Combined use of QRISK3 and SCORE as predictors of carotid plaques in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: Because carotid plaques predict the development of cardiovascular events in RA, we aimed to assess if the combined use of the systematic coronary risk evaluation (SCORE) and the QRISK3 algorithms allows for the identification of RA patients with carotid plaques in a defined population-based RA inception cohort. METHODS: A set of consecutive RA patients without a history of diabetes, chronic kidney disease or cardiovascular events were studied by carotid US between 2012 and 2019. Modified SCORE (mSCORE) for RA based on the 2015/2016 updated EULAR recommendations and QRISK3 algorithms were retrospectively tested using baseline data obtained at the time of the carotid US assessment. RESULTS: A total of 466 (54%) of 865 patients had carotid plaques. Using dichotomized QRISK3 and EULAR mSCORE, 73.2% (95% CI: 68.4.8, 77.6) of patients with QRISK ≥ 10% and EULAR mSCORE < 5% had plaque. In this group, the diagnostic odds ratio was 5.79 (95% CI: 4.14, 8.10). However, if both algorithms were above their thresholds of high cardiovascular risk (QRISK ≥ 10% and EULAR mSCORE ≥ 5%), the sensitivity increased up to 83.3% (95% CI: 72.1, 91.4) and the diagnostic odds ratio up to 10.6 (95% CI: 5.13, 22.0). When the risk charts scales were used as continuous variables, both QRISK3 and EULAR mSCORE were found positively associated with plaque. For each 1% QRISK3 or EULAR mSCORE increase, the probability of having plaques multiplied by 1.14 and 1.22, respectively. However, the effects of both algorithms did not multiply by each other. CONCLUSIONS: . The combined use of QRISK3 and EULAR mSCORE allows for the identification of most RA patients at high risk of carotid plaques.

Reclassification into very-high cardiovascular risk after carotid ultrasound in patients with axial spondyloarthritis.

OBJECTIVES: Subclinical atherosclerosis, defined as the presence of carotid plaques, is more frequently found in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) than in healthy individuals. We sought to determine whether axSpA patients are more commonly reclassified into the very high cardiovascular risk category than controls after performing carotid ultrasound and if this can be linked to disease characteristics. METHODS: 343 patients diagnosed with axSpA according to ASAS criteria and 177 controls were studied. Disease characteristics and Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) were assessed in patients and controls. Presence of plaques and intima-media thickness (cIMT) was determined by carotid ultrasound. Multivariable regression analysis was performed to identify differences in the frequency of reclassification between patients and controls, as well as factors associated with reclassification in axSpA. RESULTS: Carotid plaques (36% vs.25%, p=0.010) and higher cIMT (0.641± 0.121 vs. 0.602± 0.115 mm, p=0.001) were more common in patients than controls. Reclassification into the high-risk category was greater in patients (34% vs. 25%, p=0.037). Age (beta coefficient 2.74 [95%CI 1.34-5.62] vs. beta coef. 0.63 (95%CI 0.40-0.99) in patients, interaction p=0.001) and serum LDL-cholesterol (beta coef. 1.03 [95%CI 1.02-1.04] vs. beta coef. 1.00 [0.99-1.01], interaction p=0.029) showed a higher effect on reclassification in controls after multivariable analysis. Although reclassification in axSpA was associated with higher ASDAS-CRP, BASFI and BASMI scores, these associations were lost after adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Patients with axSpA are more likely to be reclassified into the very-high risk category after carotid ultrasound than controls. The influence of traditional cardiovascular risk factors on this reclassification differs between patients and controls.

