Incidence of Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Illness in Infants in Low- and Middle-Income Regions During the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic.

Background: Incidence data of respiratory syncytial virus-associated lower respiratory tract illness (RSV-LRTI) are sparse in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We estimated RSV-LRTI incidence rates (IRs) in infants in LMICs using World Health Organization case definitions. Methods: This prospective cohort study, conducted in 10 LMICs from May 2019 to October 2021 (largely overlapping with the coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] pandemic), followed infants born to women with low-risk pregnancies for 1 year from birth using active and passive surveillance to detect potential LRTIs, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction on nasal swabs to detect RSV. Results: Among 2094 infants, 32 (1.5%) experienced an RSV-LRTI (8 during their first 6 months of life, 24 thereafter). Seventeen (0.8%) infants had severe RSV-LRTI and 168 (8.0%) had all-cause LRTI. IRs (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) of first RSV-LRTI episode were 1.0 (.3-2.3), 0.8 (.3-1.5), and 1.6 (1.1-2.2) per 100 person-years for infants aged 0-2, 0-5, and 0-11 months, respectively. IRs (95% CIs) of the first all-cause LRTI episode were 10.7 (8.1-14.0), 11.7 (9.6-14.0), and 8.7 (7.5-10.2) per 100 person-years, respectively. IRs varied by country (RSV-LRTI: 0.0-8.3, all-cause LRTI: 0.0-49.6 per 100 person-years for 0- to 11-month-olds). Conclusions: RSV-LRTI IRs in infants in this study were relatively low, likely due to reduced viral circulation caused by COVID-19-related nonpharmaceutical interventions. Clinical Trials Registration: NCT03614676.

Evaluación del impacto de la cuarentena por la pandemia de COVID-19 en la transmisión perinatal del VIH en Buenos Aires, Argentina / Assessment of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown on perinatal HIV transmission in Buenos Aires, Argentina

Objetivos: Describir variables epidemiológicas clave durante el año 2020 (pandemia de COVID-19) con respecto a la prevención de la transmisión perinatal (TP) del VIH en Ciudad de Buenos Aires (CABA), comparando con períodos previos.Métodos: Análisis retrospectivo de los datos agregados de TP de las principales maternidades de CABA. El año pandémico (2020) se comparó con los años no pandémicos 2018 y 2019.Resultados: Se observó una reducción del total de nacimientos en 2020 en comparación con 2019 y 2018 (11.640 vs. 14.031 y 15,978, respectivamente). La proporción de nacidos vivos en madres VIH+ (MEV) fue 0,88% en 2020, sin diferencia con 2019 y 2018 (0,94% y 0,93%), p> 0,05 para todas las comparaciones. Entre las MEV, el diagnóstico intraparto fue del 2,9% para 2020, sin diferencias con 2019 (2,25%) y 2018 (9,3%), p> 0,05 (todas las comparaciones); el 8,8% comenzó el tratamiento antirretroviral con > 28 semanas de edad gestacional en 2020 frente al 16% y el 18,05% en 2018 y 2019 (p> 0,05, todas las comparaciones). La prevalencia de la carga viral indetectable en el momento del parto fue del 67% en 2020 frente al 64% en 2018 y del 65,4% en 2019 (p> 0,05, todas las comparaciones). La transmisión perinatal fue 0% en 2020 vs. 1,33% en 2018 y 2,25% 2019 (p> 0,05, todas las comparaciones).Conclusiones: En la primera ola de la pandemia de COVID-19 no se observaron cambios en la proporción de MEV asistidas, diagnóstico intraparto de VIH, inicio tardío del TARV y TP en CABA

