Primary Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma Presenting as Neurolymphomatosis Involving Multiple Cranial Nerves: A Case Report.

Neurolymphomatosis (NL) is a rare condition caused by the lymphomatous or leukemic infiltration of nerves and manifests as neuropathy. Most often, NL is associated with B-lineage non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) and only infrequently occurs in conjunction with T- or NK-lineage NHL. Extranodal NK/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL)-associated NL is exceedingly unusual, with only 9 cases described in the English language literature, in addition to our case. Diagnosis of NL is challenging, as the entity can mimic neuropathies of more common etiologies, and an adequate biopsy may be difficult to obtain. Timely diagnosis demands a high index of suspicion, especially for patients without a history of hematologic malignancy. We expand upon a unique case of NL exclusively involving cranial nerves and cauda equina nerve roots, as the initial manifestation of ENKTL, and contextualize our findings within the framework of previously reported NK/T-lineage NL cases.

MAGIC biomarkers predict long-term outcomes for steroid-resistant acute GVHD.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is treated with systemic corticosteroid immunosuppression. Clinical response after 1 week of therapy often guides further treatment decisions, but long-term outcomes vary widely among centers, and more accurate predictive tests are urgently needed. We analyzed clinical data and blood samples taken 1 week after systemic treatment of GVHD from 507 patients from 17 centers of the Mount Sinai Acute GVHD International Consortium (MAGIC), dividing them into a test cohort (n = 236) and 2 validation cohorts separated in time (n = 142 and n = 129). Initial response to systemic steroids correlated with response at 4 weeks, 1-year nonrelapse mortality (NRM), and overall survival (OS). A previously validated algorithm of 2 MAGIC biomarkers (ST2 and REG3α) consistently separated steroid-resistant patients into 2 groups with dramatically different NRM and OS (P < .001 for all 3 cohorts). High biomarker probability, resistance to steroids, and GVHD severity (Minnesota risk) were all significant predictors of NRM in multivariate analysis. A direct comparison of receiver operating characteristic curves showed that the area under the curve for biomarker probability (0.82) was significantly greater than that for steroid response (0.68, P = .004) and for Minnesota risk (0.72, P = .005). In conclusion, MAGIC biomarker probabilities generated after 1 week of systemic treatment of GVHD predict long-term outcomes in steroid-resistant GVHD better than clinical criteria and should prove useful in developing better treatment strategies.

Late acute graft-versus-host disease: a prospective analysis of clinical outcomes and circulating angiogenic factors.

Late acute (LA) graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is persistent, recurrent, or new-onset acute GVHD symptoms occurring >100 days after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). The aim of this analysis is to describe the onset, course, morbidity, and mortality of and examine angiogenic factors associated with LA GVHD. A prospective cohort of patients (n = 909) was enrolled as part of an observational study within the Chronic GVHD Consortium. Eighty-three patients (11%) developed LA GVHD at a median of 160 (interquartile range, 128-204) days after HCT. Although 51 out of 83 (61%) achieved complete or partial response to initial therapy by 28 days, median failure-free survival was only 7.1 months (95% confidence interval, 3.4-19.1 months), and estimated overall survival (OS) at 2 years was 56%. Given recently described alterations of circulating angiogenic factors in classic acute GVHD, we examined whether alterations in such factors could be identified in LA GVHD. We first tested cases (n = 55) and controls (n = 50) from the Chronic GVHD Consortium and then validated the findings in 37 cases from Mount Sinai Acute GVHD International Consortium. Plasma amphiregulin (AREG; an epidermal growth factor [EGF] receptor ligand) was elevated, and an AREG/EGF ratio at or above the median was associated with inferior OS and increased nonrelapse mortality in both cohorts. Elevation of AREG was detected in classic acute GVHD, but not chronic GVHD. These prospective data characterize the clinical course of LA GVHD and demonstrate alterations in angiogenic factors that make LA GVHD biologically distinct from chronic GVHD.