Cardiovascular risk stratification in axial spondyloarthritis: carotid ultrasound is more sensitive than coronary artery calcification score to detect high-cardiovascular risk axial spondyloarthritis patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the ability of Coronary Artery Calcification Score (CACS) and carotid ultrasonography (US) to detect high cardiovascular (CV) risk axial spondyloarthritis (ax-SpA) patients. METHODS: CACS and carotid plaques were assessed in 66 consecutive ax-SpA patients (51 fulfilling criteria for ankylosing spondylitis and 15 for non-radiological ax-SpA) without history of CV events. The Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) calculated using total cholesterol (TC-SCORE) was assessed in 64 patients without diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients and the median disease duration since the onset of symptoms were 49.3 and 14.5 years. HLA-B27 was positive in 47 (75%) patients. CV risk was categorised according to the TC-SCORE as low (<1%; n=33), moderate (≥1% and<5%; n=30) and high/very high risk (≥5%; n=1). Most patients with low TC-SCORE (27/33; 82%) had normal CACS (zero), and only 1/33 had CACS >100. However, carotid plaques were observed in patients with CACS=0 (12/37; 32%) and CACS 1-100 (10/16; 62%). The sensitivity to detect high/very high CV risk using only the TC-SCORE was very low as the algorithm only detected 1/33 (3%) of patients with high/very high CV risk. Ten of 33 (30%) high/very high CV risk patients were identified using a chart TC-SCORE risk ≥5% plus the presence of CACS ≥100 in patients with moderate TC-SCORE. The replacement of CACS with carotid US identified a higher number of high/very high CV risk patients (22/33; 67%). CONCLUSIONS: Carotid US is more sensitive than CACS for the detection of high CV risk in ax-SpA patients.

Implication of osteoprotegerin and sclerostin in axial spondyloarthritis cardiovascular disease: study of 163 Spanish patients.

OBJECTIVES: Due to the high incidence of cardiovascular disease in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), the search of potential biomarkers that may help to identify patients with high cardiovascular risk is of main importance. Therefore, in this study we assessed the implication of osteoprotegerin (OPG) and sclerostin (SCL), two biomarkers associated with cardiovascular disease and bone metabolism, in the clinical spectrum and atherosclerotic disease of patients with axSpA. METHODS: OPG and SCL serum levels were determined in 163 axSpA Spanish patients (119 ankylosing spondylitis and 44 non-radiographic axSpA) and 63 healthy controls by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Carotid ultrasound was performed in axSpA patients to determine the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis (by the identification of abnormally increased carotid intima-media thickness [cIMT] and presence of plaques). RESULTS: Patients displayed higher OPG but lower SCL levels than controls (p=0.02 and 0.001, respectively). Association of these molecules with some metabolic syndrome features was seen. In this regard, OPG negatively correlated with body mass index (p=0.04) whereas SCL levels were higher in hypertensive patients (p=0.01) and in men (p=0.002). However, serum OPG and SCL were not significantly correlated with cIMT values or presence of plaques when data were adjusted by age at the time of the study, sex, classic cardiovascular risk factors and anti-TNF therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest an association of OPG and SCL in axSpA with some metabolic syndrome features that are associated with an increased risk of CV disease.

Carotid ultrasound in the cardiovascular risk stratification of patients with ankylosing spondylitis: results of a population-based study.

OBJECTIVES: To determine if the use of carotid ultrasonography (US) may improve the cardiovascular (CV) risk stratification in patients with ankylosing spondylitis (AS). METHODS: A set of 127 consecutive patients without history of CV events, diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease that fulfilled definitions for AS according to the 1984 modified New York criteria were recruited to assess carotid intima-media thickness and presence of plaques. CV risk was calculated according to the systematic coronary risk evaluation (SCORE), the Framingham Risk Score (FRS) and the Reynolds Risk Score (RRS). RESULTS: Men outnumbered women (61.4%). The mean±SD age at the time of the study was 44.5±11.6 years. The median (interquartile range-IQR) disease duration was 13 (7-22) years. The median (IQR) BASDAI at the time of the study was 3.65 (1.7- 4.9). HLA-B-27 was positive in 77.2%, and syndesmophytes were present in 38.9%. Carotid plaques were found in 43 (33.9%). Regardless of the algorithm used for CV risk stratification, more than 50% of the patients classified as having moderate CV risk had carotid plaques. Moreover, 20.8%, 24.6% and 53.3% of AS that fulfilled the category of low CV risk according to the total cholesterol (TC)-SCORE, FRS and RRS, respectively had carotid plaques. A model that included patients with a chart TC-SCORE ≥5% or TC-SCORE ≥1% <5% plus carotid plaques or TC-SCORE <1% and CRP >3 mg/L at diagnosis plus syndesmophytes and carotid plaques or TC-SCORE <1% and CRP >3 mg/L at diagnosis plus extraarticular manifestations plus carotid plaques yielded the highest sensitivity (93.0%) for high/very high CV risk in these patients. The presence of syndesmophytes was associated with increased risk of carotid plaques in AS that fulfilled definitions for low CV risk according to the TC-SCORE (OR 8.75 [95% CI 2.11-36.40]; p=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the use of carotid US in the assessment of CV risk in patients with AS.

