Forty Years of Inferential Methods in the Journals of the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution.

We are launching a series to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the first issue of Molecular Biology and Evolution. In 2024, we will publish virtual issues containing selected papers published in the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution journals, Molecular Biology and Evolution and Genome Biology and Evolution. Each virtual issue will be accompanied by a perspective that highlights the historic and contemporary contributions of our journals to a specific topic in molecular evolution. This perspective, the first in the series, presents an account of the broad array of methods that have been published in the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution journals, including methods to infer phylogenies, to test hypotheses in a phylogenetic framework, and to infer population genetic processes. We also mention many of the software implementations that make methods tractable for empiricists. In short, the Society for Molecular Biology and Evolution community has much to celebrate after four decades of publishing high-quality science including numerous important inferential methods.

Performance of tree-building methods using a morphological dataset and a well-supported Hexapoda phylogeny.

Recently, many studies have addressed the performance of phylogenetic tree-building methods (maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and Bayesian inference), focusing primarily on simulated data. However, for discrete morphological data, there is no consensus yet on which methods recover the phylogeny with better performance. To address this lack of consensus, we investigate the performance of different methods using an empirical dataset for hexapods as a model. As an empirical test of performance, we applied normalized indices to effectively measure accuracy (normalized Robinson-Foulds metric, nRF) and precision, which are measured via resolution, one minus Colless' consensus fork index (1-CFI). Additionally, to further explore phylogenetic accuracy and support measures, we calculated other statistics, such as the true positive rate (statistical power) and the false positive rate (type I error), and constructed receiver operating characteristic plots to visualize the relationship between these statistics. We applied the normalized indices to the reconstructed trees from the reanalyses of an empirical discrete morphological dataset from extant Hexapoda using a well-supported phylogenomic tree as a reference. Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference applying the k-state Markov (Mk) model (without or with a discrete gamma distribution) performed better, showing higher precision (resolution). Additionally, our results suggest that most available tree topology tests are reliable estimators of the performance measures applied in this study. Thus, we suggest that likelihood-based methods and tree topology tests should be used more often in phylogenetic tree studies based on discrete morphological characters. Our study provides a fair indication that morphological datasets have robust phylogenetic signal.

Unravelling MADS-box gene family in Eucalyptus spp: a starting point to an understanding of their developmental role in trees

MADS-box genes encode a family of transcription factors which control diverse developmental processes in flowering plants ranging from root to flower and fruit development. Members of the MADS-box gene family share a highly conserved sequence of approximately 180 nucleotides that encodes a DNA-binding domain. We used bioinformatics tools to investigate the information generated by the Eucalyptus Expressed Sequence Tag (FORESTs) genome project in order to identify and annotate MADS-box genes. The comparative phylogenetic analysis of the Eucalyptus MADS-box genes with Arabidopsis homologues allowed us to group them into one of the well-known subfamilies. Trends in gene expression of these putative Eucalyptus MADS-box genes were investigated by hierarchical clustering analysis. Among 24 MADS-box genes identified by our analysis, 12 are expressed in vegetative organs. Out of these, five are expressed predominately in wood. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms performed by MADS-box proteins underlying Eucalyptus growth, development and stress reactions would provide important insights into tree development and could reveal means by which tree characteristics could be modified for the improvement of industrial properties