Gene expression profiling analysis of castration-resistant prostate cancer.

BACKGROUND: Prostate cancer is a global health issue. Usually, men with metastatic disease will progress to castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). We aimed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in tumor samples from non-castrated and castrated men from LNCaP Orthotopic xenograft models of prostate cancer and to study the mechanisms of CRPC. MATERIAL/METHODS: In this work, GSE46218 containing 4 samples from non-castrated men and 4 samples from castrated men was downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus. We identified DEGs using limma Geoquery in R, the Robust Multi-array Average (RMA) method in Bioconductor, and Bias methods, followed by constructing an integrated regulatory network involving DEGs, miRNAs, and TFs using Cytoscape. Then, we analyzed network motifs of the integrated gene regulatory network using FANMOD. We selected regulatory modules corresponding to network motifs from the integrated regulatory network by Perl script. We preformed gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis of DEGs in the regulatory modules using DAVID. RESULTS: We identified total 443 DEGs. We built an integrated regulatory network, found three motifs (motif 1, motif 2 and motif 3), and got two function modules (module 1 corresponded to motif 1, and module 2 corresponded to motif 2). Several GO terms (such as regulation of cell proliferation, positive regulation of macromolecule metabolic process, phosphorylation, and phosphorus metabolic process) and two pathways (pathway in cancer and Melanoma) were enriched. Furthermore, some significant DEGs (such as CAV1, LYN, FGFR3 and FGFR3) were related to CPRC development. CONCLUSIONS: These genes might play important roles in the development and progression of CRPC.

Chrebp regulates the transcriptional activity of androgen receptor in prostate cancer.

Androgen receptor (AR), a member of nuclear hormone receptor, plays an essential role in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer (PCa). In the present study, by way of immunoprecipitation followed by mass spectrometry (IP/MS) system, we found that carbohydrate-responsive element-binding protein (Chrebp), a glucose sensor in normal and cancer cells, interacted with AR in LNCaP cells. The interaction was further confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation analysis. Besides, Chrebp is required for the optimal transcriptional activity of AR in promoting the transcription of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) promoter and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression. Consistently, knockdown of Chrebp using small interfering RNA (siRNA) in LNCaP cells reduced endogenous PSA levels. Together, our study demonstrates that Chrebp interacts with AR and regulates its transcriptional activity.

Backward bifurcation of a plant virus dynamics model with nonlinear continuous and impulsive control.

Roguing and elimination of vectors are the most commonly seen biological control strategies regarding the spread of plant viruses. It is practically significant to establish the mathematical models of plant virus transmission and regard the effect of removing infected plants as well as eliminating vector strategies on plant virus eradication. We proposed the mathematical models of plant virus transmission with nonlinear continuous and pulse removal of infected plants and vectors. In terms of the nonlinear continuous control strategy, the threshold values of the existence and stability of multiple equilibria have been provided. Moreover, the conditions for the occurrence of backward bifurcation were also provided. Regarding the nonlinear impulsive control strategy, the stability of the disease-free periodic solution and the threshold of the persistence of the disease were given. With the application of the fixed point theory, the conditions for the existence of forward and backward bifurcations of the model were presented. Our results demonstrated that there was a backward bifurcation phenomenon in continuous systems, and there was also a backward bifurcation phenomenon in impulsive control systems. Moreover, we found that removing healthy plants increased the threshold $ R_{1}. $ Finally, numerical simulation was employed to verify our conclusions.

Removal of Chromium(VI) from Aqueous Solutions Using Fe3O4 Magnetic Polymer Microspheres Functionalized with Amino Groups.

Magnetic polymer microspheres (MPMs) using glycidylmethacrylate (GMA) as a functional monomer were synthesized in the presence of Fe3O4 nanoparticles via dispersion polymerization. After polymerization, the magnetic polymer microbeads were modified with ethylenediamine (EDA). The obtained ethylenediamine-functionalized magnetic microspheres (EDA-MPMs) were characterized by scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), vibrating-sample magnetometer (VSM) and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. Then the EDA-MPMs were applied as adsorbents for the removal of Cr(VI) from aqueous solution. Langmuir equation was appropriate to describe the experimental data. The maximum adsorption capacities obtained from the Langmuir model were 236.9, 242.1 and 253.2 mg/g at 298, 308 and 318 K, respectively. The Cr(VI) adsorption equilibrium was established within 120 min and the adsorption kinetics was compatibly described by the pseudo-second order equation. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔG°, ΔH°, ΔS°) of the sorption process revealed that the adsorption was spontaneous and was an endothermic process. The regeneration study demonstrated that the EDA-MPMs could be repeatedly utilized with no significant loss of adsorption efficiency.

Differentially expressed genes and interacting pathways in bladder cancer revealed by bioinformatic analysis.

The goal of this study was to identify cancer-associated differentially expressed genes (DEGs), analyze their biological functions and investigate the mechanism(s) of cancer occurrence and development, which may provide a theoretical foundation for bladder cancer (BCa) therapy. We downloaded the mRNA expression profiling dataset GSE13507 from the Gene Expression Omnibus database; the dataset includes 165 BCa and 68 control samples. T­tests were used to identify DEGs. To further study the biological functions of the identified DEGs, we performed a Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis. Next, we built a network of potentially interacting pathways to study the synergistic relationships among DEGs. A total of 12,105 genes were identified as DEGs, of which 5,239 were upregulated and 6,866 were downregulated in BCa. The DEGs encoding activator protein 1 (AP-1), nuclear factor of activated T-cells (NFAT) proteins, nuclear factor κ-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) and interleukin (IL)-10 were revealed to participate in the significantly enriched immune pathways that were downregulated in BCa. KEGG enrichment analysis revealed 7 significantly upregulated and 47 significantly downregulated pathways enriched among the DEGs. We found a crosstalk interaction among a total of 44 pathways in the network of BCa-affected pathways. In conclusion, our results show that BCa involves dysfunctions in multiple systems. Our study is expected to pave ways for immune and inflammatory research and provide molecular insights for cancer therapy.

Novel, fluorescent, magnetic, polysaccharide-based microsphere for orientation, tracing, and anticoagulation: preparation and characterization.

A fluorescent, magnetic composite poly(styrene-maleic anhydride) microsphere, suitable for conjugation with polysaccharide, was synthesized using magnetite/europium phthalate particles as seeds by copolymerization of styrene and maleic anhydride. The magnetite/europium phthalate particles were wrapped up by poly(ethylene glycol), which improved the affinity between the seed particles and the monomers. The composite microspheres obtained, with a diameter of 0.15-0.7 microm, contain 586-1013 microg of magnetite/g of microsphere and 0.5-16 mmol surface anhydride groups/g of microsphere. Heparin was conjugated with the reactive surface anhydride groups on the surface of the microspheres by covalent binding to obtain a fluorescent, magnetic, polysaccharide-based microsphere. The microspheres not only retain their bioactivities but also provide magnetic susceptibility and fluorescence. They can be used as a carrier with magnetic orientation and fluorescence tracer for potent drug targeting. The orientation, tracer, and anticoagulation of the fluorescence, magnetic, polysaccharide-based microspheres were studied. The anticoagulant activity of the microspheres and heparin binding capacity reached 54,212.8 U and 607.1 mg/g of dry microspheres. The activity recovery was 50.2%. The anticoagulant activity of the microspheres increases with the increase of the conjugated heparin on the surface of the microspheres and the decrease of the microsphere size. Furthermore, The fluorescent, magnetic, polysaccharide-based microspheres can be easily transported to a given position in a magnetic field and traced via their fluorescence.