Thorough assessment of the effectiveness of belimumab in a large Spanish multicenter cohort of systemic lupus erythematosus patients.

OBJECTIVES: To provide an overview on the current use of belimumab (BLM) in SLE patients in clinical practice and to examine its efficacy in terms of standardized outcomes, drug survival, as well as patient and safety profiles. METHODS: A longitudinal retrospective multicentre cohort including SLE patients treated with BLM at 18 Spanish centers. Data was collected upon initiation of BLM, at 6 and 12 months after initiation, and at the last recorded visit. Changes in SLEDAI-2K, the proportion of patients who achieved LLDAS and DORIS 2021, and number of flares were compared between visits. Changes in damage, glucocorticoids use and employment status pre-BLM and post-BLM were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 324 patients were included with a mean follow-up of 3.8 (±2.7) years. LLDAS was attained by 45.8%, 62% and 71% of patients, and DORIS by 24%, 36.2% and 52.5% on successive visits, respectively. Twenty-seven-point two percent of patients were in DORIS ≥ 50% of the visits and a 46% in LLDAS-50. Flares and number of flares were significantly lower one year after treatment with BLM and no changes in damage accrual were observed. Mean (±SD) prednisone dose was significantly reduced over time, with 70 (24%) patients discontinuing GC. CONCLUSION: Our study not only demonstrates belimumab´s efficacy in attaining treat-to-target goals in SLE patients, but also confirms its GC-sparing effect, and its prevention of flares and organ damage accrual.

Tigecycline Opposes Bortezomib Effect on Myeloma Cells Decreasing Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production.

Multiple myeloma is an incurable plasma cell malignancy. Most patients end up relapsing and developing resistance to antineoplastic drugs, like bortezomib. Antibiotic tigecycline has activity against myeloma. This study analyzed tigecycline and bortezomib combination on cell lines and plasma cells from myeloma patients. Apoptosis, autophagic vesicles, mitochondrial mass, mitochondrial superoxide, cell cycle, and hydrogen peroxide were studied by flow cytometry. In addition, mitochondrial antioxidants and electron transport chain complexes were quantified by reverse transcription real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) or western blot. Cell metabolism and mitochondrial activity were characterized by Seahorse and RT-qPCR. We found that the addition of tigecycline to bortezomib reduces apoptosis in proportion to tigecycline concentration. Supporting this, the combination of both drugs counteracts bortezomib in vitro individual effects on the cell cycle, reduces autophagy and mitophagy markers, and reverts bortezomib-induced increase in mitochondrial superoxide. Changes in mitochondrial homeostasis and MYC upregulation may account for some of these findings. These data not only advise to avoid considering tigecycline and bortezomib combination for treating myeloma, but caution on the potential adverse impact of treating infections with this antibiotic in myeloma patients under bortezomib treatment.

The Involvement of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Apoptosis Mechanisms and Their Implications in Cancer.

Cancer is a significant global public health issue and, despite advancements in detection and treatment, the prognosis remains poor. Cancer is a complex disease characterized by various hallmarks, including dysregulation in apoptotic cell death pathways. Apoptosis is a programmed cell death process that efficiently eliminates damaged cells. Several studies have indicated the involvement of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in apoptosis, including omega-3 PUFAs such as alpha-linolenic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and eicosapentaenoic acid. However, the role of omega-6 PUFAs, such as linoleic acid, gamma-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid, in apoptosis is controversial, with some studies supporting their activation of apoptosis and others suggesting inhibition. These PUFAs are essential fatty acids, and Western populations today have a high consumption rate of omega-6 to omega-3 PUFAs. This review focuses on presenting the diverse molecular mechanisms evidence in both in vitro and in vivo models, to help clarify the controversial involvement of omega-3 and omega-6 PUFAs in apoptosis mechanisms in cancer.

Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Enhance Tumor Aggressiveness in Experimental Lung Cancer Model: Important Role of Oxylipins.