International, Multicenter Standardization of Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease Clinical Data Collection: A Report from the Mount Sinai Acute GVHD International Consortium.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) remains a leading cause of morbidity and nonrelapse mortality after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. The clinical staging of GVHD varies greatly between transplant centers and is frequently not agreed on by independent reviewers. The lack of standardized approaches to handle common sources of discrepancy in GVHD grading likely contributes to why promising GVHD treatments reported from single centers have failed to show benefit in randomized multicenter clinical trials. We developed guidelines through international expert consensus opinion to standardize the diagnosis and clinical staging of GVHD for use in a large international GVHD research consortium. During the first year of use, the guidance followed discussion of complex clinical phenotypes by experienced transplant physicians and data managers. These guidelines increase the uniformity of GVHD symptom capture, which may improve the reproducibility of GVHD clinical trials after further prospective validation.

Pharmacoeconomic impact of up-front use of plerixafor for autologous stem cell mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma.

BACKGROUND AIMS: Stem cell collection can be a major component of overall cost of autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT). Plerixafor is an effective agent for mobilization; however, it is often reserved for salvage therapy because of its high cost. We present data on the pharmacoeconomic impact of the use of plerixafor as an up-front mobilization in patients with multiple myeloma (MM). METHODS: Patients with MM who underwent ASCT between January 2008 and April 2011 at the Mount Sinai Medical Center were reviewed retrospectively. In April 2010, practice changes were instituted for patients with MM to delay initiation of granulocyte-colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) support from day 0 to day +5 and to add plerixafor to G-CSF as an up-front autologous mobilization. Targets of collection were 5-10 × 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg. RESULTS: Of 50 adults with MM who underwent ASCT, 25 received plerixafor/filgrastim and 25 received G-CSF alone as an up-front mobilization. Compared with the control, plerixafor mobilization yielded higher CD34(+) cell content (16.1 versus 8.4 × 10(6) CD34(+) cells/kg; P = 0.0007) and required fewer sessions of apheresis (1.9 versus 3.1; P = 0.0001). In the plerixafor group, the mean number of plerixafor doses required per patient was 1.8. Although the overall cost of medications was higher in the plerixafor group, the cost for blood products and overall cost of hospitalization were similar between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS: Up-front use of plerixafor is an effective mobilization strategy in patients with MM and does not have a substantial pharmacoeconomic impact in overall cost of hospitalization combined with the apheresis procedure.

Transplant Eligible and Ineligible Elderly Patients with AML-A Genomic Approach and Next Generation Questions.

The management of elderly patients diagnosed with acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) is complicated by high relapse risk and comorbidities that often preclude access to allogeneic hematopoietic cellular transplantation (allo-HCT). In recent years, fast-paced FDA drug approval has reshaped the therapeutic landscape, with modest, albeit promising improvement in survival. Still, AML outcomes in elderly patients remain unacceptably unfavorable highlighting the need for better understanding of disease biology and tailored strategies. In this review, we discuss recent modifications suggested by European Leukemia Network 2022 (ELN-2022) risk stratification and review recent aging cell biology advances with the discussion of four AML cases. While an older age, >60 years, does not constitute an absolute contraindication for allo-HCT, the careful patient selection based on a detailed and multidisciplinary risk stratification cannot be overemphasized.

AML with BCR-ABL1 Fusion treated with Imatinib, a Hypomethylating Agent and Venetoclax.

A patient with history of myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) presented with multifocal pneumonia and was found to have Philadelphia chromosomepositive (Ph+) acute myeloid leukemia (AML). A tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) was added to decitabine and venetoclax combination, providing a molecular and cytogenetic complete response despite additional cytogenetic and molecular abnormalities. She remains in remission after eleven cycles of treatment. Our report describes the tolerability and success of a triplet regimen that incorporates a TKI to a backbone of decitabine and venetoclax in a patient with high-risk disease and with significant comorbidities.

Multiple myeloma, race, insurance and treatment.

