Electrohydrodynamics of Vesicles and Capsules.

Giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs) made up of phospholipid bilayer membranes (liposomes) and elastic capsules with a cross-linked, polymerized membrane, have emerged as biomimetic alternatives to investigating biological cells such as leukocytes and erythrocytes. This feature article looks at the similarities and differences in the electrohydrodynamics (EHD) of vesicles and capsules under electric fields that determines their electromechanical response. The physics of EHD is illustrated through several examples such as the electrodeformation of single and compound, spherical and cylindrical, and charged and uncharged vesicles in uniform and nonuniform electric fields, and the relevance and challenges are discussed. Both small and large deformation results are discussed. The use of EHD in understanding complex interfacial kinetics in capsules and the synthesis of nonspherical capsules using electric fields are also presented. Finally, the review looks at the large electrodeformation of water-in-water capsules and the relevance of constitutive laws in their response.

Conformation of charged vesicles: the Debye-Hückel and the low-curvature limit.

The shape as well as tension and pressure inside an uncharged vesicle are understood to be determined by the reduced volume of a vesicle. These parameters are important for a vesicle or a biological cell, since they can affect bio-physical processes such as osmosis and permeation, interaction with external agents such as bio-macromolecules as well as thermal fluctuations in a bilayer membrane of a vesicle. Charged membranes are ubiquitous in nature, most biological cell bio-membranes are charged, and therefore the knowledge of shape, tension and pressure of charged vesicles is critical. Additionally, the distribution of charges in the inner and outer leaflets is also important as it can affect the spatial interaction of a bilayer membrane with proteins and other micro and macromolecular species. This work addresses these issues in the low-charge and low-curvature limit. Our analysis indicates that despite a very strong two-way coupling between the charge and the curvature, the shapes of charged vesicles remain similar to that of uncharged vesicles at comparable reduced volumes, even for reasonable values of total charge. However, the tension and pressure values are higher, and are accurately estimated in our analysis. The charge distribution on the outer and inner leaflet which is strongly affected by the curvature is calculated. The value of spontaneous curvature due to charge redistribution is also estimated. The insensitivity of the shape to charges persists even when only the outer leaflet is charged instead of charged inner and outer leaflets.