Single-organ cutaneous small-vessel vasculitis according to the 2012 revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides: a study of 60 patients from a series of 766 cutaneous vasculitis cases.

OBJECTIVE: Cutaneous vasculitis (CV) encompasses a wide group of entities characterized by inflammation of skin blood vessels. The term single-organ vasculitis was recently coined by the 2012 Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC) to define vasculitis affecting a single organ. To our knowledge there are no published reports on single-organ cutaneous small vessel vasculitis (SoCSVV). Our aim was to characterize this entity from a wide series of patients with CV. METHODS: We analysed cases of SoCSVV from a series of 766 patients with CV from a single university referral centre. According to 2012 CHCC, the following conditions were required to define SoCSVV: (i) skin biopsy showing characteristic leucocytoclastic vasculitis and (ii) vasculitis limited to skin. RESULTS: We included 60 patients (26 women and 34 men) with a mean age of 56 years. The main precipitating factors for SoCSVV were drugs [26 patients (52%)] and previous infection [17 patients (34%)]. The main clinical manifestations were palpable purpura (81.7%) and fever (18.3%). The most frequent laboratory findings were leucocytosis and elevated ESR. Nearly one-quarter of patients with SoCSVV required pharmacological therapy. Corticosteroids (15%) and NSAIDs (13.3%) were the main agents prescribed. After a median follow-up of 4 months, complete recovery was observed in all the patients, although relapses occurred in 8% of patients. CONCLUSION: SoCSVV defined according to the 2012 CHCC may be considered a benign disease usually associated with drugs and/or a previous infection.

Atherosclerotic disease in axial spondyloarthritis: increased frequency of carotid plaques.

OBJECTIVES: To establish whether subclinical atherosclerosis is increased in patients with axial spondyloarthritis (ax-SpA). METHODS: A set of 149 consecutive patients with no history of cardiovascular disease that fulfilled the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis International Society classification criteria for ax-SpA was studied by carotid ultrasonography. Carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and plaques were assessed. A series of 181 community-based controls with no cardiovascular disease were studied for comparison. To establish whether ax-SpA might have a direct effect on the risk of carotid plaques or an indirect effect via its putative influence on hypertension, dyslipidaemia or obesity, we obtained adjusted odds ratios (OR) for each clinical factor by the development of adjusted models. RESULTS: cIMT was increased in patients (0.621±0.123 mm) when compared to controls (0.607±0.117 mm) but the difference was not significant (p=0.30). Nevertheless, carotid plaques were more commonly observed in patients with ax-SpA than in controls (41.6% vs. 26.4%; p=0.003). Patients with plaques had longer duration of the disease than those without plaques (20.5±11.2 years vs. 12.0±8.6 years; p<0.001). Plaques were more frequent in patients with hip involvement (crude odds ratio 3.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.02-9.75; p=0.05), syndesmophytes (crude OR 4.94, 95% CI 2.14-11.4; p<0.001), in patients with higher functional limitation and mobility index measured by BASFI (crude OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02-1.33; p=0.03) and BASMI (crude OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.19-1.77; p<0.001), and in those with psoriasis (crude OR 3.94, 95% CI 1.31-11.84; p=0.02. However, except for psoriasis that continued being a strong risk factor for plaques after adjustment, the relationship between other clinical features of ax-SpA and carotid plaques disappeared in the adjusted models. CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with ax-SpA.