Background: To describe key epidemiological variables in 2020 (COVID-19 pandemic) regarding prevention of mother-to-child transmission (MTCT) in Buenos Aires city (CABA) in comparison with previous periods. Methods: Retrospective analysis of aggregated MTCT data was gathered from six principal maternity hospitals in Buenos Aires city. Pandemic year (2020) was compared to non-pandemic years 2018-19 individually considering key epidemiological variables. Results: A reduction of total births was observed in 2020 compared to 2019 and 2018 (11640 vs. 14031 and 15978, respectively). Proportion of live births in HIV-infected women (HPW) was 0.88% in 2020 without difference with 2019 and 2018 (0.94% and 0.93%), p> 0.05 for all comparisons. Among HPW, intrapartum diagnosis was 2.9% for 2020, with no difference between 2019 (2.25%) and 2018 (9.3%), p>0.05 (all comparisons); 8.8% had antiretroviral therapy (ART) started > 28 weeks of gestational age in 2020 vs. 16% and 18.05% in 2018 and 2019 (p> 0.05, all comparisons). Prevalence of undetectable viral load at delivery was 67% in 2020 vs 64% in 2018 and 65.4% in 2019 (p> 0.05, all comparisons). Perinatal transmission was 0% in 2020 vs 1.33% in 2018 and 2.25% 2019 (p> 0.05, all comparisons) Conclusions: In first wave of COVID 19 pandemic no changes in the proportion of HPW assisted, HIV intrapartum diagnosis, late ART initiation and MTCT-rate was observed in CABA

Programa de acompañamiento por pares para personas con diagnóstico reciente de infección por VIH: Experiencia PPP / Peer support program for people with recently diagnosed HIV-infection: PPP experience

Introducción: Para mejorar la retención en el sistema de salud de las personas que viven con VIH (PVVIH) con diagnóstico reciente y promover su adherencia se implementó el programa de acompañamiento de pares "Positivos para Positivos" (PPP).Material y métodos: Se entrenó a PVVIH con excelente adherencia y se les ofreció integrar PPP. Entre 06/2014 y 08/2018 cada individuo con diagnóstico reciente de infección VIH fue invitado a contactar con PPP. Se evaluó prospectivamente la evolución de los pacientes durante un año y se analizaron variables vinculadas a adherencia. Se compararon sus resultados con lo observado entre PVVIH con diagnóstico reciente sin apoyo de pares. Se analizó mediante tablas de 2x2 y la prueba exacta de Fisher (EpiInfo7.2.2.6).Resultados: Se incluyeron 158 PVVIH (40 grupo intervención y 118 grupo control). En el grupo intervención hubo más pacientes que iniciaron TARGA [100% vs 87,3%; RR 1,15 (IC95 1,07-1,23); p=0,024]. Tras excluir a los derivados y fallecidos tempranamente quedaron 37 y 112 pacientes respectivamente. En el grupo intervención se observó mejor control clínico [94,6% vs 75,9%; RR 4,2 (IC95 1,08-16,6); p=0,015] y menos abandono de seguimiento [8,1% vs 25,9%; RR 0,3 (IC95 0,11-0,98); p=0,02]. Entre quienes iniciaron TARGA y tuvieron al menos una consulta con el servicio de Infectología (37 grupo intervención y 97 grupo control) se registraron más pacientes con alta tasa de retiro de TARGA de farmacia [51,4% vs 18,6%; RR 2,77 (IC95 1,64­4,66); p=0,0003]; mayor alcance de CV <50 [100% vs 85,1%; RR 1,18 (IC95 1,06­1,30); p=0,06]; y menos interrupciones RESUMENARTÍCULO ORIGINALISSN 2314-3193. Actualizaciones en sida e infectología. Buenos Aires. noviembre 2020. volumen 28. número 103: 80-92no estructuradas del TARGA [10,8% vs 36,1%; RR 0,3 (IC95 0,11­0,78); p=0,008]. Conclusión: El acompañamiento de pares impactó positivamente en la adherencia de las PVVIH con diagnóstico reciente en el primer año de seguimiento