PURPOSE: Multiple Myeloma (MM), the second leading blood malignancy, has complex and costly disease management. We studied patterns of treatment disparities and unplanned interruptions among the MM patients after the Affordable Care Act to assess their prevalence and effect on survival. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This retrospective study of 1002 MM patients at a tertiary referral center used standard guidelines as a reference to identify underuse of effective treatments. We used multivariate logistic regression and Cox proportionate hazard to study the prognostic effect on survival. RESULTS: Median age in the cohort was 63.0 [IQR: 14] years. Non-Hispanic White (NHW) patients were older (p = 0.007) and more likely to present with stage I disease (p = 0.02). Underuse of maintenance therapy (aOR = 1.98; 95 % CI 1.12-3.48) and interruptions in treatment were associated with race/ethnicity and insurance (aOR = 4.14; 95 % CI: 1.78-9.74). Only underuse of induction therapy was associated with overall patient survival. CONCLUSION: Age, race, ethnicity and primary insurance contribute to the underuse of treatment and in unplanned interruptions in MM treatment. Addressing underuse causes in such patients is warranted.

A phase 2a randomized clinical trial of intravenous vedolizumab for the treatment of steroid-refractory intestinal acute graft-versus-host disease.

Steroid-refractory (SR) acute graft-versus-host disease (aGvHD) remains a significant complication after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation. Systemic corticosteroids are first-line therapy for aGvHD, but apart from ruxolitinib, there are no approved treatments for SR aGvHD. Vedolizumab is approved for treatment of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease, and may be effective for treatment of SR intestinal aGvHD. We conducted a phase 2a trial (NCT02993783) to evaluate the clinical efficacy, tolerability, and safety of vedolizumab 300 and 600 mg for SR intestinal aGvHD. This study was terminated before full enrollment was completed because early results failed to demonstrate positive proof-of-concept in efficacy. Before termination, 17 participants had enrolled and an early response in intestinal aGvHD was observed in 11 and eight participants at days 15 and 28, respectively. All adverse events observed were consistent with those expected in a population with SR intestinal aGvHD. Overall, vedolizumab did not meet the primary efficacy endpoint (overall response at day 28), likely owing to premature study drug discontinuation, lack of efficacy, and the competing risks inherent with a population with advanced SR intestinal aGvHD. Nevertheless, this study provides valuable insights into the considerations needed when conducting studies in patients with SR intestinal aGvHD.

Where you live can impact your cancer risk: a look at multiple myeloma in New York City.

PURPOSE: To visualize variation in multiple myeloma (MM) incidence and mortality rates by race-ethnicity and geographic location and evaluate their correlation with neighborhood-level population covariates within New York City (NYC). METHODS: Trends and racial differences in MM incidence and mortality for the United States [Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Cancer Registry (SEER), National Center for Health Statistics], and NYC [New York State Cancer Registry] were compared using Joinpoint regression. Pearson's correlation coefficients measured neighborhood-level MM-covariate relationships (n = 34). RESULTS: MM incidence rates are double in African-Americans compared with Whites, in SEER-13 areas (rate ratio (RR) = 2.27; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 2.22-2.32) and NYC (RR = 2.11; 95% CI = 2.03-2.20). Incidence rates increased faster in NYC (average annual percentage change difference, -1.1; 95% CI, -2.3 to -0.1). NYC African-American men experienced the steepest increase in mortality rates after 2001. In NYC, strong neighborhood-level correlations exist between incidence and mortality rates and high prevalence of residents of African ancestry, Latin American birth, daily sugary beverage and low fruit and vegetable consumption, and neighborhood walkability. Higher MM mortality also correlates with Hispanic ethnicity, obesity, diabetes, poverty, HIV/AIDS, air benzene concentration, and indoor pesticide use. CONCLUSIONS: NYC neighborhoods with large minority populations have higher prevalence of poverty-related factors associated with MM incidence and mortality, warranting public health policies to address exposures and access to care.

Acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia as a rare cause of thrombocytopenia during pregnancy.