Golimumab in uveitis previously treated with other anti-TNF-alpha drugs: a retrospective study of three cases from a single centre and literature review.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this paper is to assess the clinical response to golimumab (GLM) in patients with non-infectious uveitis from a single centre that had previously been treated with other anti-TNF-α drugs. METHODS: A retrospective chart review was carried out of patients with immune-mediated uveitis refractory to standard synthetic immunosuppressive drugs who were treated with GLM at Hospital Universitario Marqués de Valdecilla, Santander (Spain). Patients were included in this study if they had previously been treated with other anti-TNF-α drugs. A literature review of patients with immune-mediated uveitis undergoing GLM therapy was conducted. RESULTS: Three patients (2 men and 1 woman) were included in this study. Two of them were refractory to other anti-TNF-α drugs. The median age of patients was 26 years (range 20-42). Uveitis was bilateral in two patients. The underlying diseases were uveitis associated with HLA-B27 and psoriasis in one case and sarcoidosis in the other two cases. Improvement of the main ocular parameters following GLM therapy was achieved in all cases. After a median follow-up of 3 (range 1-9) months using GLM therapy, none of the patients had experienced new relapses of uveitis. None of them had side effects during treatment with this drug. A literature review disclosed that our observations were in keeping with other reports that showed good response to GLM in 13 of 16 patients with immune-mediated uveitis refractory to other biologic agents. CONCLUSIONS: Although the follow-up was too short in our series, GLM could be an effective and safe therapy for the management of patients with uveitis previously treated with other anti-TNF-α drugs.

Revisiting clinical differences between hypersensitivity vasculitis and Henoch-Schönlein purpura in adults from a defined population.

OBJECTIVES: Hypersensitivity vasculitis (HV) and Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) are the most common entities included within the category of cutaneous vasculitis (CV). Palpable purpura and histological changes characterised by the presence of leukocytoclastic vasculitis are common in both conditions. Therefore, considerable overlap between them is often seen. It is especially true when the CV occurs in adults. To further establish clinical differences between these two conditions, in the present study we assessed the main clinical differences between HV and HSP in a wide and unselected series of adults with CV from a defined population. METHODS: We reviewed the clinical records of 297 consecutive adults (age >20 years) seen at a single centre between January 1975 and December 2012 that were classified as having HSP or HV according to the criteria proposed by Michel et al. (J Rheumatol 1992; 19: 721-8). RESULTS: Based on the inclusion criteria, 102 adult patients (71 men/31 women) were classified as HSP and 195 (104 men/91 women) as HV. The mean age was similar in both groups (55.8±16.5 years in HSP and 56.8±18.3 years in HV). Precipitating events, usually an upper respiratory tract infection and/or drug intake, were more frequently observed in HV. Both at the beginning of the disease and when the CV was established clinical manifestations were more frequent in patients with HSP than in those with HV. It was the case for gastrointestinal (57.4% vs. 6.8%; p<0.001), joint (51.5% vs. 36.6%; p=0.01) and renal involvement (86.3% vs. 18.3%; p<0.001). Corticosteroid (56.7% vs. 22%; p<0.001) and cytotoxic drug (19.4% vs. 3.2%; p<0.001) use was also more common in patients with HSP. After a median follow-up of 15.5 (interquartile range- IQR; 3-37) months in HSP and 4 (IQR; 2-12) months in HV, the outcome was better in HV than in HSP. In this regard, complete recovery (72.6% vs. 85.4%; p=0.01) was more commonly observed in HV while residual renal involvement (15.3% vs. 4.2%; p<0.001) was more common in HSP. The disease relapsed in 35.3% of patients with HSP and in 24.4% with HV (p=0.07). CONCLUSIONS: Our results confirm the claim that these two diseases presenting with similar cutaneous involvement are certainly two separate entities with greater systemic involvement and less favourable outcome in HSP.

Osteoprotegerin correlates with disease activity and endothelial activation in non-diabetic ankylosing spondylitis patients undergoing TNF-α antagonist therapy.

OBJECTIVES: Osteoprotegerin (OPG) has been associated with increased risk and severity of atherosclerotic disease in the general population. Since ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with accelerated atherosclerosis, we aimed to assess whether OPG levels correlate with disease activity, systemic inflammation, metabolic syndrome, adipokines and biomarkers of endothelial cell activation in patients with AS undergoing TNF-α antagonist therapy. METHODS: We assessed OPG plasma concentration in 30 non-diabetic AS patients without cardiovascular disease undergoing TNF-α antagonist-infliximab therapy. OPG levels were measured immediately before and after an infliximab infusion. Correlations of OPG levels with disease activity, clinical characteristics, systemic inflammation, metabolic syndrome features, adipokines and biomarkers of endothelial activation were assessed. Changes in OPG concentration following an infusion of anti-TNF-α monoclonal antibody-infliximab were also analysed. RESULTS: We found a positive correlation between OPG levels and markers of disease activity such as BASDAI and VAS spinal pain (r=0.497, p=0.01; r=0.390; p=0.04, respectively). No differences in OPG levels according to specific clinical features of the disease were seen. An inverse correlation between OPG levels and total cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol was also found (r=-0.451; p=0.02 and r=-0.411; p=0.03, respectively). A correlation between OPG and asymmetric dimethylarginine, a biomarker of endothelial cell activation, was also disclosed (r=0.533; p=0.01). No correlation between OPG level and insulin resistance was observed. An infliximab infusion did not lead to a significant reduction in OPG levels. CONCLUSIONS: OPG shows a correlation with markers of disease activity and endothelial activation in non-diabetic ankylosing spondylitis patients undergoing TNF-α antagonist therapy.