ntroduction: To improve retention in the health system of recently diagnosed people living with HIV (PLHIV) and promote their adherence, the "Positive for Positive" peer support program (PPP) was implemented.Materials and methods: PLHIV with excellent adherence were trained and offered to integrate PPP. Between June/2014 and August/2018 each individual with a recent diagnosis of HIV infection was invited to contact PPP. Patients were prospectively evaluated for one year and variables linked to adherence were analyzed. Their results were compared with those observed among recently diagnosed PLHIV without peer support. It was analyzed using 2x2 tables and Fisher's exact test (EpiInfo7.2.2.6).Results: 158 PLHIV were included (40 intervention group and 118 control group). In the intervention group more patients started HAART [100% vs 87.3%; RR 1.15 (IC95 1.07-1.23); p=0.024]. After excluding referrals and early deaths, remained 37 and 112 patients, respectively. In the intervention group there was better clinical control [94.6% vs 75.9%; RR 4.2 (IC95 1.08-16.6); p=0.015] and less dropout from follow-up [8.1% vs 25.9%; RR 0.3 (IC95 0.11-0.98); p=0.02]. Among those who initiated HAART and had at least one visit to the Infectious Disease Outpatient Clinic (37 intervention group and 97 control group), more patients showed a high refill rate (51.4% vs. 18.6%); RR 2.77 (IC95 1.64-4.66); p=0.0003]; greater achievement of undetectable viral load [100% vs 85.1%; RR 1.18 (IC95 1.06-1.30); p=0.06]; fewer unstructured HAART interruptions [10.8% vs 36.1%; RR 0.3 (IC95 0.11-0.78); p=0.008].Conclusion: Peer support had a positive impact on adherence among recently diagnosed PLHIV in the first year of follow-up

Mother-child transmission of Chagas disease: could coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus increase the risk?

A study was conducted on all newborns from mothers with Chagas disease who were attended at Hospital Donación F. Santojanni between January 1, 2001, and August 31, 2007. Each child was investigated for the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia through direct examination of blood under the microscope using the buffy coat method on three occasions during the first six months of life. Serological tests were then performed. Ninety-four children born to mothers infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were attended over the study period. Three of these children were born to mothers coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Vertical transmission of Chagas disease was diagnosed in 13 children, in all cases by identifying parasitemia. The overall Chagas disease transmission rate was 13.8% (13/94). It was 100% (3/3) among the children born to mothers with HIV infection and 10.9% (10/91) among children born to mothers without HIV [Difference = 0.89; CI95 = 0.82-0.95; p = 0.0021]. We concluded that coinfection with HIV could increase the risk of vertical transmission of Chagas disease.

Mother-child transmission of Chagas disease: could coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus increase the risk? / Transmissão materno-fetal da doença de Chagas: poderia a co-infecção com vírus da imunodeficiência humana aumentar o risco?

A study was conducted on all newborns from mothers with Chagas disease who were attended at Hospital Donación F. Santojanni between January 1, 2001, and August 31, 2007. Each child was investigated for the presence of Trypanosoma cruzi parasitemia through direct examination of blood under the microscope using the buffy coat method on three occasions during the first six months of life. Serological tests were then performed. Ninety-four children born to mothers infected with Trypanosoma cruzi were attended over the study period. Three of these children were born to mothers coinfected with the human immunodeficiency virus. Vertical transmission of Chagas disease was diagnosed in 13 children, in all cases by identifying parasitemia. The overall Chagas disease transmission rate was 13.8 percent (13/94). It was 100 percent (3/3) among the children born to mothers with HIV infection and 10.9 percent (10/91) among children born to mothers without HIV [Difference = 0.89; CI95 = 0.82-0.95; p = 0.0021]. We concluded that coinfection with HIV could increase the risk of vertical transmission of Chagas disease.

