Fabrication of Various Carbon Nanotube/Nickel Nanocomposite Powders by Polyol Process.

We developed a molecular level mixing process for fabricating various types of carbon nanotube (CNT)/nickel (Ni) nanocomposite powders by a polyol process. A CNT/Ni nanocomposite was fabricated by two steps, dehydration of polyol and oxidation of acetaldehyde with the formation of diacetyl. Oxygen functionalized CNTs offer direct nucleation sites for Ni particles and strong chemical bonding between CNT and Ni particles. By controlling nucleation sites and nuclear growth, we successfully fabricated three different types of nanocomposite powders, CNT implanted Ni, Ni coated CNTs, and Ni decorated CNTs. Each type of powder was developed for various applications. During the sintering process, the implanted type retained CNT's crystal structure. As a conductive filler to other matrix, the coated and decorated type offered homogeneous dispersion and an enhanced conductive network. Various types of CNT/Ni nanocomposite powders show potential for remarkable development of bulk scale fabrication where exceptionally high strength and electric conductivity is necessary.

Synthesis of biologically-active reduced graphene oxide by using fucoidan as a multifunctional agent for combination cancer therapy.

A therapeutic reduced graphene oxide (RGO) is synthesized by using fucoidan (Fu) as the reducing and surface functionalizing agent. The synthesized Fu-RGO exhibits promising characteristics for therapeutic applications such as high dispersity in aqueous media, biocompatibility, selective cytotoxicity to cancer cells, high loading capacity of the anticancer drug, and photothermal conversion effect. Therefore, Fu-GO is successfully harnessed as a combinatorial cancer treatment platform through bio-functional (Fu), chemo (doxorubicin (Dox)) and photothermal (RGO with near-infrared irradiation) modalities.

Fabrication Process of Bilayer RGO/PEDOT:PSS Film for Flexible Transparent Conductive Electrode.

We developed a facile method to achieve a homogeneous coating of poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) on a graphene oxide (GO) layer with outstanding sheet resistance. We fabricated a transparent bilayer GO/PEDOT:PSS film as a flexible transparent conductive electrode (TCF). GO layer was coated on flexible PET and PI substrate by dip coating. The coated GO layers were modulated by their sizes and post heat treatment. The GO layers were thermally reduced and over coated with a PEDOT:PSS layer. Compared to the values of PEDOT:PSS, the sheet resistance of the bilayer film decreased by 5.2% and cyclic bending durability increased by 47.4%. The synergetic conductive network between the reduced graphene oxide (RGO) layer and the PEDOT:PSS layer resulted in low sheet resistance; the initial network retained under cyclic bending. The bilayer TCF film can be applied to multifunctional electrical devices for which flexibility and high conductivity are necessary.

Fabrication process and electromagnetic wave absorption characterization of a CNT/Ni/epoxy nanocomposite.

Since carbon nanotube (CNT) was first discovered in 1991, it has been considered as a viable type of conductive filler for electromagnetic wave absorption materials in the GHz range. In this paper, pearl-necklace-structure CNT/Ni nano-powders were fabricated by a polyol process as conductive fillers. Compared to synthesized CNT, pearl-necklace Ni-decorated CNT increased the electrical conductivity by an order of 1 due to the enhancement of the Ni-conductive network. Moreover, the decorated Ni particles prevented the agglomeration of CNTs by counterbalancing the Van der Walls interaction between the CNTs. A CNT/Ni nanocomposite showed a homogeneous dispersion in an epoxy-based matrix. This enhanced physical morphology and electrical properties lead to an increase in the loss tangent and reflection loss in the CNT/Ni/Epoxy nanocomposite compared to these characteristics of a CNT/Epoxy nanocomposite in range of 8-12 GHz. The electromagnetic wave absorption properties of CNT/Ni/epoxy nanocomposites will provide enormous opportunities for electronic applications where lightweight EMI shielding or electro-magnetic wave absorption properties are necessary.

Field emission behavior of carbon nanotube yarn for micro-resolution X-ray tube cathode.

Carbon nanotube (CNT) has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity and high aspect ratio for X-ray tube cathode. However, CNT field emission cathode has been shown unstable field emission and short life time due to field evaporation by high current density and detachment by electrostatic force. An alternative approach in this direction is the introduction of CNT yarn, which is a one dimensional assembly of individual carbon nanotubes bonded by the Van der Waals force. Because CNT yarn is composed with many CNTs, CNT yarns are expected to increase current density and life time for X-ray tube applications. In this research, CNT yarn was fabricated by spinning of a super-aligned CNT forest and was characterized for application to an X-ray tube cathode. CNT yarn showed a high field emission current density and a long lifetime of over 450 hours. Applying the CNT yarn field emitter to the X-ray tube cathode, it was possible to obtain micro-scale resolution images. The relationship between the field emission properties and the microstructure evolution was investigated and the unraveling effect of the CNT yarn was discussed.

