Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Non-ventilated Children in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Utility, Interventions and Safety.

Objective: To study the utility of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB), and its effects on oxygenation and hemodynamics in children while on respiratory assist devices. Materials and methods: The data of non-ventilated patients who underwent FFB during their stay in the PICU from January 2012 to December 2019 was retrieved from medical, nurses, and bronchoscopy records. The study parameters, demography, diagnosis, indication, and findings of FFB and interventions done after FFB, were noted, and also the oxygenation and hemodynamic parameters before, during and 3 hours after FFB. Results: Data from the first FFB of 155 patients were analyzed retrospectively. About 54/155 (34.8%) children underwent FFB while on HFNC. About 75 (48.4%) patients were on conventional oxygen therapy (COT) before FFB. There were 51 (33%) patients who had received mechanical ventilation and were extubated successfully. The 98 (63.2%) children had primary respiratory diseases. Stridor and lung atelectasis were indications for FFB in 75 (48.4%) cases and the commonest bronchoscopic finding was retained secretions in the airways. Based on the FFB findings, 50 medical and 22 surgical interventions were done. The commonest medical and surgical interventions were changes in antibiotics (25/50) and tracheostomy (16/22) respectively. There was a significant fall in SpO2 and a rise in hemodynamic parameters during FFB. All these changes were reversed after the procedure with no consequences. Conclusion: Flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy is a useful tool to diagnose and guide interventions in non-ventilated pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). There were significant but transient changes in oxygenation and hemodynamics with no serious consequences. How to cite this article: Sachdev A, Gupta N, Khatri A, Jha G, Gupta D, Gupta S, et al. Flexible Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy in Non-ventilated Children in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit: Utility, Interventions and Safety. Indian J Crit Care Med 2023;27(5):358-365.

Integrated view of molecular diagnosis and prognosis of dengue viral infection: future prospect of exosomes biomarkers.

Dengue viruses (DENVs) are the viruses responsible for dengue infection which affects lungs, liver, heart and also other organs of individuals. DENVs consist of the group of four serotypically diverse dengue viruses transmitted in tropical and sub-tropical countries of world. Aedes mosquito is the principal vector which spread the infection from infected person to healthy humans. DENVs can cause different syndromes depending on serotype of virus which range from undifferentiated mild fever to dengue hemorrhagic fever resulting in vascular leakage due to release of cytokine and Dengue shock syndrome with fluid loss and hypotensive shock, or other severe manifestations such as bleeding and organ failure. Increase in dengue cases in pediatric population is a major concern. Transmission of dengue depends on various factors like temperature, rainfall, and distribution of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. The present review describes a comprehensive overview of dengue, pathophysiology, diagnosis, treatment with an emphasis on potential of exosomes as biomarkers for early prediction of dengue in pediatrics.

Unique Challenges Faced by a Child with Standard Risk Leukemia in Post-COVID Era: A Case Report.

Children with malignancies are facing new challenges in post-COVID-19 era. We report an interesting case of a child on treatment for acute lymphoblastic leukemia having a very protracted course of illness with complications not often seen with standard therapy. It intends to make pediatric oncologists and intensive care specialists wary of potential newer complications. How to cite this article: Bhayana S, Kalra M, Sachdeva P, Sachdev A, Sachdeva A. Unique Challenges Faced by a Child with Standard Risk Leukemia in Post-COVID Era: A Case Report. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(6):733-735.

High soluble interleukin-2 receptor values in Indian paediatric & adult controls - Need for population-specific threshold in the diagnosis of haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.

Background & objectives: Elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL2R) is a diagnostic criterion for haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH). International guidelines propose a 2400 U/ml cut-off or individual laboratory-defined cut-off. However, sIL2R normal values are so far not known in Indians. So, this study was undertaken to measure sIL2R in healthy children and adults to establish age-related reference values. Methods: Healthy controls and cases (participants with persistent fever, organomegaly, cytopenias and biochemical markers of HLH) were prospectively enrolled. Serum sIL2R was measured by double-sandwich enzyme immunoassay in a standardization batch to determine the optimum cut-off value using receiver operator characteristic curve and was subsequently validated. Results: One hundred and forty six age- and sex-matched children (80 controls and 66 suspected HLH cases) and 55 adults (49 controls and 6 suspected HLH cases) were prospectively enrolled. The optimal sIL2R cut-off ≥23 ng/ml was defined as raised sIL2R in the standardization batch. No controls had sIL2R ≥23 ng/ml in the validation batch. In healthy controls, median sIL2R (interquartile range) decreased with increasing age from 9.0 ng/ml (6.6-13.4) below five years of age to 3.2 ng/ml (2.8-5.1) in adults. Proposed upper limit of normal value for sIL2R is 17.4 ng/ml in less than five year, 12.2 ng/ml in 5-9 yr, 6.7 ng/ml in 10-17 yr and 5.2 ng/ml in ≥18 yr. sIL2R accuracy to diagnose HLH marginally improved with age-appropriate cut-off. Interpretation & conclusions: Paediatric controls in India showed higher sIL2R levels than most studies conducted in other countries, except for some reports in Chinese and Russian populations. Age-appropriate reference values of sIL2R in a specific population may be considered to determine elevated sIL2R as a marker of HLH.