Lung cancer is currently the leading cause of cancer death worldwide; it is often diagnosed at an advanced stage and bears poor prognosis. It has been shown that diet is an important environmental factor that contributes to the risk and mortality of several types of cancers. Intake of ω-3 and ω-6 PUFAs plays an important role in cancer risk and progression. Current Western populations have high consumption of ω-6 PUFAs with a ratio of ω-6/ω-3 PUFAs at 15:1 to 16.7:1 This high consumption of ω-6 PUFAs is related to increased cancer risk and progression. However, whether a diet rich in ω-6 PUFAs can contribute to tumor aggressiveness has not been well investigated. We used a murine model of pulmonary squamous cell carcinoma to study the aggressiveness of tumors in mice fed with a diet rich in ω-6 PUFAs and its relationship with oxylipins. Our results shown that the mice fed a diet rich in ω-6 showed a marked increase in proliferation, angiogenesis and pro-inflammatory markers and decreased expression of pro-apoptotic proteins in their tumors. Oxylipin profiling revealed an upregulation of various pro-tumoral oxylipins including PGs, HETEs, DiHETrEs and HODEs. These results demonstrate for the first time that high intake of ω-6 PUFAs in the diet enhances the malignancy of tumor cells by histological changes on tumor dedifferentiation and increases cell proliferation, angiogenesis, pro-inflammatory oxylipins and molecular aggressiveness targets such as NF-κB p65, YY1, COX-2 and TGF-ß.

Effect of intermittent high-frequency stimulation on muscle velocity recovery cycle recordings.

The technique of multifiber muscle velocity recovery cycle recordings was developed as a diagnostic tool to assess muscle membrane potential changes and ion channel function in vivo. This study was undertaken to assess the impact of intermittent high-frequency stimulation on muscle velocity recovery cycle components and to study whether the changes can be modified by endurance training. We recorded muscle velocity recovery cycles with 1 and 2 conditioning stimuli in the left tibialis anterior muscle in 15 healthy subjects during intermittent 37-Hz stimulation and analyzed its effects on the different phases of supernormality. Recordings were conducted before and after 2-wk endurance training. Training effect was assessed by measuring the difference in endurance time, peak force, and limb circumference. Muscle velocity recovery cycle recordings during intermittent high-frequency stimulation were successfully recorded in 12 subjects. Supernormality for interstimulus intervals shorter than 15 ms (early supernormality) was maximally reduced at the beginning of repetitive stimulation and recovered during stimulation. Supernormality for interstimulus intervals between 50 and 150 ms (late supernormality) showed a delayed decrease and stayed significantly reduced after high-frequency stimulation. Training had no significant effect on any of the measured parameters, but we found that training induced changes in peak force correlated positively with baseline changes of early supernormality. Our results support the hypothesis that early supernormality represents membrane potential, which depolarizes in the beginning of high-frequency stimulation. Late supernormality probably reflects transverse tubular function and shows progressive changes during high-frequency stimulation with delayed normalization.NEW & NOTEWORTHY A conditioning impulse in human muscle fibers induces a prolonged phase of increased velocity (also called supernormality) with two phases related to an early and late afterpotential. We investigated the effects of intermittent 37-Hz stimulation on muscle fiber supernormality and found that the early and late phases of supernormality changed differently, and that the late phase may reflect the ionic interactions responsible for the counter-regulation of muscle fatigue.

Optogenetic control of cancer cell survival in ChR2-transfected HeLa cells.

Optogenetics is a molecular biological technique involving transfection of cells with photosensitive proteins and the subsequent study of their biological effects. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of blue light on the survival of HeLa cells, transfected with channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2). HeLa wild-type cells were transfected with a plasmid that contained the gene for ChR2. Transfection and channel function were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), fluorescence imaging using green fluorescent protein (GFP) and flow cytometry for intracellular calcium changes using a Fura Red probe. We developed a platform for optogenetic stimulation for use within the cell culture incubator. Different stimulation procedures using blue light (467 nm) were applied for up to 24 h. Cell survival was determined by flow cytometry using propidium iodide and rhodamine probes. Change in cell survival showed a statistically significant (p < 0.05) inverse association with the frequency and time of application of the light stimulus. This change seemed to be associated with the ChR2 cis-trans-isomerization cycle. Cell death was associated with high concentrations of calcium in the cytoplasm and stimulation intervals less than the period of isomerization. It is possible to transfect HeLa cells with ChR2 and control their survival under blue light stimulation. We suggest that this practice should be considered in the future development of optogenetic systems in biological or biomedical research.

