Risk factors for Covid-19 in India.

Like many developing countries, India was devastated by the raging pandemic of Covid 19. With the active involvement of the government and the community, the disaster was fought with. However, the impact was uneven across the country. The present study aimed to identify the factors responsible for variation in case burden of Covid-19. Data on demographic factors and co-morbidities were obtained from different sources available in the public domain. Descriptive statistics were used for comparison between states. A total of 30 states were taken into account. Correlation was used to find out association between different factors and the burden of Covid-19. Data on Covid were collected till 9th May, 2021. The burden of Covid-19 was strongly related to the literacy status and economy of the state (r = 0.574 and 0.730, respectively). The burden of self-reported hypertension and diabetes was also statistically linked to the burden of Covid-19 (r = 0.539 and 0.721, respectively). Overweight and obesity were also associated with the burden of Covid-19 (r = 0.614 and 0.561, respectively). Therefore, in areas with a high proportion of patients with co-morbidities, limited resources may be mobilized for a better outcome. As the states with poor literacy and health condition suffered the most, tailored intervention is wanted to reach the poor and vulnerable.

Burden of COPD among population above 30 years in India: protocol for a systematic review and proposed meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: The Sustainable Development Goals and the National Health Policy of India aim to reduce premature mortality from noncommunicable diseases (NCD) by one-third in the next decade and by 25% by 2025, respectively. Among NCDs globally, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a major contributor to death and disability. This underscores the need to understand the burden of COPD at the national level by synthesizing evidence and collating the state-wise COPD data to estimate the prevalence of COPD and to highlight the associated risk factors to inform policymakers. METHOD: The systematic literature search will be carried out in PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, Web of Science, CINAHL, and ProQuest databases with restrictions for studies published between 2000 and 2020 and available in English. Cross-sectional or cohort studies conducted in and among the Indian population aged 30 years and above will be included. Case reports, randomized trials, meta-analysis, commentaries, and qualitative studies will be excluded from the review. Quality assessment of the included studies will be performed using New Castle Ottawa scale and adherence to reporting standards will be checked using STROBE checklist for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies. DISCUSSION: Prevalence of COPD in the population aged 30 years and above, diagnosed through spirometry and nonspirometry, will be compared and reported and a meta-analysis will be performed to obtain pooled prevalence rates of COPD and the risk factors associated with COPD.

Seasonal Variation and Dengue Burden in Paediatric Patients in New Delhi.

OBJECTIVE: We conducted a study to find a relationship between main weather parameters with admission of positive dengue cases in a tertiary hospital. METHODS: Retrospective analysis was undertaken to identify epidemiological trend of dengue in 2016 from paediatric wards of a tertiary hospital in New Delhi. Data were collected on patient particulars and daily weather from January to December 2016. RESULTS: A total of 266 confirmed cases of dengue were considered. Relative humidity (RH) was associated with burden of positive dengue cases. On week-wise analysis, each surge of dengue admission was preceded by heavy rain 4-6 weeks earlier. Monthly averaged daily temperature range and RH were noted to have strong correlations with dengue burden, keeping an interval of 2 months in between. CONCLUSIONS: Weather parameters seem to influence magnitude of dengue epidemic, particularly in dengue season. There is need to have an in-depth study about developing a prediction model for dengue epidemic.

Factors associated with the preference for delivery at the government hospitals in rural areas of Lucknow district in Uttar Pradesh.

For assuring safe maternal and newborn health, institutional delivery was given paramount importance. In India, in spite of several efforts, lesser than 40% deliveries are conducted at health facilities, mostly at private sector. The present cross-sectional study aimed to find out the determinants of preference for delivery at government hospitals in rural areas of Lucknow, a district in Uttar Pradesh. Multistage random sampling was used for selecting villages. From them, 352 recently delivered women were selected, following systematic random sampling. Overall, 84.9% of deliveries were conducted at health institutions. Out of them, 79.3% were at government hospitals. Applying multivariate logistic regression, Hindu women (odd's ratio [OR] = 3.205), women belonging to lower socio-economic class (OR = 4.630) and late registered women (OR = 2.320) were found to be more likely to deliver at government hospitals. Attention should be given to religion, social status and timing of registration for ensuring higher fraction of deliveries at government set-up.

Navigating health systems for burn care: Patient journeys and delays in Uttar Pradesh, India.

