The incidence of satellite cysts in keratocystic odontogenic tumors.

Renaming of the Odontogenic Keratocyst as the Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor by the World Health Organization (WHO) is based on the aggressive nature of this lesion. Satellite cysts founded in the walls of the original cysts may give rise to a new lesion formation. The aim of this retrospecitve study was to identify the existence of specific features according incidence of satellite cysts and the pallisading of the basal layer of the epithelium and to establish their mutual correlation. The histopathologic data of Keratocystic Odontogenic Tumor on the basis of new WHO's classification (2005) were analized. Prominent palisade basal cell layer was found in 415 (94.75%) and partially absent palisade basal cell layer in 23 (5.25%) cases. Satellite cysts were presented in prominent palisade basal cell layer in 85 specimens (20.5%) and in cases with partial absent of the palisade basal layer in 3 spicemens (13%). The higher the frequency of pallisading was the higher the frequency of satellite cysts was (p > 0.05).

Detection methods of immunoglobulin IgG in CSF and serum.

INTRODUCTION: This study represents a new approach to the extended analysis of correlation of findings of oligoclonal bands on gels and the level of intrathecal synthesis of immunoglobulin G in the central nervous system. Previous studies have shown that there is no correlation at this level as well as the number of tape or finding does not correlate with the forecast effect of therapy or patient outcome. AIMS OF THE STUDY: To determine the correlation of level of immunoglobulins IgG in CSF with the number of oligoclonal bands on the gel. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The retrospective study based on data processed in Clinical Immunology Clinical Center University of Sarajevo. Patients were assumed of multiple sclerosis according to clinical findings and magnetic resonance imaging. All CSF and serum samples were processed by nephelometry, isoelectric focusing on the gel. Statistical analysis of results was also performed by using SPSS statistical analysis program. RESULTS: Analyses were performed on 254 samples of cerebrospinal fluid and serum of patients from neurological clinic, suspected of multiple sclerosis. We concluded that there is no correlation between the level of intrathecal synthesis obtained by Reibergram with the number of oligoclonal bands on gels. We think that the reason could be a small sample of patients analyzed and it leaves room for future analysis on a larger sample. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: For most patients with established MS we found intrathecal humoral response, type two, and the number and arrangement of IgG bands generally does not change during the disease, because they reflect long-term non-specific immune stimulation rather than a specific immune response that during infectious disease changes (quantitatively and qualitatively).

Assessments of the socioeconomic status and diet on the prevalence of dental caries at school children in central bosnian canton.

AIM: The main aim of this research was to determine the influence of socioeconomic status and residence/living conditions on the status of oral health (e.g. health of mouth and teeth) in primary school students residing in Canton Central Bosnia. METHODS: The study was designed as a cross-sectional study. Our research included two-phased stratified random sample of 804 participants. The quantitative research method and newly designed survey instrument were utilized in order to provide data on the oral health of the examined children. The alternate hypothesis foresaw that "there were significant statistical differences between the levels of incidence of dental caries in comparison to the incidence in children of different socioeconomic status. RESULTS: The Chi square () of 22.814, degree of freedom (Df) = 8, coefficient of contingency of 0.163 and T-test (Stat) of-0.18334 showed that there were no significant statistical differences at p < 0.05 level between the primary school children from urban and rural areas. The obtained results showed that the caries indexes in elementary schools in Central Bosnia Canton were fairly uniform. Research showed that there were a difference in the attitudes towards a regular dental visits, which correlated with social-educational structure of the children's' families. CONCLUSION: According to the results, we can see that the socioeconomic status of patients had an effect on the occurrence of dental caries and oral hygiene in patients in relation to the rural and urban areas, because we can see that by the number of respondents, the greater unemployment of parents in both, rural and urban areas, caused a host of other factors, which were, either, directly or indirectly connected with the development of caries.

Financial aspects and the future of the pharmaceutical industry in the United States of america.

INTRODUCTION: The U.S. pharmaceutical industry is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as "companies engaged in researching, developing, manufacturing and marketing of medicines and biological for human or veterinary use". Besides its main role in improving human health, the US pharmaceutical industry represents one of the most critical, key decision makers' lobbying prone and competitive sectors in the economy. The cost in the environment of very limited government price regulation remains one of the major problems fuelling aggregate health care cost inflation. Pharmaceuticals have created huge benefits for public health and economic productivity by the means of saving lives, increasing life expectancy, reducing illness related suffering, preventing surgeries and decreasing hospital stays. PURPOSE: The goal of this review paper is to show the present conditions and future trends of the pharmaceutical industry in the U.S. METHODOLOGY: THIS PAPER REPRESENTS A THOROUGH LITERATURE REVIEW OF THE MULTIFACETED SOURCES INCLUDING: studies, books, peer reviewed journals, U.S. government sources (i.e. U.S. Census Bureau, U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis, etc.). DISCUSSION: In the thirty years pharmaceutical companies have consistently developed and launched new medicines, bringing hope to sick or - at risk patients. They also usually provide above the average financial returns for its shareholders. U.S. pharmaceutical companies had as their goal to discover blockbuster drugs. Blockbuster drugs are generally defined as drugs that solve medical problems common to hundreds of millions of people and, at the same time generate large sales increases and profits for the pharmaceutical companies. The main approach of these companies includes huge investments in research and development (R&D), innovation, marketing and sales. The trend analysis shows that for the most part the era of blockbuster drugs is nearing an end. CONCLUSION: Numerous blockbuster drugs will be coming off patent in the next few years, opening the way to generics and eliminating a major source of the industry's profits. Still, there is plenty of room for improvement in the medications people take while there is no shortage of human suffering to alleviate. It is doubtful whether big pharmaceutical firms will be able to pursue these goals within the old model of developing exclusive new drugs that can be sold further in the future. In the past, medicines for the ailments that were never before addressed, like anti-cholesterol or anti-depression drugs were developed. Currently, and in the future, it is expected that only blockbuster modifications will be developed. This phenomenon is expected to create market saturation, which will significantly reduce profits. The business model that drove the major drug makers' success is not working anymore. Pharmaceutical companies must create new ways and to bring new ideas. The survivors will be those that market strategies supported by innovative approaches and winning capabilities.