Resident memory CD8+ T cells in regional lymph nodes mediate immunity to metastatic melanoma.

The nature of the anti-tumor immune response changes as primary tumors progress and metastasize. We investigated the role of resident memory (Trm) and circulating memory (Tcirm) cells in anti-tumor responses at metastatic locations using a mouse model of melanoma-associated vitiligo. We found that the transcriptional characteristics of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells were defined by the tissue of occupancy. Parabiosis revealed that tumor-specific Trm and Tcirm compartments persisted throughout visceral organs, but Trm cells dominated lymph nodes (LNs). Single-cell RNA-sequencing profiles of Trm cells in LN and skin were distinct, and T cell clonotypes that occupied both tissues were overwhelmingly maintained as Trm in LNs. Whereas Tcirm cells prevented melanoma growth in the lungs, Trm afforded long-lived protection against melanoma seeding in LNs. Expanded Trm populations were also present in melanoma-involved LNs from patients, and their transcriptional signature predicted better survival. Thus, tumor-specific Trm cells persist in LNs, restricting metastatic cancer.

Control of B Cell Lymphoma by Gammaherpesvirus-Induced Memory CD8 T Cells.

Persistent infection with gammaherpesviruses (γHV) can cause lymphomagenesis in immunocompromised patients. Murine γHV-68 (MHV-68) is an important tool for understanding immune factors contributing to γHV control; however, modeling control of γHV-associated lymphomagenesis has been challenging. Current model systems require very long incubation times or severe immune suppression, and tumor penetrance is low. In this report, we describe the generation of a B cell lymphoma on the C57BL/6 background, which is driven by the Myc oncogene and expresses an immunodominant CD8 T cell epitope from MHV-68. We determined MHV-68-specific CD8 T cells in latently infected mice use either IFN-γ or perforin/granzyme to control γHV-associated lymphoma, but perforin/granzyme is a more potent effector mechanism for lymphoma control than IFN-γ. Consistent with previous reports, CD4-depleted mice lost control of virus replication in persistently infected mice. However, control of lymphoma remained intact in the absence of CD4 T cells. Collectively, these data show the mechanisms of T cell control of B cell lymphoma in γHV-infected mice overlap with those necessary for control of virus replication, but there are also important differences. This study establishes a tool for further dissecting immune surveillance against, and optimizing adoptive T cell therapies for, γHV-associated lymphomas.

Zbtb20 Restrains CD8 T Cell Immunometabolism and Restricts Memory Differentiation and Antitumor Immunity.

CD8 T cell differentiation is orchestrated by dynamic metabolic changes that direct activation, proliferation, cytotoxic function, and epigenetic changes. We report that the BTB-ZF family transcriptional repressor Zbtb20 negatively regulates CD8 T cell metabolism and memory differentiation in mice. Effector and memory CD8 T cells with conditional Zbtb20 deficiency displayed enhanced mitochondrial and glycolytic metabolism, and memory CD8 T cells had enhanced spare respiratory capacity. Furthermore, Zbtb20-deficient CD8 T cells displayed increased flexibility in the use of mitochondrial fuel sources. Phenotypic and transcriptional skewing toward the memory fate was observed during the CD8 T cell response to Listeria monocytogenes Memory cells mounted larger secondary responses and conferred better protection following tumor challenge. These data suggest that inactivation of Zbtb20 may offer an approach to enhance metabolic activity and flexibility and improve memory CD8 T cell differentiation, useful attributes for T cells used in adoptive immunotherapy.

Characterizing control of memory CD8 T cell differentiation by BTB-ZF transcription factor Zbtb20.

Members of the BTB-ZF transcription factor family regulate the immune system. Our laboratory identified that family member Zbtb20 contributes to the differentiation, recall responses, and metabolism of CD8 T cells. Here, we report a characterization of the transcriptional and epigenetic signatures controlled by Zbtb20 at single-cell resolution during the effector and memory phases of the CD8 T cell response. Without Zbtb20, transcriptional programs associated with memory CD8 T cell formation were up-regulated throughout the CD8 T response. A signature of open chromatin was associated with genes controlling T cell activation, consistent with the known impact on differentiation. In addition, memory CD8 T cells lacking Zbtb20 were characterized by open chromatin regions with overrepresentation of AP-1 transcription factor motifs and elevated RNA- and protein-level expressions of the corresponding AP-1 components. Finally, we describe motifs and genomic annotations from the DNA targets of Zbtb20 in CD8 T cells identified by cleavage under targets and release under nuclease (CUT&RUN). Together, these data establish the transcriptional and epigenetic networks contributing to the control of CD8 T cell responses by Zbtb20.