A rare case of acquired amegakaryocytic thrombocytopenia (AATP) in a 35-year-old woman who presented with anaemia and thrombocytopenia at 22 weeks gestation. The first diagnostic impression was of an evolving aplastic anaemia; however, the patient was simultaneously diagnosed with severe vitamin B12 deficiency in the setting of vegetarianism. Once the cyanocobalamin deficiency was corrected, a repeat bone marrow biopsy revealed an isolated depletion of megakaryocytes, which suggested the diagnosis of AATP. Supportive care was provided for her anaemia and thrombocytopenia and she delivered a healthy baby girl with a normal platelet count. The patient was subsequently started on romiplostim with steady improvement in her platelet counts. This rare AATP case presentation highlights the importance of a well-structured diagnostic approach to thrombocytopenia during pregnancy and supports the successful use of thrombopoietin agonists for the management of AATP.

Vedolizumab for prevention of graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) remains a significant complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). Vedolizumab could help prevent aGVHD by inhibiting the migration of both naive and activated lymphocytes into gut-associated lymphoid tissues and the lamina propria. We carried out a phase 1b, open-label, dose-finding study in adults undergoing allo-HSCT to evaluate the tolerability, safety, and pharmacokinetics of vedolizumab, and its effectiveness in reducing aGVHD. IV vedolizumab was administered on day -1, +13, and +42 with respect to allo-HSCT, starting at 75 mg and with dose escalation guided by tolerability and pharmacokinetics. A total of 24 participants was enrolled, and no dose-limiting toxicities were observed in either the 75-mg cohort (n = 3) or the dose-escalated 300-mg cohort (n = 21). Treatment-emergent adverse events related to vedolizumab occurred in 8 participants. Overall, 4 deaths occurred during the 12 months following allo-HSCT. No participants in the 75-mg cohort developed modified Glucksberg grade II to IV aGVHD by 100 days after allo-HSCT. Four participants (19.0%) in the 300-mg cohort developed grade II to IV aGVHD by 100 days after allo-HSCT, including 3 participants who developed stage 1 aGVHD of the lower-intestinal tract. Vedolizumab IV 300 mg was well tolerated as aGVHD prevention, and the incidence of overall and lower-intestinal aGVHD was low. These findings support further evaluation of vedolizumab in this patient population. This trial was registered at www.clinicaltrials.gov as #NCT02728895.

Amphiregulin modifies the Minnesota Acute Graft-versus-Host Disease Risk Score: results from BMT CTN 0302/0802.

Amphiregulin (AREG) is an epidermal growth factor receptor ligand that can restore integrity to damaged intestinal mucosa in murine models of acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD). We previously reported that circulating AREG is elevated in late-onset aGVHD (occurring after 100 days posttransplant), but its clinical relevance in the context of aGVHD risk is unknown. We measured AREG in 251 aGVHD onset blood samples from Blood and Marrow Clinical Trials Network (BMT CTN) primary treatment trials and determined their association with GVHD severity, day 28 complete or partial response (CR/PR) to first-line therapy, overall survival (OS), and nonrelapse mortality (NRM). Every doubling of plasma AREG was associated with a 33% decrease in the odds of day 28 CR/PR (odds ratio [OR], 0.67; P < .01). An AREG threshold of 33 pg/mL or greater divided patients with Minnesota standard-risk (SR) aGVHD into a distinct group with a significantly lower likelihood of: day 28 CR/PR (72% vs 85%; P = .02); greater 2-year NRM (42% vs 15%; P < .01); and inferior OS (40% vs 66%; P < .01). High AREG ≥ 33 pg/mL also stratified patients with Minnesota high-risk (HR) aGVHD: day 28 CR/PR (54% vs 83%; P = .03) and 2-year NRM (53% vs 11%; P < .01), with a trend toward inferior 2-year OS (37% vs 60%; P = .09). High-circulating AREG (≥33 pg/mL) reclassifies patients into HR subgroups and thereby further refines the Minnesota aGVHD clinical risk score.

An early-biomarker algorithm predicts lethal graft-versus-host disease and survival.

