RESUMEN
A 71-year-old male presented to Urology with three weeks of overt haematuria and increasing lethargy. Contrast-enhanced CT scans revealed an 8 × 6cm partially exophytic lesion in the left kidney's upper pole, extending beyond the capsule and invading the superior cortical vein, accompanied by abnormal retrocrural lymph nodes. Signs of paraneoplastic syndrome prompted a left radical nephrectomy for symptom relief. Histological analysis identified high-grade collecting duct renal carcinoma and invasive urothelial cell carcinoma. Post-surgery, he was referred for oncological treatment but passed away within two months of the initial diagnosis.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Hajj pilgrims are encouraged to take influenza and pneumococcal vaccines prior to their travel to safeguard against acute respiratory tract infections (ARTIs). It is unclear whether dual immunisation with influenza and pneumococcal vaccines have had any impact on ARTI symptoms. To this end, we have examined the data of the last several years to assess whether combined influenza and pneumococcal vaccination has affected the rate of ARTI symptoms among Hajj pilgrims. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Hajj pilgrims from United Kingdom, Australia, Saudi Arabia and Qatar who attended the congregation between 2005 and 2015 were included in this study. Data from surveillance studies or clinical trials involving Hajj pilgrims were used. In this analysis we have made use of the raw data to construct a trend line graph with the prevalence of combined cough and fever (as a proxy for ARTI) against the uptake of combined influenza and pneumococcal vaccines, and to estimate the relative risk (RR) of ARTI with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). RESULTS: Data of a pooled sample of 9350 pilgrims, aged 0.5-90 years with a male to female ratio of 1.1, were analysed. Although vaccination uptake did not rise significantly over the years, there was also no observed meaningful benefit of combined vaccination (RR = 1.1; 95% CI 0.8-1.4), the rates of ARTI symptoms demonstrated a decline over the last several years. The findings of this analysis highlight that the prevalence of 'cough and fever' among Hajj pilgrims is on decline but the uptake of combined influenza and pneumococcal vaccines remains unchanged over years, and the decline can not be attributed to dual influenza and pneumococcal vaccination. CONCLUSIONS: Acute respiratory tract infections among Hajj pilgrims are decreasing, it is unclear if the reduction is due to vaccine uptake, but the data and analysis have some limitations.