Foi realizado um estudo com todos os recém nascidos de mães chagásicas atendidas no Hospital Donación F. Santojanni, no período de1 de janeiro de 2001 a 31 de agosto de 2007. Cada criança foi submetida a pesquisa de parasitemia por Trypanosoma cruzi através do exame microscópico direto do sangue pelo método buffy coat, em três oportunidades, nos primeiros seis meses de vida. Após, foram realizados exames sorológicos. Foram avaliadas 94 crianças nascidas de mães infectadas com Trypanosoma cruzi durante o período do estudo. Três destas crianças eram filhas de mães co-infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana. A transmissão vertical de doença de Chagas foi diagnosticada em 13 crianças, todos os casos por identificação de parasitemia. A taxa de transmissão global de doença de Chagas foi de 13,8 por cento (13/94); 100 por cento (3/3) entre os recém nascidos de mães infectadas com HIV e de 10,9 por cento (10/91) entre as crianças nascidas de mães sem HIV [Diferenta=0,89; IC95=0,82-0,95; p=0,0021]. Concluímos que a co-infecção com HIV pode aumentar o risco de transmissão vertical de doença de Chagas.

Varicela en el niño inmunocomprometido en la era del aciclovir / Varicella in the imnunosupressed child in the acyclovir age

ResumenIntroducción. La varicela es una infección que sepresenta frecuentemente en los niños y cursa en lamayoría de los casos en forma benigna. En lospacientes inmunocomprometidos puede producir complicaciones con mayor frecuencia. El tratamiento con aciclovir ha logrado disminuir esta tasa de complicaciones y la mortalidad en lospacientes inmunocomprometidos. La incidencia de complicaciones varía de acuerdo con el tipo de alte-ración de la inmunidad que presente cada paciente. Objetivo. Comparar las características clínicas y deevolución de los niños con distintos tipos de inmunocompromiso y varicela.Población, material y métodos. Se llevó a cabo unestudio retrospectivo, descriptivo y comparativo detodos los pacientes inmunocomprometidos con va-ricela que se internaron en el hospital. Resultados. Entre el mes de enero de 1993 y el dediciembre de 1999 se diagnosticaron 157 pacientes inmunocomprometidos con varicela. La medianade edad de los niños fue de 4 años (rango: 4 meses a20 años). El 53% fueron varones y en el 94% de los casos la adquisición de la enfermedad fue extrahos-pitalaria. En el 22% de los pacientes se detectó algúntipo de complicación; las infecciones de piel y partes blandas (21 pacientes), la sepsis (7 pacientes) y la neumonitis (5 pacientes) fueron las más frecuente-mente halladas. El 4,5% de los niños tuvo bacterie-mia. De la población estudiada, 77 fueron pacientes con patología hemato-oncológica, 40 tenían infec-ción causada por el VIH, 24 recibían tratamiento concorticoides y 15 niños habían recibido trasplantes.Todos los pacientes recibieron tratamiento conaciclovir.

Varicella is a benign infection in children. Immu-nocompromised patients frequently have complications. The treatment with acyclovir had led to adecrease in the rate of complications and the mortality in this group of patients. The incidence of complications varies according to the type of immunodeficiency. Between January of 1993 and De-cember of 1999 we compared the clinical characteristics and the outcome of immunocompromised children with varicella. One hundred fifty sevenimmuno-compromised children with varicellawere admitted. The average age of patients was 4 years (range: 4 months to 20 years). Fifty-three percent (53%) was male and 94% of the cases were acquired in the community. In 22% (35 patients) some complication was detected. Celullitis (21patients) sepsis (7 patients) and pneumonitis (5patients) were the most frequent. Five percent (7patients) of the children had bacteriemia. Of thestudied population, 77 had hemato-oncologic diseases, 40 had HIV infection, 24 received prolonged treatment with steroids and 15 have been subjected to transplantations. All the patients received treatment with acyclovir. There were no statistical differences in age, bacteriemia presence, incidence and type of complications between the children. Alonger rash period, as well as a more frequent monomorphic rash, were observed in children with steroid treatment and transplantation patients (p<0.05). The global mortality was 1.9%. Children with hemato-oncologic diseases and transplantation recipients had higher mortality rates (p <0.05). Children with prolonged treatment with steroidsand transplanted with varicella had longer duration of rash as well as a higher frequency of monomorphic rash. Children with organ transplantations and those with hemato-oncologic illnesses had higer mortality rates.