Immunomodulatory treatment in postural tachycardia syndrome: A case series.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: Postural tachycardia syndrome (POTS) is a form of autonomic dysfunction characterized by symptoms of orthostatic intolerance, often accompanied by sudomotor dysfunction and gastrointestinal dysmotility. Recently, evidence has accumulated that in a subset of patients, the pathogenesis of dysautonomia may be immune-mediated. The aim of the current report was to evaluate the use of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) treatment in patients with progressive and/or refractory immune-mediated POTS. METHODS: We retroactively assessed the effect and tolerance of monthly administered IVIG in six patients using autonomic function testing, standardized symptom questionnaires, and patients' symptom diaries both before and 6 months into IVIG treatment. Objective outcome measures included heart rate increase after 10 min of head-up tilt as well as duration and anhidrotic area in a thermoregulatory sweat test. Subjective outcome measures were patient reports and symptom ratings from the symptom questionnaire. RESULTS: All patients responded to immunomodulatory treatment, regardless of disease duration. After 6 months of IVIG, symptom severity was reduced by nearly 40%. Autonomic function testing showed improved cardiovascular functioning by 50% and a reduction of anhidrotic areas by one third. Overall, tolerance of IVIG treatment was poor, but could be improved by a reduction in infusion rate, premedication with steroids, and additional intravenous hydration. CONCLUSIONS: Using subjective but also standardized objective measures, the case series describes promising effects of IVIG treatment in POTS patients with immune-mediated dysautonomia. By reducing the infusion rate, pretreatment with steroids, and intravenous hydration, tolerance could be improved, and no patient had to discontinue the treatment.

Mission impossible: Reach the carrion in a lithium pollution and marine warming scenario.

In this study we investigated the independent and synergistic effects of lithium (Li, 0.08 mM) contamination and the rising seawater temperature (21 °C; control- 15 °C) on survival and trophic interactions (foraging behaviour, success, search time, carrion preference, feeding time, and tissue consumption-the dry weight basis) of the opportunistic intertidal scavenger Tritia neritea. Trophic interactions were assessed in a two-choice test using a Y-maze design using the same amount of two carrion species (Solen marginatus and Mytilus galloprovincialis) given to all snails simultaneously. Lithium pollution and synergestic warming have the effect of reducing the survival rate of T. neritea, triggering potential global change scenarios. The foraging behaviour of T. neritea under Li-contaminated conditions was characterised by a decrease in the snail's effectiveness in finding a carrion. Lithium changes the feeding behaviour as well as increasing the time it takes for snails to reach their food. T. neritea did not show preference for any of the carrion species offered in controls, but a shift in feeding behaviour towards more energetic carrion under Li contamination which may indicate a strategy to compensate for the greater energy expenditure necessary to survive. There were no differences in feeding time at the different treatments and regardless of the treatment tested T. neritea consumed more mussels tissue probably due to its greater palatability. Results showing foraging modifications in an intertidal scavenger mollusc in global change scenarios indicate potential changes in complex trophic interactions of marine food webs.

Leg pain in neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome is associated with altered muscle membrane properties.

PURPOSE: In neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome, peripheral sympathetic dysfunction leads to excessive venous blood pooling during orthostasis. Up to 84% of patients report leg pain and weakness in the upright position. To explore possible pathophysiological processes underlying these symptoms, the present study examined muscle excitability depending on body position in patients with neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome and healthy subjects. METHODS: In ten patients with neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome and ten healthy subjects, muscle excitability measurements were performed repeatedly: in the supine position, during 10 min of head-up tilt and during 6 min thereafter. Additionally, lower leg circumference was measured and subjective leg pain levels were assessed. RESULTS: In patients with neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome, muscle excitability was increased in the supine position, decreased progressively during tilt, continued to decrease after being returned to the supine position, and did not completely recover to baseline values after 6 min of supine rest. The reduction in muscle excitability during tilt was paralleled by an increase in lower leg circumference as well as leg pain levels. No such changes were observed in healthy subjects. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides evidence for the occurrence of orthostatic changes in muscle excitability in patients with neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome and that these may be associated with inadequate perfusion of the lower extremities. Insufficient perfusion as a consequence of blood stasis may cause misery perfusion of the muscles, which could explain the occurrence of orthostatic leg pain in neuropathic postural tachycardia syndrome.

Correction to: Evaluation of growth and motility in non-photosynthetic Azospirillum brasilense exposed to red, blue, and white light.

In the original article, last name and first names of all the authors are inverted. The correct names should appears as "Romina Molina, Gastón López, Belén Rodríguez, Susana Rosas, Verónica Mora, Fabricio Cassán".

Health and Economic Impact of Health Warnings and Plain Tobacco Packaging in Seven Latin American Countries: Results of a Simulation Model.

