Evidence-based opioid prescribing guidelines after lung resection: a prospective, multicenter analysis.

Background: Opioid prescribing guidelines have significantly decreased overprescribing and post-discharge use after cardiac surgery; however, limited recommendations exist for general thoracic surgery patients, a similarly high-risk population. We examined opioid prescribing and patient-reported use to develop evidence-based, opioid prescribing guidelines after lung cancer resection. Methods: This prospective, statewide, quality improvement study was conducted between January 2020 to March 2021 and included patients undergoing surgical resection of a primary lung cancer across 11 institutions. Patient-reported outcomes at 1-month follow-up were linked with clinical data and Society of Thoracic Surgery (STS) database records to characterize prescribing patterns and post-discharge use. The primary outcome was quantity of opioid used after discharge; secondary outcomes included quantity of opioid prescribed at discharge and patient-reported pain scores. Opioid quantities are reported in number of 5-mg oxycodone tablets (mean ± standard deviation). Results: Of the 602 patients identified, 429 met inclusion criteria. Questionnaire response rate was 65.0%. At discharge, 83.4% of patients were provided a prescription for opioids of mean size 20.5±13.1 pills, while patients reported using 8.2±13.0 pills after discharge (P<0.001), including 43.7% who used none. Those not taking opioids on the calendar day prior to discharge (32.4%) used fewer pills (4.4±8.1 vs. 11.7±14.9, P<0.001). Refill rate was 21.5% for patients provided a prescription at discharge, while 12.5% of patients not prescribed opioids at discharge required a new prescription before follow-up. Pain scores were 2.4±2.5 for incision site and 3.0±2.8 for overall pain (scale 0-10). Conclusions: Patient-reported post-discharge opioid use, surgical approach, and in-hospital opioid use before discharge should be used to inform prescribing recommendations after lung resection.

Combat casualty care in an air force theater hospital: perspectives of recently deployed cardiothoracic surgeons.

Current military operations have generated a large number of casualties and have led to the establishment of the first Air Force Theater Hospital since Vietnam. Located at Balad Airbase, Iraq, this hospital is a busy trauma center. Thoracic injuries are relatively infrequent but highly lethal. The cardiothoracic surgeon is uniquely trained to provide sophisticated surgical management to some of the most severely injured patients. The operative experiences of four recently deployed cardiothoracic surgeons are described. Mortality from combat injury in this conflict is lower than in prior wars. Body armor may prevent some fatal injuries. Several features of military medical care process are helping to improve our outcomes-specifically, the development of a trauma care system modeled on successful civilian centers, the expanded use of damage control concepts, and utilization of early transportation out of the theater of operations using Critical Care Air Transport Teams (CCATT).

Aorto-right Ventricular Fistula Following Percutaneous Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement: Case Report and Literature Review.

An 88-year-old woman with a prior history of aortic stenosis and history of valvuloplasty presented with worsening symptoms of heart failure and dizziness. She underwent successful transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) without complications. Follow-up echocardiograms revealed a small fistula connecting aorta to the right ventricle. The patient was initially asymptomatic but 3 months later developed overload of the right ventricle and heart failure and chose to continue medical therapy. She died of progressive heart failure at 9 months from onset of fistula. Aorto-right ventricular fistula is a rare complication of TAVR with only four cases reported in literature thus far.

Radiation pericarditis and breast reconstruction: a surgical dilemma.

OBJECTIVE: To discuss a case of radiation pericarditis and the physiology of the disease, and to discuss the left thoracotomy as an effective alternative to median sternotomy for pericardiectomy in the treatment of complicated radiation pericarditis. DESIGN: A case report with accompanying discussion of the disease and literature search. SETTING: Keesler Air Force Base Medical Center, a military training facility and general surgery residency program. PARTICIPANTS: A single case report with review of literature. RESULTS: Left thoracotomy is an effective alternative to median sternotomy for the surgical treatment of radiation pericarditis, with a mild increase in pulmonary-associated complications. CONCLUSIONS: With an increase in the use of mediastinal radiation for treatment of malignant disease as well as the increase in women having reconstructive procedures of the breast, one may expect complicated cases of radiation pericarditis that may not be amenable to median sternotomy. Left thoracotomy may be an alternative to median sternotomy for pericardiectomy in cases of pericarditis complicated by cosmetic constraints.

