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INTRODUCTION: As more restrictions on tobacco marketing communication are implemented, tobacco marketing has persisted through smoking in films. Our aims were to assess changes in tobacco imagery exposure in Spanish top-grossing films before and after the banning of tobacco advertising in Spain, and to determine whether the depiction of smoking characters has changed over the years. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional study measured the tobacco content in the 10 Spanish top-grossing films in 2005, 2010 and 2015 (n=30) before and after a complete tobacco advertising ban. We conducted a descriptive and regression analysis of changes in tobacco impressions by year. RESULTS: The 30 films contained 1378 tobacco occurrences (90.2% positive for tobacco) with a median length of eight seconds onscreen. Total tobacco occurrences deemed positive for tobacco interests significantly increased in 2010 and 2015 compared to 2005. However, we observed decreased odds of tobacco brands appearances (OR=0.25; p<0.001) in 2010 and of implied tobacco use (OR=0.44; p=0.002), and tobacco brands appearances (OR=0.36; p<0.001) in 2015 compared to 2005. There was a change of pattern in the type of role smokers played from a leading role to a supporting one (p<0.001). The population reach of positive for tobacco occurrence in Spanish top-grossing films decreased from 15.9 (95% CI: 15.86-15.86) per 1000 spectators in 2005 to 0.8 (95% CI: 0.82-0.82) in 2015. CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of a ban on complete tobacco product advertising was followed by a decrease in tobacco incidents across top-grossing Spanish films. Yet, exposure to smoking in films is still unacceptably high.
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Resumen Los avances científicos, tecnológicos y los modelos de desarrollo social y económico actuales ponen de manifiesto la influencia negativa del ser humano sobre el medio ambiente. La educación universitaria resulta indispensable para la difusión de conocimientos y promoción de comportamientos más solidarios y menos perjudiciales con el medio ambiente. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo determinar la relación del conocimiento ambiental (CA) y el comportamiento proambiental (CPA) de estudiantes universitarios y su manifestación según las áreas de conocimiento, en una institución de educación superior en Colombia. Se realizó un estudio comparativo con diseño transversal, utilizando un muestreo dirigido, conformado por 991 estudiantes de diferentes carreras universitarias. Se aplicó el Índice de Comportamiento Proambiental (ICP) que evalúa creencias, normas subjetivas e intención de comportamiento proambiental y la Escala Diagnóstica de Conocimiento Ambiental para Latinoamérica (ECLA) que evalúa conocimiento del sistema, de las acciones, de la efectividad, y de problemas ambientales. Se evidenciaron asociaciones positivas y significativas entre el CA y las escalas del ICP; y se encontraron diferencias significativas según las diferentes áreas de conocimiento (p< .05). Los estudiantes de Ciencias Sociales y Humanas presentaron mayores puntajes en CA y CPA respecto a los de otras áreas. Se concluye que los estudiantes poseen creencias, actitudes y acciones positivas hacia el medioambiente, no obstante, su nivel de CA es bajo. Las universidades cuentan con el reto de promover una formación que impacte en el bienestar humano-ambiente.
Abstract Scientific and technological advances and current models of social and economic development highlight the negative influence of human beings on the environment. Higher education is essential for knowledge dissemination and the promotion of behaviors that are more supportive and less harmful to the environment. This research aimed to determine the relationship between environmental knowledge (CA) and pro-environmental behavior (CPA) of undergraduate students and their manifestation according to the areas of knowledge in a higher education institution in Colombia. A comparative study under a cross-sectional design was carried out, using a directed sampling, made up of 991 students from different undergraduate programs. The Pro-Environmental Behavior Index (ICP) was administered, which evaluates beliefs, subjective norms and intention of pro-environmental behavior, and the Diagnostic Environmental Knowledge Scale for Latin America (ECLA), which assesses knowledge of the system, actions, effectiveness, and environmental issues. Positive and significant associations were evidenced between the AC and the ICP scales; and significant differences were found according to the different areas of knowledge (p< .05). The students of Social and Human Sciences showed higher scores in CA and CPA compared to those of other areas. It is concluded that students have positive beliefs, attitudes, and actions towards the environment, however, their AC level is low. Universities have the challenge of promoting training that impacts human-environment well-being.