marker of liability for mood disorders. Observer assessment may improve early identification of risk and selection of youth who may benefit from targeted prevention.

Premature ovarian insufficiency: from pathogenesis to clinical management.

Premature ovarian insufficiency (POI) represents a condition characterized by the absence of normal ovarian function due to an incipient (by 3-10 years) ovarian aging. In most of the women affected there are no signs or symptoms that precede the interruption of menstruation and the onset of POI and the majority of women have a normal history of menarche, regular menstrual cycles and normal fertility. The possible genetic role in the development of POI has been largely demonstrated and many genes have been involved; on the other hand, ovary is not protected immunologically and the detection of autoantibodies directed against various ovarian targets strongly support the hypothesis of an autoimmune etiology. In approximately 5-10% of women with a diagnosis of POI with a normal karyotype, a spontaneous pregnancy could occur even if the recovery of ovarian function is temporary and poorly predictable. Embryo donation and adoption are other alternatives that should be considered. POI and subsequent loss of reproductive capacity is a devastating condition and a difficult diagnosis for women to accept so it requires an individualized and a multidisciplinary approach. Hormonal replacement therapy (HRT) should be commenced as soon as possible to prevent and to contrast the onset of the symptoms related to hypoestrogenism and to improve the quality of life for these women.

The membrane raft protein Flotillin-1 is essential in dopamine neurons for amphetamine-induced behavior in Drosophila.

The dopamine transporter (DAT) is the primary molecular target responsible for the rewarding properties of the psychostimulants amphetamine (AMPH) and cocaine. AMPH increases extracellular dopamine (DA) by promoting its nonexocytotic release via DAT-mediated efflux. Previous studies in heterologous cells have shown that phosphorylation of the amino terminus of DAT is required for AMPH-induced DA efflux but not for DA uptake. However, the identity of many of the modulatory proteins and the molecular mechanisms that coordinate efflux and the ensuing behavioral effects remain poorly defined. Here, we establish a robust assay for AMPH-induced hyperlocomotion in Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Using a variety of genetic and pharmacological approaches, we demonstrate that this behavioral response is dependent on DA and on DAT and its phosphorylation. We also show that methylphenidate (MPH), which competitively inhibits DA uptake but does not induce DAT-mediated DA efflux, also leads to DAT-dependent hyperlocomotion, but this response is independent of DAT phosphorylation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the membrane raft protein Flotillin-1 is required for AMPH-induced, but not MPH-induced, hyperlocomotion. These results are the first evidence of a role for a raft protein in an AMPH-mediated behavior. Thus, using our assay we are able to translate molecular and cellular findings to a behavioral level and to differentiate in vivo the distinct mechanisms of two psychostimulants.

Analysis of the Influence of Lunar Cycle on the Frequency of Spontaneous Deliveries: A Single-centre Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Man, since ancient times, has been convinced of, and has researched scientific evidence that the barometric and gravitational forces play an important role in structural and biological variation of the planets, influencing the various forms of life. In particular, the synergistic relationships between variations in atmospheric pressure and gravitational forces on human gestation period have been the subject of rigorous observations and statistical calculations, which have not led to a universal conclusion in literature. OBJECTIVES: The aim of our work was to check whether there is a higher incidence of spontaneous deliveries, during the periods of full Moon than during the other phases of the Moon. METHODS: We performed a retrospective analysis of 327 non-induced vaginal deliveries in a year, divided by month. We subsequently analyzed the incidence of these deliveries during periods of full Moon Vs other lunar phases. RESULTS: We evidenced a statistically significant difference between the annual total spontaneous deliveries happened in full Moon periods Vs all other Moon phases (T= 2,3948; p=0,0256). However, we reported a discordant trend of deliveries in full Moon period, depending on each considered month. CONCLUSION: Since these differences were found both in increase and decrease, it is unacceptable the assumption of a linear correlation between periods of full Moon and increased frequency of spontaneous deliveries. For this reason, our data allow us to conclude that there is no need to increase the number of doctors and midwives in obstetric units during these periods.

Very high frequency of the polymorphism for the insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) at codon 972 (glycine972arginine) in Southern Italian women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

A major component of the polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the insulin resistance. Only a few studies have evaluated the IRS-1 polymorphism at codon 972, sometimes in the absence of a control group, and with great variability in frequency (0-23% in PCOS vs. 0-17% in controls), and with no unequivocal relationships between the polymorphism and clinical or biochemical indexes. The aim of the work was to evaluate the frequency of the IRS-1 polymorphism at codon 972 in PCOS, and correlate it to clinical and biochemical indexes. We assessed the rs 1801278 polymorphic variant in the IRS-1 gene (Gly972Gly=wild-type; Gly972Arg=heterozygosity; Arg972Arg=homozygosity) in genomic DNA by restriction fragment length polymorphism. The study was conducted at an academic medical center with the participation of 65 women with PCOS and 27 age-matched healthy women (controls). Compared to controls, Gly972Arg was very frequent in PCOS (77% vs. 18%, p<0.0001); one PCOS woman was homozygous. Compared to wild-type PCOS, heterozygous PCOS women had only three significantly different indexes: higher fasting insulin, insulin resistance index, and lower 120 min OGTT glucose. Moreover, in the correlation analysis between any two clinical or biochemical variables, the Pearson's correlation coefficients were frequently of different magnitude in heterozygous PCOS versus wild-type PCOS. Overall, heterozygous PCOS had a greater number of statistically significant relationships between different clinical, metabolic and hormonal indexes: 44 direct and 9 inverse versus 6 and 3, respectively. The IRS-1 Gly972Arg has the highest frequency reported world-wide for PCOS women. This variant is associated with insulin resistance and higher fasting insulin in PCOS women.