Reappraisal of the 1990 American College of Rheumatology criteria for the classification of cutaneous vasculitis: an analysis based on 766 patients.

OBJECTIVES: The term cutaneous vasculitis (CV) includes a wide and heterogeneous group of entities. The American College of Rheumatology (ACR) established a set of criteria to classify vasculitis in 1990. Our aim was to further investigate into the applicability of these criteria for the classification of patients with primary CV. METHODS: We analysed a large and unselected series of patients with CV attended to a university referral centre from January 1976 to December 2011. Patients were classified according to the methodology and criteria proposed by the ACR1990 core data set. Patients were also classified according to the same ACR 1990 database as proposed by Michel et al. in 1992 to differentiate Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) from hypersensitivity vasculitis (HV). RESULTS: We assessed 766 patients (346 women and 420 men) with a mean age of 34 years. Patients with cutaneous lesions in the setting of conditions different from primary CV were excluded. According to the 1990 ACR criteria, 405 (63.1%) of the 642 patients with primary CV were classified as having HSP and 230 (35.8%) as HV. However, 119 (18.5%) patients fulfilled the ACR 1990 criteria for both entities. In addition, 7 (1.1%) did not meet the ACR 1990 criteria for any of them and, therefore, they were considered as non-classified vasculitis. When patients with primary CV were tested for the Michel et al. criteria, 392 (61.1%) were classified as having HSP and 250 (38.9%) as HV. Frequent discordance between the ACR 1990 and the Michel et al. criteria was observed. It ranged between 18.4 and 21.7% for HSP and 32.2 to 38% for HV. CONCLUSIONS: According to our data, the ACR 1990 criteria are of limited value for the classification of patients with primary CV.

Tocilizumab in refractory aortitis: study on 16 patients and literature review.

OBJECTIVES: Non-infectious aortitis is often refractory to standard immunosuppressive therapy. Since IL-6 has been implicated in the pathogenesis of aortitis, we assessed the efficacy of the anti-IL6 receptor monoconal antibody tocilizumab (TCZ) in a series of patients with refractory non-infectious aortitis. METHODS: Review of 16 patients (14 women/2 men) with refractory aortitis diagnosed by imaging (CT angiography, MR angiography, and/or PET) that were treated with TCZ. RESULTS: The mean age±SD was 51.4±20.1 years. The underlying conditions were: Takayasu arteritis (TakA) (n=7 cases), giant cell arteritis (GCA) (n=7), relapsing polychondritis (RP) (n=1), and aortitis associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis (n=1). TCZ was the first biologic drug used in all patients with GCA and in the patient with aortitis associated with retroperitoneal fibrosis but in only 2 of 7 TakA patients. In the remaining cases anti-TNF inhibitors were prescribed before TCZ (standard dose was 8 mg/kg/iv/4 weeks). After a mean±SD follow-up of 11.8±6.6 months most patients experienced clinical improvement, showing reduction of erythrocyte sedimentation rate from 43±36 mm/1st h to 5±4 mm/1st h at last visit. At TCZ onset, 25% of patients had fever and 19% polymyalgia rheumatica. These manifestations disappeared after 3 months of TCZ therapy. A corticosteroid sparing effect was also achieved (from 27.3±17.6 mg/day of prednisone at TCZ onset to 4.2±3.8 mg/day at last visit). TCZ had to be discontinued in a patient because of severe neutropenia. CONCLUSIONS: TCZ appears to be effective and relatively safe in patients with inflammatory aortitis refractory to corticosteroids or to other biologic immunosuppressive drugs.

Patients with ankylosing spondylitis and low disease activity because of anti-TNF-alpha therapy have higher TRAIL levels than controls: a potential compensatory effect.