INTRODUCTION: The burden of disease attributable to tobacco use in Latin America is very high. Our objective was to evaluate the 10-year potential impact of current legislation related to cigarette packaging and warnings and expected effects of moving to a higher level of strategies implementing cigarette plain packaging on health and cost outcomes in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru, using a microsimulation model. AIMS AND METHODS: We used a probabilistic state-transition microsimulation model, considering natural history, costs, and quality of life losses associated with main tobacco-related diseases. We followed up individuals in hypothetical cohorts and calculated health outcomes annually to obtain aggregated long-term population health outcomes and costs. We performed a literature review to estimate effects and analyzed studies and information from ministries, relevant organizations, and national surveys. We calibrated the model comparing the predicted disease-specific mortality rates with local statistics. RESULTS: Current graphic warnings already in place in each country could avert, during 10 years, 69 369 deaths and 638 295 disease events, adding 1.2 million years of healthy life and saving USD 5.3 billion in the seven countries. If these countries implemented plain packaging strategies, additional 155 857 premature deaths and 4 133 858 events could be averted, adding 4.1 million healthy years of life and saving USD 13.6 billion in direct health care expenses of diseases attributable to smoking. CONCLUSIONS: Latin American countries should not delay the implementation of this strategy that will alleviate part of the enormous health and financial burden that tobacco poses on their economies and health care systems. IMPLICATIONS: Tobacco smoking is the single most preventable and premature mortality cause in the world. The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, supported by the World Health Organization, introduced a package of evidence-based measures for tobacco control. This study adds evidence on the potential health effects and savings of implementing cigarette plain packaging in countries representing almost 80% of the Latin American population; findings are valuable resources for policy makers in the region.

Experience with ambulatory high-dose methotrexate administration as CNS prophylaxis in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

BACKGROUND: We describe the feasibility and safety of an oral administration schedule of hydration, alkalinization and leucovorin rescue with an ambulatory high-dose methotrexate regimen. METHODS: Single-centre prospective observational study conducted within a tertiary hospital where all patients have received systemic high-dose methotrexate (3.5 g/m2). Patients were instructed to keep an adequate ambulatory oral hydration and alkalinization to monitor urine pH and to adjust bicarbonate according to our institution's treatment protocol. High-dose methotrexate was infused over 4 h. Urine pH was checked before high-dose methotrexate administration, and for any value less than 7 a sodium bicarbonate bolus was given. Leucovorin at a standard dose was begun 24 h after high-dose methotrexate. methotrexate serum concentrations were monitored daily from 24 h after administration until clearance (level ≤ 0.1 µmol/L). RESULTS: From January 2016 to June 2018, 49 ambulatory high-dose methotrexate courses were given to 18 patients. No dose reduction was required afterwards. All patients completed succesfully the planned three doses in an outpatient basis, except four patients, one of them due to pneumonitis. Previous to methotrexate infusion, urinary pH > 7 was achieved in 35 (79.5%) cycles. Methotrexate clearance was achieved by 72 h in 35 courses (71.4%), and by 96 h in 100%. Neutropenia/trombocytopenia grades III/IV were observed in four cycles (8.16%) and two (4.08%) cycles, respectively. Around 20.40% were associated with stomatitis, 14.20% vomiting, 10.20% asthenia, 8.16% diarrhea and 6.12% with renal toxicity. CONCLUSIONS: Ambulatory administration of high-dose methotrexate as CNS prophylaxis is safe and feasible following the described approach, allowing us to optimize healthcare resources.

Evaluation of the Alfred™ turbidity monitoring system (Alifax®) following sonication in the diagnosis of central venous catheter colonization.

The conventional diagnostic techniques for catheter colonization (CC) take at least 48 h to yield results. Therefore, new diagnostic procedures that speed up the time necessary for results are needed. Our main objective was to assess the efficacy of the combination of sonication, turbidity monitoring, and MALDI-TOF to detect CC and catheter-related bloodstream infection (C-RBSI). For 1 year, we assessed central venous catheter (CVC) tips that arrived at the microbiology laboratory from adult patients admitted to our institution. CVC tips were cut, inoculated into 2.5 ml of BHI, and sonicated for 1 min. The suspension was then processed using Gram stain, quantitative culture (gold standard), and preincubation on the Alfred™ system. We analyzed the validity values of our new diagnostic approach for prediction of CC and C-RBSI and compared them with those of the gold standard. We collected a total of 167 catheters, 33 (19.8%) of which were colonized. We confirmed 21 episodes of C-RBSI. The distribution of microorganisms in colonized CVCs was as follows: Gram-positive, 68.4%; Gram-negative, 5.3%; and yeasts, 26.3%. The validity values for CC and C-RBSI using the new procedure were as follows: S, 39.4%/61.9%; Sp, 100%/100%; PPV, 100%/100%; and NPV, 87.0%/94.8%. The combination of sonication with a pre-incubation period based on turbidity monitoring using the Alfred™ system followed by MALDI-TOF proved to be a useful tool that was faster than conventional culture for ruling out C-RBSI. Future studies are needed to assess the clinical and economic impact of this diagnostic approach.