Extracellular matrix (ECM) microstructural composition regulates local cell-ECM biomechanics and fundamental fibroblast behavior: a multidimensional perspective.

The extracellular matrix (ECM) provides the principal means by which mechanical information is communicated between tissue and cellular levels of function. These mechanical signals play a central role in controlling cell fate and establishing tissue structure and function. However, little is known regarding the mechanisms by which specific structural and mechanical properties of the ECM influence its interaction with cells, especially within a tissuelike context. This lack of knowledge precludes formulation of biomimetic microenvironments for effective tissue repair and replacement. The present study determined the role of collagen fibril density in regulating local cell-ECM biomechanics and fundamental fibroblast behavior. The model system consisted of fibroblasts seeded within collagen ECMs with controlled microstructure. Confocal microscopy was used to collect multidimensional images of both ECM microstructure and specific cellular characteristics. From these images temporal changes in three-dimensional cell morphology, time- and space-dependent changes in the three-dimensional local strain state of a cell and its ECM, and spatial distribution of beta1-integrin were quantified. Results showed that fibroblasts grown within high-fibril-density ECMs had decreased length-to-height ratios, increased surface areas, and a greater number of projections. Furthermore, fibroblasts within low-fibril-density ECMs reorganized their ECM to a greater extent, and it appeared that beta1-integrin localization was related to local strain and ECM remodeling events. Finally, fibroblast proliferation was enhanced in low-fibril-density ECMs. Collectively, these results are significant because they provide new insight into how specific physical properties of a cell's ECM microenvironment contribute to tissue remodeling events in vivo and to the design and engineering of functional tissue replacements.

Are Horn Morphological Patterns Able to Differentiate the Two Closely Related Species Copris klugi Harold and Copris sierrensis Matthews?

Several thousand species of beetles evolved impressive, exaggerated horns or horn-like structures. The horn phenotypic patterns and the developmental mechanisms are well documented especially in the Scarabaeidae, the family most predominated by species with horns. The regulation of horn expression appears to be extremely evolutionary labile to the extent that horn allometric patterns have been seen to rapidly diverge between closely related species. For this reason, it has been suggested that horn morphological pattern may be able to differentiate closely related and sibling species even when other traits fail. In this study, we used horn morphological pattern (shape and allometric variation) as a "tool" to evaluate the differentiation of two closely related scarab species, Copris klugi Harold and Copris sierrensis Matthews whose full species status has long been debated due to their high similarity. Combining traditional and geometric morphometric methods, we evidenced that male head horn phenotypic pattern is able to clearly differentiate C. klugi from C. sierrensis, supporting the hypothesis that they are two true species.

Management of the second phase of labour: perineum protection techniques.

The obstetric experience alongside scientific evidences in literature indicate several management techniques during the expulsive period of labour to minimize obstetric complications. Among the various methods that can be used for the protection of the perineum during the expulsive phase, some are performed prepartum (perineum massage), while most are used during childbirth. Among the second group, progressively increasing importance is assumed by the manual techniques to protect the perineum (using the "hands-on" and "hands-off") and by episiotomy. These techniques, when used in accordance to the guidelines, may favour the reduction of adverse outcomes for both the mother and the newborn, both immediately after birth and after a longer time. The midwife should be aware of the evidences in literature so that a critical analysis of the available techniques can be made and put in action during the expulsive phase in order to protect the mother and the foetus from any unfavourable outcomes. Currently, clinical evidence in literature is directing obstetric and medical staff towards a careful analysis of the maternal-foetal parameters, in order to achieve a precise assessment of the risks factors of intrapartum and postpartum outcomes. Increasingly, there is the need for close collaboration between the midwife and medical staff to ensure proper personalized assistance based on the peculiar characteristics of the woman and the fetus.

Evaluation of recovery and quality of sexual activity in women during postpartum in relation to the different mode of delivery: a retrospective analysis.