OBJECTIVE: TRAIL is a potential biomarker of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Ankylosing spondylitis (AS) is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with metabolic syndrome (MeS) and accelerated atherosclerosis. We assessed whether disease activity, systemic inflammation, and MeS features were associated with circulating TRAIL levels in AS patients undergoing TNF-α antagonist infliximab therapy and if infliximab infusion modified TRAIL levels. METHODS: We measured TRAIL serum levels in 30 nondiabetic AS patients without CV disease undergoing anti-TNF-α therapy, immediately before and after an infliximab infusion, and in 48 matched controls. Correlations of TRAIL levels with disease activity, systemic inflammation and MeS features, adipokines, and biomarkers of endothelial activation were evaluated. Changes in TRAIL levels following anti-TNF-α infusion were analyzed. RESULTS: TRAIL levels were higher in AS patients than controls. TRAIL levels displayed an inverse correlation with total and LDL cholesterol. We observed an inverse correlation with QUICKI and a marginal association with HOMA-IR. We also found an inverse correlation with resistin and a marginal association with apelin and OPN. Anti-TNF-α infusion did not change TRAIL levels after 120'. CONCLUSION: Elevated TRAIL levels in AS patients may be the result of a compensatory mechanism to reduce CV risk in these patients.

Sex-specific impact of inflammation on traditional cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis in axial spondyloarthritis. A multicentre study of 913 patients.

INTRODUCTION: The nature of the relationship between inflammation, cardiovascular (CV) risk factors and atherosclerosis in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) remains largely unknown and sex differences in this regard are yet to be assessed. METHODS: Study including 611 men and 302 women from the Spanish multicentre AtheSpAin cohort to assess CV disease in axSpA. Data on CV disease risk factors were collected both at disease diagnosis and at enrolment, and data on disease activity, functional indices and carotid ultrasonography only at enrolment. RESULTS: After a median disease duration of 9 years, patients of both sexes who at disease diagnosis had elevated acute phase reactants (APRs), more frequently had hypertension and obesity. The same occurred with dyslipidaemia in men and with diabetes mellitus in women. At enrolment, CV risk factors were independently associated with APR and with activity and functional indices, with various sex differences. C reactive protein (CRP) values were inversely associated with HDL-cholesterol in men (ß coefficient: -1.2 (95% CI: -0.3 to -0.07) mg/dL, p=0.001), while erythrocyte sedimentation rate values were positively associated with triglycerides in women (ß coefficient: 0.6 (95% CI: 0.04 to 1) mg/dL, p=0.035). Furthermore, only women showed an independent relationship between insulin resistance parameters and APR or disease activity. Both men and women with high-very high CV risk according to the Systematic Assessment of Coronary Risk Evaluation 2 and CRP levels higher than 3 mg/L at diagnosis of the disease presented carotid plaques significantly more frequently than those with normal CRP levels at disease diagnosis. CONCLUSION: Inflammation is associated with atherosclerosis and CV disease in axSpA. A gender-driven effect is observed in this relationship.

Cardiovascular risk stratification in rheumatic diseases: carotid ultrasound is more sensitive than Coronary Artery Calcification Score to detect subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the ability of Coronary Artery Calcification Score (CACS) and carotid ultrasonography in detecting subclinical atherosclerosis in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). METHODS: A set of 104 consecutive RA patients without history of cardiovascular (CV) events were studied to determine CACS, carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and plaques. Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE) modified according to the EULAR recommendations (mSCORE) was also assessed. RESULTS: The mean disease duration was 10.8 years, 72.1% had rheumatoid factor and/or anti-CCP positivity and 16.4% extra-articular manifestations. Nine were excluded because they had type 2 diabetes mellitus or chronic kidney disease. CV risk was categorised in the remaining 95 RA patients according to the mSCORE as follows: low (n=21), moderate (n=60) and high/very high risk (n=14). Most patients with low mSCORE (16/21; 76.2%) had normal CACS (zero), and none of them CACS>100. However, a high number of patients with carotid plaques was disclosed in the groups with CACS 0 (23/40; 57.5%) or CACS 1-100 (29/38; 76.3%). 72 (75.8%) of the 95 patients fulfilled definitions for high/very high CV as they had an mSCORE ≥5% or mSCORE <5% plus one of the following findings: severe carotid ultrasonography findings (cIMT>0.9 mm and/or plaques) or CACS>100. A CACS>100 showed sensitivity similar to mSCORE (23.6% vs 19.4%). In contrast, the presence of severe carotid ultrasonography findings allowed identifying most patients who met definitions for high/very high CV risk (70/72; sensitivity 97.2% (95% CI 90.3 to 99.7)). CONCLUSIONS: Carotid ultrasonography is more sensitive than CACS for the detection of subclinical atherosclerosis in RA.