BACKGROUND: India has one of the highest burden of burns. The health systems response to burn care is sometimes patchy and highly influenced by social determinants. Delay in access to acute care and rehabilitation adversely affects recovery outcomes. Evidence on underlying factors for delays in care are limited. In this study, we aim to explore patients' journeys to analyse their experiences in accessing burn care in Uttar Pradesh, India. METHODS: We conducted qualitative inquiry using the patient journey mapping approach and in-depth interviews (IDI). We purposively selected a referral burn centre in Uttar Pradesh, India and included a diverse group of patients. A chronological plot of the patient's journey was drawn and confirmed with respondents at the end of the interview. A detailed patient journey map was drawn for each patient based on interview transcripts and notes. Further analysis was done in NVivo 12 using a combination of inductive and deductive coding. Similar codes were categorised into sub-themes, which were distributed to one of the major themes of the 'three delays' framework. RESULTS: Six major burns patients (4 female and 2 males) aged between 2 and 43 years were included in the study. Two patients had flame burns, and one had chemical, electric, hot liquid, and blast injury, respectively. Delay in seeking care (delay 1) was less common for acute care but was a concern for rehabilitation. Accessibility and availability of services, costs of care and lack of financial support influenced delay (1) for rehabilitation. Delay in reaching an appropriate facility (delay 2) was common due to multiple referrals before reaching an appropriate burn facility. Lack of clarity on referral systems and proper triaging influenced this delay. Delay in getting adequate care (delay 3) was mainly due to inadequate infrastructure at various levels of health facilities, shortage of skilled health providers, and high costs of care. COVID-19-related protocols and restrictions influenced all three delays. CONCLUSIONS: Burn care pathways are adversely affected by barriers to timely access. We propose using the modified 3-delays framework to analyse delays in burns care. There is a need to strengthen referral linkage systems, ensure financial risk protection, and integrate burn care at all levels of health care delivery systems.

Prevalence of COPD among population above 30 years in India: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: By 2030, Sustainable Development Goal 3.4 aims to reduce the premature mortality caused by non-communicable diseases through prevention and treatment. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is the second leading cause of mortality and disability-adjusted life years in India. This review was conducted to estimate the prevalence of COPD using systematic review and meta-analysis technique. METHOD: Search was conducted using six databases for studies on COPD among population above 30 years in India between years 2000 to 2020. Cross-sectional and cohort studies reporting prevalence of COPD and associated risk factors were included in the present review. Screening and data extraction was done by two authors independently. Studies were appraised for quality using the modified New Castle Ottawa scale and reporting quality was assessed using STROBE guidelines. RESULT: Our search returned 8973 records, from which 23 records fulfilled the eligibility criteria. Overall, the prevalence of COPD among population aged 30 years and above in India was 7%. Risk factors like active and passive smoking, biomass fuel exposure, environmental tobacco smoke, occupational exposure to dust, indoor and outdoor pollution, and increasing age were reported to have a significant association with COPD among Indian population. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest the need for a multicentric national-level research study to understand COPD burden and its contributing risk factors. The findings also suggest the need for COPD sensitive health literacy program focused on early screening and primary prevention of risk factors for COPD, which may help early initiation of self-management practices, that are crucial for better quality of life.

Factors associated with mortality from lung cancer in India.

OBJECTIVE: Lung cancer is the most common cancer in the world. There is scarcity of research papers at national level on its sociodemographic dimensions. The present paper aims to correlate death from lung cancer with certain demographic factors. METHODS: Retrieved data from National Family Health Survey 4, Global Adult Tobacco Survey 2: India 2016-2017 and India: Health of the Nation's States were analyzed, as state and/or Union Territories unit of analysis. Spearman correlation coefficient and multivariate linear regression were used for finding out association with smoking, smokeless tobacco, alcohol consumption, second hand smoking, per capita income and use of clean fuel. RESULTS: Except Kerala, most of the states with higher death rate were confined to north India. Smoking (r = 0.575, P= 0.001), SHS at home and work (r = 0.476, P= 0.008 and r = 0.374, P= 0.042, respectively) were significantly related to deaths from ca lung. On regression, clean fuel was found significantly associated with ca lung mortality. CONCLUSION: There is need to put emphasis on tobacco cessation and primary prevention of smoking.

Doing more tests: Next challenge for Covid 19 in India.

In response to Coronavirus 19 pandemic, countries are struggling to contain its spread and save precious human lives. Like others, India is also trying to enhance testing capacity to identify every case and break the chain of transmission. Due to several constrains like geographic distribution of the laboratories, social stigma, prevailing lockdown, people are not being able to seek medical help every time they need. In addition, the states are not doing laboratory tests in similar frequency. In future, doing extensive tests would emerge as a major strategy for stopping the progression of the pandemic.

Factors determining institutional delivery in eastern part of India.

Objective: Institutional delivery (ID) plays a vital role for determining the outcome of pregnancy and ensuring care to mother and newborn. The present study aims to find out the correlates of ID from the eastern part of India. Materials and Methods: Data from National Family Health Survey 4 were analyzed for three states - Bihar, West Bengal, and Jharkhand, keeping district as a unit of analysis. Correlation and regression were used for finding out the determinants of ID. Results: Overall, 67.8% of deliveries were conducted in hospitals. All the three states were able to improve performance on related health parameters like antenatal care. After adjusting for other variables, on multiple linear regression, female literacy was significantly related to ID. Conclusions: Social parameters need to be focused for encouraging ID.

Causes of Death among Children Aged >5 Years in a Public Hospital in New Delhi.

Retrospective analysis was done for 3817 children aged 5-12 years admitted in a tertiary-care, public hospital in New Delhi between January to December, 2015. Mortality rate was 5.8%. About 47.1% deaths were due to central nervous system involvement; viral meningoencephalitis being the predominant cause. Overall, infectious diseases caused >80% of deaths. Public health interventions to reduce child mortality need to review such data for effective measures.