Inhibition of tumor progression during allergic airway inflammation in a murine model: significant role of TGF-ß.

INTRODUCTION: TGF-ß is an important mediator of pulmonary allergic inflammation, and it has been recently reported to be a potential inhibitor of lung tumor progression. The correlation between cancer and allergic inflammatory diseases remains controversial. Thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of pulmonary allergic inflammation and in particular the role of TGF-ß on cancer progression. METHODS: Cancer cells were implanted in a BALB/c mice model of allergic airway inflammation, and tumor growth was measured. Apoptosis was evaluated by TUNEL assay, and TGF-ß was measured by ELISA. Expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen, TGF-ß, TGF-ß receptors I and II, phospho-Smad2 and phospho-Smad4 was evaluated by immunohistochemistry and quantified using digital pathology. The effect of a TGF-ß activity inhibitor and recombinant TGF-ß on tumor growth was analyzed. The effect of exogenous TGF-ß on cell proliferation and apoptosis was evaluated in vitro. RESULTS: Mice with allergic airway inflammation exhibited decreased tumor volumes due to cell proliferation inhibition and increased apoptosis. TGF-ß was increased in the sera and tumor tissues of allergic mice. TGF-ß activity inhibition increased tumor progression in allergic mice by enhancing proliferation and decreasing apoptosis of tumor cells. The administration of TGF-ß resulted in reduced tumor growth. CONCLUSION: This study is the first to establish an inverse relationship between allergic airway inflammation and tumor progression. This effect appears to be mediated by TGF-ß, which is overexpressed in tumor cells during pulmonary allergic inflammation. This study indicates that TGF-ß is a potential target for antitumor therapy.

Role of climatic variability in shaping intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance in Mediterranean water beetles.

The climatic variability hypothesis (CVH) predicts that organisms in more thermally variable environments have wider thermal breadths and higher thermal plasticity than those from more stable environments. However, due to evolutionary trade-offs, taxa with greater absolute thermal limits may have little plasticity of such limits (trade-off hypothesis). The CVH assumes that climatic variability is the ultimate driver of thermal tolerance variation across latitudinal and altitudinal gradients, but average temperature also varies along such gradients. We explored intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance in three typical Mediterranean saline water beetles (families Hydrophilidae and Dytiscidae). For each species, we compared two populations where the species coexist, with similar annual mean temperature but contrasting thermal variability (continental vs. coastal population). We estimated thermal limits of adults from each population, previously acclimated at 17, 20, or 25 °C. We found species-specific patterns but overall, our results agree with the CVH regarding thermal ranges, which were wider in the continental (more variable) population. In the two hydrophilid species, this came at the cost of losing plasticity of the upper thermal limit in this population, supporting the trade-off hypothesis, but not in the dytiscid one. Our results support the role of local adaptation to thermal variability and trade-offs between basal tolerance and physiological plasticity in shaping thermal tolerance in aquatic ectotherms, but also suggest that intraspecific variation of thermal tolerance does not fit a general pattern among aquatic insects. Overlooking such intraspecific variation could lead to inaccurate predictions of the vulnerability of aquatic insects to global warming.

Retrospective study of acute mastoiditis in children in Spain attended in a Pediatric Emergency department.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the cases of acute mastoiditis, characteristics, management and complications in children attended in the emergency department. METHODS: Retrospective study of acute mastoiditis in a Spanish tertiary hospital over a 6-year period (2018-2023). RESULTS: One hundred two episodes of acute mastoiditis were analyzed (54% males, median age 1.8 years). Microorganisms were isolated in one third of cases, mainly Streptococcus pyogenes (64% of ear secretion cultures). Complications occurred in 27.5%, primarily subperiosteal abscess. A younger age, absence of vaccination schedule, previous history of otitis, cochlear implant carriers or white blood cell counts and C-reactive protein levels were not associated with complications. Complicated cases had longer hospitalizations. Treatment included antibiotics, corticosteroids, and surgery in 50% of cases. CONCLUSIONS: This study shows an increase of acute mastoiditis during 2023, with a relevant role of S. pyogenes. A younger age, absence of vaccination, personal history of otitis or cochlear implant, blood cell counts and C-reactive protein levels were not associated with complications.

