The intensity of free radical processes and chaperone activity in the saliva of patients with type 2 diabetes.

Introduction: Saliva is a clinically informative biological fluid that contains many biomarkers, allowing multiple analyses to be performed. Aim: The objectives of this study were the assessment of the serum and saliva levels of biochemical parameters and intensity of free radical processes in T2DM patients and the identification of the correlation between certain criteria. Methods: This case-control study included 40 T2DM patients, which were compared with 40 healthy individuals. The levels of glucose, cholesterol triglycerides, total protein, diene conjugates, and chaperone activity were measured using the spectrophotometric method. The concentration of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine was assessed by competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: It was established that the progression of diabetes led to an increase in glucose in saliva. The content of 8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine and conjugated dienes increased in serum and this increase was associated with the level of glucose and glycated hemoglobin. The level of protein and chaperone activity increased in the saliva of patients with T2DM compared with the control. The correlation analysis revealed a relationship between total protein concentration and conjugated dienes and between chaperone activity and conjugated dienes in saliva. Conclusions: According to the results of the analysis, the pathological changes in DM affected the salivary glands and their secretions. The obtained results allowed us to recommend using saliva as an alternative to blood for the diagnosis and monitoring of T2DM treatments since it is readily available and quickly responds to changes in metabolism in the body.

Inflammation is associated with impairment of oxidative status, carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in type 2 diabetes complicated by non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

BACKGROUND: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is accompanied by inflammation and impairment of the lipid metabolism. In addition, NAFLD is one of the major complications of type 2 diabetes associated with oxidative stress. Based on this, we evaluated the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), oxidative status rates, and analyzed its correlation with carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in patients with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes. METHODS: A case-control study included 63 participants with NAFLD developing in patients with type 2 diabetes, and 65 healthy volunteers with a normal complete blood count and blood biochemical profile. The following parameters and states were assessed during the study: glycaemia, insulin resistance, lipid levels, liver tests, intensity of free radical induced oxidation, antioxidant enzymes, TNF-α and NF-κB level. RESULTS: Free radical induced oxidation was significantly elevated (P<0.001), total antioxidant activity was significantly decreased (P<0.001) and associated with insulin resistance (P=0.019) and lipid metabolism shifts (P<0.05) in patients with NAFLD and type 2 diabetes. Such patients had showed impaired functioning of antioxidant system (P<0.001), inhibition of NADPH-generating enzymes activity (P<0.001), increased levels of TNF-α (P<0.001) and NF-κB (P=0.019) correlated with the severity of hyperglycemia (P<0.05), concentration of reduced glutathione (P=0.005) and total cholesterol (P=0.016). CONCLUSIONS: The increase of free radical induced oxidation, TNF-α and NF-κB levels, and depletion of the antioxidant system seems to be the key factors of the development of NAFLD in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Novel Antioxidant, Deethylated Ethoxyquin, Protects against Carbon Tetrachloride Induced Hepatotoxicity in Rats by Inhibiting NLRP3 Inflammasome Activation and Apoptosis.

Inflammation and an increase in antioxidant responses mediated by oxidative stress play an important role in the pathogenesis of acute liver injury (ALI). We utilized in silico prediction of biological activity spectra for substances (PASS) analysis to estimate the potential biological activity profile of deethylated ethoxyquin (DEQ) and hypothesized that DEQ exhibits antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in a rat model of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-induced ALI. Our results demonstrate that DEQ improved liver function which was indicated by the reduction of histopathological liver changes. Treatment with DEQ reduced CCl4-induced elevation of gene expression, and the activity of antioxidant enzymes (AEs), as well as the expression of transcription factors Nfe2l2 and Nfkb2. Furthermore, DEQ treatment inhibited apoptosis, downregulated gene expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Tnf and Il6), cyclooxygenase 2 (Ptgs2), decreased glutathione (GSH) level and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity in rats with ALI. Notably, DEQ treatment led to an inhibition of CCl4-induced NLRP3-inflammasome activation which was indicated by the reduced protein expression of IL-1ß, caspase-1, and NLRP3 in the liver. Our data suggest that DEQ has a hepatoprotective effect mediated by redox-homeostasis regulation, NLRP3 inflammasome, and apoptosis inhibition, which makes that compound a promising candidate for future clinical studies.