Anti-Aging and Lightening Effects of Au-Decorated Zeolite-Based Biocompatible Nanocomposites in Epidermal Delivery Systems.

The main challenges in developing zeolites as cosmetic drug delivery systems are their cytotoxicities and the formation of drug-loading pore structures. In this study, Au-decorated zeolite nanocomposites were synthesized as an epidermal delivery system. Thus, 50 nm-sized Au nanoparticles were successfully deposited on zeolite 13X (super cage (α) and sodalite (ß) cage structures) using the Turkevich method. Various cosmetic drugs, such as niacinamide, sulforaphane, and adenosine, were loaded under in vitro and in vivo observations. The Au-decorated zeolite nanocomposites exhibited effective cosmetic drug-loading efficiencies of 3.5 to 22.5 wt% under various conditions. For in vitro cytotoxic observations, B16F10 cells were treated with various cosmetic drugs. Niacinamide, sulforaphane, and adenosine-loaded Au-decorated zeolite nanocomposites exhibited clear cell viability of over 80%. Wrinkle improvement and a reduction in melanin content on the skin surface were observed in vivo. The adenosine delivery system exhibited an enhanced wrinkle improvement of 203% compared to 0.04 wt% of the pure adenosine system. The niacinamide- and sulforaphane-loaded Au-decorated zeolite nanocomposites decreased the skin surface melanin content by 123% and 222%, respectively, compared to 2 and 0.01 wt% of pure niacinamide and sulforaphane systems, respectively. As a result, Au-decorated zeolite nanocomposites show great potential as cosmetic drug epidermal delivery systems for both anti-aging and lightening effects.

Surface Modification of Sulfur-Assisted Reduced Graphene Oxide with Poly(phenylene sulfide) for Multifunctional Nanocomposites.

The sulfur on the sulfur-assisted reduced graphene oxide (SrGO) surface provides the origin of poly(phenylene sulfide) PPS-grafting via SNAr mechanism. In-situ polymerization from sulfur on SrGO afforded surface modification of SrGO, resulting in enhanced dispersibility in PPS. The tensile strength, electrical and thermal conductivities, and flame retardancy of PPS-coated SrGO were efficiently enhanced using highly concentrated SrGO and masterbatch (MB) for industrial purposes. Three-dimensional X-ray microtomography scanning revealed that diluting MB in the PPS resin afforded finely distributed SrGO across the PPS resin, compared to the aggregated state of graphene oxide. For the samples after dilution, the thermal conductivity and flame retardancy of PPS/SrGO are preserved and typically enhanced by up to 20%. The proposed PPS/SrGO MB shows potential application as an additive for reinforced PPS due to the ease of addition during the extrusion process.

Ultrahigh strength, modulus, and conductivity of graphitic fibers by macromolecular coalescence.

Theoretical considerations suggest that the strength of carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers be exceptional; however, their mechanical performance values are much lower than the theoretical values. To achieve macroscopic fibers with ultrahigh performance, we developed a method to form multidimensional nanostructures by coalescence of individual nanotubes. The highly aligned wet-spun fibers of single- or double-walled nanotube bundles were graphitized to induce nanotube collapse and multi-inner walled structures. These advanced nanostructures formed a network of interconnected, close-packed graphitic domains. Their near-perfect alignment and high longitudinal crystallinity that increased the shear strength between CNTs while retaining notable flexibility. The resulting fibers have an exceptional combination of high tensile strength (6.57 GPa), modulus (629 GPa), thermal conductivity (482 W/m·K), and electrical conductivity (2.2 MS/m), thereby overcoming the limits associated with conventional synthetic fibers.

Mechanical Properties of Epoxy Adhesive Under Thermal Aging and Their Chemical Degradation Behavior.

Epoxy adhesive was analyzed under long term thermal aging and mechanical properties and chemical degradation were observed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Long term thermal exposure of epoxy causes a noticeable reduction in adhesive properties. We developed a predictive model of temperature and time dependent aging. The temperature dependent aging behavior of epoxy adhesive shows good agreement with conventional Arrhenius equations. Using XPS analysis, we also discovered a correlation between chemical degradation and the adhesive properties. Decay of C-C bonding ratio induced chain-scission of epoxy adhesive; increase of total numbers of C-O and C═O induced oxidation of epoxy adhesive during thermal exposure.

The design and fabrication of a multilayered graded GNP/Ni/PMMA nanocomposite for enhanced EMI shielding behavior.