Biological relapse in multiple myeloma: Outcome and treatment strategies in a Spanish real-world setting.

Recommendations regarding the best time to start treatment in patients with relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) after biological relapse/progression (BR) are unclear. This observational, prospective, multicenter registry aimed to evaluate the impact on time to progression (TTP) of treatment initiation at BR versus at symptomatic clinical relapse (ClinR) based on the Spanish routine practice in adult patients with RRMM. Patients had two or less previous treatment lines and at least one previous partial response. Baseline characteristics and treatment outcomes were recorded, and survival was analyzed. Of 225 patients, 110 were treated at BR (TxBR group) and 115 at ClinR (TxClinR group) according to the investigators' criteria. The proportion of patients with higher ECOG, previous noncomplete remission (CR), and second relapse were significantly higher in the TxBR group compared to the TxClinR group. TheTxClinR group showed improved outcomes, including TTP, compared to the TxBR group. Progression-free survival increased in the TxClinR group (56.2 months) compared to the TxBR group (32.5 months) (p = 0.0137), and median overall survival also increased (p = 0.0897). Median TTP was significantly longer in patients relapsing from a CR (50.4 months) and in their first relapse (38.7 months) compared to those relapsing from a non-CR response (32.9 months) and in their second relapse (25.2 months). Physicians seemed to start treatment earlier in RRMM patients with poor prognosis features. Previous responses to anti-MM treatment and the number of prior treatment lines were identified as prognosis factors, whereby relapse from CR and first relapse were associated with a longer time to progression.

Association of triclosan and human infertility: A systematic review.

Triclosan (TCS) is a chemical compound, which has antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. TCS is considered an endocrine-disrupting chemical, which has been shown to interfere with developmental, behavioral, and reproductive outcomes in biological models and cell cultures. However, implications about exposure to TCS and human infertility are rare. Thus, the main of this review is summarize the available evidence of the association between triclosan exposure on human infertility. For this, systematic review was conducted following the recommendations established in Report of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guide (PRISMA). Initially, an electronic search in MEDLINE (via PubMed) and Science direct was performed. The methodological quality of the included studies was verified through the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) checklists. All selection and data extraction processes were carried out independently by two reviewers. The evidence was organized and presented using tables and narrative synthesis. There is lacking evidence about the association between triclosan and human infertility. Overall, no association between triclosan and infertility was found. However, semen quality and ovarian reserve are susceptible to triclosan exposure. Thus, future studies are still needed to better elucidate the associations between triclosan and infertility outcomes.

More Than Three Years for Normalisation of Routine Laboratory Values after Gluten Withdrawal in Paediatric Coeliac Patients.

The assessment of the nutritional and inflammatory status of paediatric patients with coeliac disease is an interesting approach to early diagnosis and functional follow-up. Most authors agree that the normalisation of symptoms takes about one year. The aim of the study was to evaluate the clinical manifestation and normalisation of routine analytics in Spanish children diagnosed with celiac disease. METHODS: We performed a retrospective case-control study in Spanish paediatric patients, including 21 celiac patients and 20 healthy controls. The 21 patients selected in the case-control study were followed for 5 years after starting a gluten-free diet (GFD). All patients had type 3 villous atrophy according to the Marsh-Oberhuber classification. A total of 39 blood samples were taken before the start of the GFD, and 109 were taken after. Twenty control sera from healthy donors were used for comparison. RESULTS: We found that patients had a subclinical but statistically significant increase in blood calcium, transaminases, and white blood cells, and a decrease in serum iron, at the time of diagnosis. Our study also shows that analytical values normalise within five years on a gluten-free diet. CONCLUSIONS: The use of a combination of subclinical changes, including low iron, high calcium, elevated leukocytes, lymphocytes, and ALT levels in blood samples, together with a low growth percentile, is pertinent in detecting coeliac disease. This set of parameters could help in the diagnosis of patients without clinical symptoms. We can also show that the levels of Fe, Ca, transaminases, and leucocytes remain subclinically altered after 3 years, despite the gluten-free diet.