Giant Saphenous Venous Graft Aneurysm with Compression of the Pulmonary Artery: A Rare Cause of Heart Failure.

We report a case of a 74-year-old man who presented with dyspnea on exertion and pedal edema. He had five-vessel coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery twenty-six years ago and redo three-vessel CABG done thirteen years later. Computed tomographic angiography (CTA) of the heart and coronary vessels demonstrated a giant aneurysm arising from the saphenous venous graft (SVG) to the first obtuse marginal of the left circumflex artery compressing the pulmonary artery (PA). He underwent coronary angiography, confirming the CTA findings. Surgical and percutaneous interventions were offered, but the patient opted for conservative management due to the high risk of morbidity and mortality.

Ruptured Sinus of Valsalva Aneurysm into the Left Atrium with Multiple Fistulous Communications: A Rare Cause of Heart Failure.

Ruptured noncoronary sinus of valsalva aneurysm with fistulous connections to multiple cardiac chambers has not been reported previously. We report a 66-year-old man who presented with worsening cough and exertional dyspnea. Transesophageal echocardiogram confirmed a large aneurysm involving the noncoronary cusp of the aortic sinus with aneurysmal extension to the left atrium. There were also two fistulous communications with the left atrium and one small fistulous connection with the right atrium. Open-heart surgery with aortic root replacement and reimplantation of coronary arteries along with primary closure and repair of aorta to the left atrial fistula was performed.

The military surgeon and the war on terrorism: a Zollinger legacy.

BACKGROUND: One of Dr. Robert Zollinger's greatest contributions during his time in the Army Medical Corps was the development and utilization of mobile surgical units during World War II. After September 11, 2001, the medical services of the United States Air Force and Army were deployed to support combat casualties incurred during the war on terrorism. METHODS: Information is based on the authors' recent experiences in Operation Enduring Freedom. RESULTS: Over an 8-month period, nearly ninety combat casualties, resulting primarily from blasts and penetrating injuries, received surgical care in medical facilities in Southwest Asia provided by the joint efforts of Air Force and Army mobile surgical teams. CONCLUSIONS: The importance of lessons learned from this experience and from history, as well as the joint efforts of military medical services, should be applied to the future care of combat casualties.

Repair of mycotic coronary aneurysm without cardiopulmonary bypass: case report.

Mycotic aneurysms of the coronary arteries are extremely rare, with 15 cases reported. We report the successful treatment of a mycotic aneurysm of the left anterior descending coronary artery by coronary artery bypass grafting with aneurysm ligation and resection without the use of cardiopulmonary bypass.

Anterior mediastinal nonseminomatous germ cell tumor with malignant transformation: a case report.

OBJECTIVE: We report a case of a 21-year-old man who presented with the unusual symptoms of heart failure and was found to have an anterior mediastinal yolk sac tumor. METHODS: A review of the literature using the Ovid search engine was performed. RESULTS: The patient was treated with the current standard of neoadjuvant chemotherapy: bleomycin, etoposide, and cisplatin (BEP) with marked reduction in tumor size, followed by en bloc surgical resection. The final pathology revealed teratoma with malignant change: chondrosarcoma, adenocarcinoma, and poorly differentiated sarcoma. CONCLUSIONS: This is a rare initial presentation of an anterior mediastinal germ-cell tumor with treatment consisting of neoadjuvant therapy and surgical resection. In addition, we present the adverse and extremely rare malignant degeneration of this tumor.

Victim of fashion: Endocarditis after oral piercing.

A case report of endocarditis after tongue piercing is presented. Body piercing is a form of self-expression that is achieving greater acceptance and wider practice in modern society. Even in healthy individuals, significant health risks exist with this type of physical adornment. Despite this fact, no significant regulatory mechanisms are currently in place to guide practitioners of this craft or to protect the recipients of body piercing. Medical professionals should join the American Dental Association in their opposition of the practice of intraoral/perioral piercing and should call for the development of legislation protecting the recipients of such practices, particularly the population of young people in whom this type of body art is becoming increasingly prevalent.

Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome after cardiac surgery.