Sex differences in cardiovascular and disease-related features in axial spondyloarthritis. A multicenter study of 912 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the potential impact of sex-specific disease-related characteristics on cardiovascular (CV) disease in axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA). METHODS: Cross-sectional study of the Spanish AtheSpAin cohort to study CV disease in axSpA. Data on carotid ultrasound and CV disease and disease-related features were collected. RESULTS: 611 men and 301 women were recruited. Classic CV risk factors were significantly less prevalent in women, who also showed a lower frequency of carotid plaques (p = 0.001), lower carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) values ​​(p<0.001) and CV events (p = 0.008). However, after adjustment for classic CV risk factors, only the differences with respect to carotid IMT remained statistically significant. Women showed higher ESR at diagnosis (p = 0.038), and more active disease (ASDAS, p = 0.012, and BASDAI, p<0.001). They had shorter disease duration (p<0.001), lower prevalence of psoriasis (p = 0.008), less structural damage (mSASSS, p<0.001), and less mobility limitation (BASMI, p = 0.033). To establish whether these findings could lead to sex differences in CV disease burden, we compared the prevalence of carotid plaques in men and women with the same level of CV risk stratified according to the Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE). Men included in the low-moderate CV risk SCORE category had more carotid plaques (p = 0.050), along with longer disease duration (p = 0.004), higher mSASSS (p = 0.001) and psoriasis (p = 0.023). In contrast, in the high-very high-risk SCORE category, carotid plaques were observed more frequently in women (p = 0.028), who were characterized as having worse BASFI (p = 0.011), BASDAI (p<0.001) and ASDAS (p = 0.027). CONCLUSION: Disease-related features may influence the expression of atherosclerosis in patients with axSpA. This may be especially applicable to women at high CV risk, characterized by greater disease severity and more severe subclinical atherosclerosis than men, suggesting a stronger interaction between disease activity and atherosclerosis in women with axSpA.

Factors associated with atherosclerosis in radiographic and non-radiographic axial spondyloarthritis. A multicenter study on 838 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To identify disease-related factors associated with subclinical atherosclerosis and cardiovascular (CV) events in a large series of patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) and to identify possible differences in the effect of the potential pro-atherogenic factors between ankylosing spondylitis (AS) non-radiographic axSpA (nr-axSpA). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional observational study of the AtheSpAin cohort, a Spanish multicenter cohort to study atherosclerosis in axSpA. Subclinical atherosclerosis determined by carotid ultrasound included assessment of carotid intima-media thickness (cIMT) and plaque detection. RESULTS: 639 AS and 167 nr-axSpA patients were recruited. CV risk factors (CRF) and several disease-related factors showed a statistically significant association with subclinical atherosclerosis in the crude analysis. After adjustment for age, sex, and smoking (model 1), associations remained statistically significant for spinal mobility, inflammatory bowel disease, use of prednisone, and Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARD) when assessing carotid plaques and for acute phase reactants (APR) at diagnosis, use of prednisone, DMARD, and TNF-inhibitors when measuring cIMT. In model 2, which also included classic CRF as confounding factors to identify axSpA features with a potential independent pro-atherogenic effect, the functional status was the only variable significantly associated with plaques and the use of prednisone and APR at diagnosis with cIMT. No association differences were found between both subtypes of patients. Besides, APR at diagnosis were also associated with subsequent development of CV events that had occurred in 33 patients. CONCLUSION: Apart from CRF, atherosclerotic disease in AxSpA is associated with disease-related factors such as inflammatory response and disease severity, with no differences between AS and nr-axSpA.