BACKGROUND. No laboratory test can predict the risk of nonrelapse mortality (NRM) or severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) after hematopoietic cellular transplantation (HCT) prior to the onset of GVHD symptoms. METHODS. Patient blood samples on day 7 after HCT were obtained from a multicenter set of 1,287 patients, and 620 samples were assigned to a training set. We measured the concentrations of 4 GVHD biomarkers (ST2, REG3α, TNFR1, and IL-2Rα) and used them to model 6-month NRM using rigorous cross-validation strategies to identify the best algorithm that defined 2 distinct risk groups. We then applied the final algorithm in an independent test set (n = 309) and validation set (n = 358). RESULTS. A 2-biomarker model using ST2 and REG3α concentrations identified patients with a cumulative incidence of 6-month NRM of 28% in the high-risk group and 7% in the low-risk group (P < 0.001). The algorithm performed equally well in the test set (33% vs. 7%, P < 0.001) and the multicenter validation set (26% vs. 10%, P < 0.001). Sixteen percent, 17%, and 20% of patients were at high risk in the training, test, and validation sets, respectively. GVHD-related mortality was greater in high-risk patients (18% vs. 4%, P < 0.001), as was severe gastrointestinal GVHD (17% vs. 8%, P < 0.001). The same algorithm can be successfully adapted to define 3 distinct risk groups at GVHD onset. CONCLUSION. A biomarker algorithm based on a blood sample taken 7 days after HCT can consistently identify a group of patients at high risk for lethal GVHD and NRM. FUNDING. The National Cancer Institute, American Cancer Society, and the Doris Duke Charitable Foundation.

Therapeutic targets and emerging treatment options in gastrointestinal acute graft-versus-host disease.

INTRODUCTION: Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) continues to be the major lethal complication of allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HCT) but the standard of care, high dose steroids, has not changed in 40 years. Approximately 50% of GVHD patients will develop steroid refractory disease, typically involving the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which has a very poor prognosis. Newly developed GVHD biomarker-based risk scores provide the first opportunity to treat patients at the onset of symptoms according to risk of steroid failure. Furthermore, improvements in our understanding of the pathobiology of GVHD, its different signaling pathways, involved cytokines, and the role of post-translational and epigenetic modifications, has identified new therapeutic targets for clinical trials. AREAS COVERED: This manuscript summarizes the pathophysiology, diagnosis, staging, current and new targeted therapies for GVHD, with an emphasis on GI GVHD. A literature search on PubMed was undertaken and the most relevant references included. EXPERT OPINION: The standard treatment for GVHD, high dose steroids, offers less than optimal outcomes as well as significant toxicities. Better treatments, especially for GI GVHD, are needed to reduce non-relapse mortality after allogeneic HCT. The identification of high risk patients through a biomarker-defined scoring system offers a personalized approach to a disease that still requires significant research attention.

A Unique Case of Classic Kaposi's sarcoma restricted to the toes.

BACKGROUND: Kaposi's sarcoma associated-herpesvirus causes all forms of Kaposi's sarcoma, and six major subtypes have been described based on the amino acid sequences of the open reading frame K1. MAIN OBSERVATION: A 71-year-old man from China, HIV negative, presented with nodules on the dorsal aspect of his toes. Biopsy confirmed the diagnosis of Kaposi's sarcoma and virology studies of his blood and saliva confirmed the presence of Kaposi's sarcoma associated-herpesvirus infection. Viral genotyping was consistent with subtype C3. Intervention has been deferred as our patient has remained clinically asymptomatic and without evident growth of his lesions over a 2-year follow up. CONCLUSIONS: We herein report the first known case of Kaposi's sarcoma restricted to the toes caused by the viral subtype C3 in an HIV-negative patient from Harbin, China.

Anterolateral papillary muscle rupture caused by myocardial infarction: A case report.

BACKGROUND: The rupture of the anterolateral papillary muscle is less common than the posteromedial papillary muscle since the anterolateral muscle has dual blood supplies, while the posteromedial papillary muscle has a single blood supply. CASE PRESENTATION: We present a case report of a 42 year old male presenting with heart failure being diagnosed to have mitral regurgitation from the partial rupture of the anterolateral papillary muscle due to coronary artery disease. The patient underwent a mitral valve replacement and concomitant coronary artery bypass grafting of the first and the second obtuse marginal arteries. CONCLUSION: Acute mitral regurgitation can be precipitated by acute myocardial infarction due to rupture of the anterolateral papillary muscle.