A case report of multisystem organ failure and limb loss associated with coronary artery bypass is reported. Heparin-induced thrombocytopenia and thrombosis syndrome (HITTS) occurs in 1% to 2% of patients suffering from thrombocytopenia associated with heparin or heparinoid use, which amounts to less than 1.4% of the cardiac surgical population. It carries a risk of significant comorbidity and mortality. Providers involved in the care of such patients should be well versed in the etiology and potential complications of HITTS, the treatment options, and alternative modalities of anticoagulation available for use.

The left atrial "Medusa myxoma".

Although myxomas are the most commonly seen primary cardiac tumors, encompassing 30% to 50% of all primary tumors of the heart, they remain a rare finding with an annual reported incidence of 0.5 per million. The presenting symptoms of an atrial myxoma are widely varied as are the clinical consequences. Regardless of presentation, once a diagnosis is made prompt surgical excision is recommended to minimize the potential complications of obstruction or embolization. We present the "Medusa myxoma," an arborizing 4-fingered left atrial myxoma extending from the fossa ovalis across the left atrium.

Fragmentation injury to the innominate artery in a three-year-old child.

The management of vascular trauma in pediatric patients presents numerous challenges, especially in an austere environment. We present the case of a 3-year-old girl who sustained multiple fragmentation injuries to the right chest and right upper extremity as a result of combat activity in Iraq. This resulted in an occult pseudoaneurysm of the innominate artery identified during exploration of her right chest for a persistent air leak from the right side of the chest. Computed tomography angiography delineated the injury, which was surgically repaired. This report demonstrates the type of challenging cases encountered in a combat zone and illustrates the need for a national database of such injuries in pediatric patients to better inform surgical decision making.

Functional comparison of staple line reinforcements in lung resection.

PURPOSE: Staple line reinforcement with bovine pericardium and expanded polytetrafluoroethylene during lung resections has shown reduction in air leak incidence and duration. Small intestinal submucosa and polyglycolic acid-trimethylene carbonate, have been introduced as new reinforcements for nonpulmonary staple lines. We hypothesize that reinforcement of staple lines in lungs with commercially available materials will decrease staple line leak at increased pressures. DESCRIPTION: We evaluated 8 staple lines per reinforcement material (4 groups) and a control group (n = 40) in healthy living pigs. After resections (up to four per animal), the lungs were tested sequentially using hand ventilation to increasing pressures (5-75 cm H2O). The occurrence of pressure at which leaks was recorded. EVALUATION: All reinforced staple lines exhibited higher mean leak threshold when compared with the controls; however only small intestinal submucosa achieved significance when compared with the controls. CONCLUSIONS: Commercially available reinforcements allow pulmonary staple lines to tolerate higher intrabronchial pressures without demonstrating air leak. In addition, reinforcement with small intestinal submucosa imparts a significant advantage to the other reinforcements in terms of pulmonary staple line leak rate.

Functional assessment of a new staple line reinforcement in lung resection.

BACKGROUND: A major complication of lung resection is prolonged leaking at the staple line. Staple-line reinforcement is performed routinely during these procedures using bovine pericardium (peri-strips) and expanded polytetrafluorethylene. Both materials have been shown previously to increase staple-line durability and reduce the overall incidence of prolonged air leaking after lung resection, specifically in lung volume-reduction surgery. Small intestinal submucosa (SIS) has had many applications in human tissues consequent to its absorption and healing profile, which are well documented in human and animal models. However, it had not been studied in reinforcement of pulmonary staple lines. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We hypothesized that SIS reinforcement of staple lines in healthy lung tissue would increase durability, as determined by leak rates at increased airway pressures as compared to nonreinforced staple lines. Eight healthy juvenile Yorkshire-cross pigs were subjected to bilateral apical lung resections; one side was reinforced with SIS. The lungs were then inflated to sequentially increase intrabronchial pressures (5-75 cm H2O) for 60-second intervals while the chest was filled with saline under direct visualization monitoring for air leak. RESULTS: Staple lines reinforced with porcine small intestinal submucosa had significantly better durability as determined by Kaplan-Meier survival calculations with respect to leak rate as a function of pressure. CONCLUSION: Reinforcement of staple lines with SIS allows pulmonary staple lines to tolerate significantly higher intrabronchial pressures without demonstrating air leak at the staple line.