A multilayered graded structure can maximize the electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding properties of a nanocomposite for a specific amount of a conductive filler in a polymer matrix. In this study, multilayered graded nanocomposites of graphene nanoplatelet (GNP)/Ni/polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were developed to achieve enhanced EMI shielding behavior. Both multilayered and monolayered nanocomposites were fabricated by controlling the compositions of GNP/Ni in the PMMA matrix. The contributions of the multilayered nanocomposite to EMI shielding were investigated and compared with the shielding effectiveness of the monolayered nanocomposite. The multilayered nanocomposite shows enhanced shielding effectiveness of around 61 dB in the X-band, which is more than three orders of magnitude higher than that of the monolayered nanocomposite. It has been confirmed that the measurements of reflection, absorption and total shielding effectiveness are in good accordance with the theoretically calculated results. The primary shielding mechanism was absorption due to conductive dissipation. The enhanced absorption of electromagnetic waves is attributed to an abrupt increase in the conductivity between layers in the direction of wave propagation in a multilayered nanocomposite due to impedance matching with the air and internal reflection between layers.

Highly Oriented Carbon Nanotube Sheets for Rechargeable Lithium Oxygen Battery Electrodes.

Lithium oxygen batteries are one of the next generation rechargeable batteries. High energy density of lithium oxygen batteries have been considered as a very attractive power option for electric vehicles and many other electronic devices. However, they still faced substantial challenges such as short cycle life, large voltage hysteresis, low gravimetric and volumetric power. Here we developed a highly aligned CNT structured sheet for favorable lithium oxygen cathode electrodes. We fabricated highly oriented CNT sheets by rolling vertically aligned CNT arrays. Highly oriented CNT sheets provide excellent electrical conductivity with favorable mesoporous structure for cathode electrode. As a result, the CNT sheet performed maximum discharging capacity of 1810 mA/gc. We found that electrical conductivity and pore distribution plays important rolls for improving performance in lithium oxygen batteries. This study suggests new strategies of designing highly efficient porous carbon electrodes for lithium oxygen batteries.

Direct Insulation-to-Conduction Transformation of Adhesive Catecholamine for Simultaneous Increases of Electrical Conductivity and Mechanical Strength of CNT Fibers.

Increase in conductivity and mechanical properties of a carbon nanotube (CNT) fiber inspired by mussel-adhesion chemistry is described. Infiltration of polydopamine into an as-drawn CNT fiber followed by pyrolysis results in a direct insulation-to-conduction transformation of poly(dopamine) into pyrolyzed-poly(dopamine) (py-PDA), retaining the intrinsic adhesive function of catecholamine. The py-PDA enhances both the electrical conductivity and the mechanical strength of the CNT fibers.

Extremely Elastic Wearable Carbon Nanotube Fiber Strain Sensor for Monitoring of Human Motion.

The increasing demand for wearable electronic devices has made the development of highly elastic strain sensors that can monitor various physical parameters an essential factor for realizing next generation electronics. Here, we report an ultrahigh stretchable and wearable device fabricated from dry-spun carbon nanotube (CNT) fibers. Stretching the highly oriented CNT fibers grown on a flexible substrate (Ecoflex) induces a constant decrease in the conductive pathways and contact areas between nanotubes depending on the stretching distance; this enables CNT fibers to behave as highly sensitive strain sensors. Owing to its unique structure and mechanism, this device can be stretched by over 900% while retaining high sensitivity, responsiveness, and durability. Furthermore, the device with biaxially oriented CNT fiber arrays shows independent cross-sensitivity, which facilitates simultaneous measurement of strains along multiple axes. We demonstrated potential applications of the proposed device, such as strain gauge, single and multiaxial detecting motion sensors. These devices can be incorporated into various motion detecting systems where their applications are limited to their strain.

Dry spun 3D woven carbon nanotube anode electrode for Li-lon batteries.

Although carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have extraordinary mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties, application of CNTs remains limited due to their unique nano-sized tubular forms. CNT electrodes have relatively high sheet resistance, which does not meet the industrial requirements of various electrode materials. Thus, there are still challenges for improving the performance of CNTs in real applications, particularly in terms of satisfying industrial requirements. In this study, to utilize CNTs in bulk scale electrode applications, we developed a dry spinning technique. The dry spinning technique is a solid state fiber spinning technique that provides an adjustable aligned structure. The dry spinning approach also offers a facile and inexpensive fabrication process, factors which are favorable for industrial scalability for fabricating electrodes. We demonstrate a multilayer stacking process for enhancing the performance for Li-ion batteries. Multi-layer CNT textiles have low sheet resistance and a 3D woven structure provides high surface area. The fabricated 3D woven structured electrode delivers a higher reversible capacity of more than 400 mA hr/g with high cycle stabilities.