AIM: Aim of the study was to assess the recovery and quality of sexual activity of women during postpartum, in relation to delivery. METHODS: We recruited 200 women at 8 weeks after delivery. For each patient we recorded mode of delivery, age, body mass index (BMI), parity and test Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI) score. RESULTS: Sixty-four women (32%) had spontaneous deliveries without episiotomy, 48 (24%) had it with episiotomy, 88 (44%) had caesarean sections. The analysis of variance (ANOVA) test showed no significant differences among the 3 groups for age, BMI, parity. The test FSFI evidenced 68 cases (34%) of Regular Female Sexual Function (RFSF) and 132 (66%) of Female Sexual Dysfunction (FSD). The ANOVA test showed significant differences among the 3 groups in RFSF (F [2, 14]=8.075, P=0.005), but not in FSD (F [2, 30]=2.646, P=0.087). In RFSF, FSFI score was higher in women who had vaginal delivery with episiotomy compared with the other two groups. Conversely, in FSD (both with or without resumed sexual activity at 8 weeks postpartum) we evidenced that patients who had vaginal delivery with episiotomy showed lower FSFI score than the other two groups, with a decrease in lubrication, orgasm and satisfaction scores. Furthermore, we observed that most of the RFSF patients had a job and breastfed. CONCLUSION: Our results did not evidence a direct and significant correlation between mode of delivery and onset of female postpartum sexual dysfunction, even if FSD patients who underwent episiotomy during delivery markedly showed low FSFI scores.

[Vulvar dystrophy]. / Distrofie vulvari.

The pathogenetic, diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of vulvar dystrophies are reviewed, special attention being paid to a comparison of therapeutic tendencies past and present. The advantages of topical treatment with corticosteroids and testosterone and those of the most recent surgical techniques are compared respectively with the results obtained in past years using estrogenic topical treatment and demolition surgery.

[Centronuclear myopathy and pregnancy. A case report]. / Miopatia centronucleare e gravidanza. Descrizione di un caso clinico.

A case of a pregnant woman suffering from centronuclear myopathy is described. The patient has successfully carried out the pregnancy and delivery.

[The ovarian renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system]. / Il sistema renina-angiotensina-aldosterone ovarico.

The ovarian renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (OVRAS), although not fully known, appears to play an important role in ovarian physiology (steroidogenesis, follicular stage, ovulation). The possibility of manipulating ovarian function by means of the pharmacological modulation of OVRAS opens new horizons for the control of human reproduction.

[Variations in fibronectin plasma levels after surgical stress]. / Variazioni dei livelli plasmatici di fibronectina dopo stress chirurgico.

Depletion of reticuloendothelial system following major operations or trauma closely correlates with a decrease of plasmatic levels of fibronectin. Aim of the study is to evaluate the changes in plasma fibronectin levels after a surgical stress. Twenty patients who underwent elective gynecological surgery for a variety of pathological condition were the subject of our study. Circulating levels of fibronectin showed a significative decrease, as compared to preoperative values, and returned to normal during the second postoperative day. The recovery to normal values of this plasma glycoprotein was associated, in our patients, with a normal postoperative course.

[Physiology and pathology of the immune system of reproduction]. / Fisiologia e patologia immune della riproduzione.

The Authors describe in detail the complex immunological mechanisms thanks to which the maternal organism does not reject the embryo, constituting an allogenic transplant. They examine the modifications, referring to both natural and adoptive immunity, occurring in the pregnant without ignoring the important contribution the foetus itself and adnexa make to the gestation positive termination. In the second part of the paper all the pregnancy pathologies, originating from an imbalance proper to the immunity system, are considered. The following pathologies are particularly described: a) the spontaneous recurrent abortion, both primary and secondary; b) the gestosis; c) the maternal-foetal isoimmunization towards transferable antigens present on red corpuscles, white corpuscles and blood platelets. At last Authors describe all the autoimmune illnesses in pregnancy and their influence on the foetus. Such illnesses may be: a) organ-specifics (immunological thrombocytopenic purpura, thyrotoxicosis, myxedema, serious myasthenia); b) systemics (rheumatoid arthritis, lupus erythematous). The course of each pathology, its influence on the embryo and, the present therapeutic protocols are examined.

[Postmenopausal osteoporosis. Current therapy protocols]. / Osteoporosi postmenopausale. Attuali protocolli di terapia.

The Authors consider the etiology postmenopause osteoporosis and the drugs for a modern therapy of this disease. They also analyse the effectiveness and the unfavourable effects of these drugs and suggest a personal treatment for osteoporosis.

[Magnesium in obstetric pathology]. / Il magnesio nella patologia ostetrica.

Mean levels of maternal blood magnesium in a group of pathological pregnancies were compared to levels found in a group of physiological pregnancies. The paper concludes that low levels of blood magnesium are an improbable condition in pregnancy due to the existence of protective mechanisms, and that they are therefore rarely the cause of the most common obstetric pathologies.

Mesenteric panniculitis. A case report.

We reviewed the clinical history, and the physical, laboratory and ultrasonography examinations of a young female suffering from mesenteric panniculitis. In our case, as well as those described by other authors, definitive diagnosis was histological and our patient has had a benign course of the disease.