Cardiovascular and disease-related features associated with extra-articular manifestations in axial spondyloarthritis. A multicenter study of 888 patients.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the potential impact of extra-articular manifestations (EAMs) on disease characteristics and cardiovascular (CV) risk in patients with axial spondylarthritis (axSpA). METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study from the AtheSpAin cohort, a Spanish multicenter cohort to study atherosclerosis in axSpA. Data on the history of CV events, subclinical carotid atherosclerosis, and disease-related features, including EAMs, were collected. RESULTS: 888 axSpA patients were recruited. Concomitant acute anterior uveitis (AAU), psoriasis (PSO), and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) were present in 177 (19.9%), 96 (10.8%), and 57 (6.4%) patients, respectively. When compared with axSpA patients without EAMs, a significant increase in past CV events was observed in patients with PSO (9% versus 4%, p = 0.048) and in those with at least one EAM (7% versus 4%, p = 0.032) or with more than one EAM (11% versus 4%, p = 0.022). The frequency of carotid plaques and the values of cIMT were higher in patients with EAMs than in those without EAMs, although only the univariable analysis for carotid plaques in patients with PSO (39% versus 30%, p = 0.038) and for cIMT in patients with AAU (665 ± 156 µm versus 637 ± 139 µm, p = 0.042) and those with at least one EAM (661 ± 155 µm versus 637 ± 139 µm, p = 0.024) showed significant results. In addition, patients with PSO or IBD were found to have specific disease-related features, such as higher ESR at diagnosis, and more frequent use of glucocorticoids and TNF inhibitors than those without EAMs. Also, PSO patients had more commonly peripheral involvement and those with AAU more severe radiographic damage than those without EAMs. The frequency of HLA B27 was higher in patients with AAU and lower in those with PSO or IBD compared to those without EAMs. CONCLUSION: Patients with axSpA and EAMs, in addition to displaying their own disease-related features, are likely to have an increased CV risk that appears proportional to the number of EAMs and could be related to proatherogenic factors other than traditional CV risk factors, such as the inflammatory load and the use of glucocorticoids.

Irisin as a Novel Biomarker of Subclinical Atherosclerosis, Cardiovascular Risk and Severe Disease in Axial Spondyloarthritis.

Introduction: Patients with axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA) have a high disease burden mainly due to the rheumatic disease itself, and also exhibit accelerated atherosclerosis, that leads to a higher incidence of cardiovascular (CV) disease. Accordingly, the identification of biomarkers of CV risk and inflammation in axSpA patients is clinically relevant. In this sense, given the beneficial functions exerted by the adipomyokine irisin in processes related to CV disease and inflammation, our aim was to assess, for the first time, the role of irisin as a genetic and serological biomarker of subclinical atherosclerosis, CV risk and disease severity in axSpA patients. Methods: A large cohort of 725 Spanish patients with axSpA was included. Subclinical atherosclerosis (presence of plaques and abnormal carotid intima-media thickness values) was evaluated by carotid ultrasound. Four irisin polymorphisms (rs16835198 G/T, rs3480 A/G, rs726344 G/A, and rs1570569 G/T) were genotyped by TaqMan probes. Additionally, serum irisin levels were determined by ELISA. Results: Low irisin levels were linked to the presence of plaques (p=0.002) and atherogenic index values ≥4 (p=0.01). Serum irisin were positively correlated with C-peptide levels (p<0.001) and negatively correlated with visual analogue scale and Bath Ankylosing Spondylitis Metrology Index (p<0.05 in all the cases). Moreover, lower irisin levels were observed in patients with sacroiliitis and in those with a negative HLA-B27 status (p<0.001 and p=0.006, respectively), as well as in those treated with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and conventional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (p<0.001 and p=0.002, respectively). Interestingly, the TT genotype and the T allele of rs16835198 were less frequent in axSpA patients with ASDAS >2.1 (Odds Ratio (OR): 0.48 [0.28-0.83] and OR: 0.73 [0.57-0.92], respectively, p=0.01 in both cases). Additionally, the frequency of rs1570569 T allele was higher in these patients (OR: 1.46 [1.08-1.97], p=0.01). Furthermore, the GGGT haplotype was more frequent in patients with ASDAS values >2.1 (OR: 1.73 [1.13-2.66], p=0.01). Conclusions: Our results indicate that low serum irisin levels could be indicators of the presence of subclinical atherosclerosis, high CV risk and more severe disease in axSpA patients. In addition, irisin may also constitute a genetic biomarker of disease activity in axSpA.