Tracheostomy in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit-A Two Decades of Experience.

AIM AND OBJECTIVE: To study the profile, indications, related complications, and predictors of decannulation and mortality in patients who underwent tracheostomy in the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective analysis of prospectively collected data of tracheostomies was done on patients admitted at PICU. Demographics, primary diagnosis, indication of tracheostomy, and durations of endotracheal intubation, mechanical ventilation, and tracheostomy cannulation were recorded. The indication was recorded in one of the four categories-upper airway obstruction (UAO), central neurological impairment (CNI), prolonged mechanical ventilation, and peripheral neuromuscular disorders). RESULTS: Two hundred ninety cases were analyzed. UAO (42%) and CNI (48.2%) were main indications in the halves of the study period, respectively. Decannulation was successful in 188 (64.8%) patients. Seventy-seven percentage UAO patients were decannulated successfully [OR (odds ratio); 95% CI (confidence interval), 2.647; 1.182-5.924, p = 0.018]. Age <1 year (0.378; 0.187-0.764; p = 0.007), nontraumatic, noninfectious central neurological diseases (0.398; 0.186-0.855; p = 0.018), and malignancy (0.078; 0.021-0.298; p <0.001), durations of posttracheostomy ventilation (0.937; 0.893-0.983; p = 0.008), and stay in the PICU (0.989; 0.979-0.999; p = 0.029) were predictors of unsuccessful decannulation. There were 91 (31.4%) deaths. Age <1 year (2.39 (1.13-5.05; p = 0.02), malignancy (17.55; 4.10-75.11; p <0.001), durations of posttracheostomy ventilation (1.06; 1.006-1.10; p = 0.028), and hospital stay (1.007; 1.0-1.013; p = 0.043) were independent predictors of mortality. Indication of UAO favored survivor (0.24; 0.09-0.57; p <0.001). CONCLUSION: The indications for tracheostomy in children had changed over the years. Infancy, primary diagnosis, length of posttracheostomy ventilation, and stay in the PICU and hospital were independent predictors of decannulation and mortality. WHAT THIS ADDS: Similar to developed countries, the age at the time of tracheostomy and indication are changing. Inability to decannulate and mortality were associated with the age of a child at the time of tracheostomy, indication, medical diagnosis, and duration of postprocedure mechanical ventilation and stay in the hospital. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Sachdev A, Chaudhari ND, Singh BP, Sharma N, Gupta D, Gupta N, et al. Tracheostomy in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit-A Two Decades of Experience. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(7):803-811.

COVID-19-associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Multicentric Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) associated with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a new entity affecting a small percentage of children during the COVID-19 pandemic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Demography, clinical, and laboratory variables of children admitted from April to September 2020 with MIS-C were studied retrospectively at eight hospitals in Delhi, India. RESULTS: We identified 120 patients [median age: 7 years (interquartile range (IQR): 4-10)] with male-to-female ratio of 2.3:1. Overall, 73 out of 120 children (60.8%) presented with shock, 63 (52.5%) required inopressor support, and 51 (43%) required respiratory support. We categorized the cohort into three observed clinical phenotypes: MIS-C with shock (n = 63), MIS-C with Kawasaki disease (KD) (n = 23), and MIS-C without shock and KD (n = 34). Atypical presentations were hypothermia, orchitis, meningoencephalitis, demyelination, polyneuropathy, pancreatitis, and appendicitis. Ninety-four percent had laboratory evidence of SARS-CoV-2 (78.3%, seropositive and 15.8%, RT-PCR positive). The median C-reactive protein (CRP) was 136 mg/L (IQR, 63.5-212.5) and ferritin was 543 ng/mL (IQR, 225-1,127). More than 90% received immunomodulatory therapy (intravenous immunoglobulins and/or steroids) with an excellent outcome (96% survived). CRP and absolute neutrophil count (ANC) were correlated statistically with severity. CONCLUSION: MIS-C data from Delhi are presented. Rising CRP and ANC predict the severe MIS-C. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Mehra B, Pandey M, Gupta D, Oberoi T, Jerath N, Sharma R, et al. COVID-19-associated Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome in Children: A Multicentric Retrospective Cohort Study. Indian J Crit Care Med 2021;25(10):1176-1182.

Association of Urinary Albumin:Creatinine Ratio with Outcome of Children with Sepsis.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to investigate the association of urinary albumin:creatinine ratio (ACR) with regard to the outcome of sepsis patients and to study the trends of ACR with severity of disease, organ dysfunction, microcirculation status, the use of inotrope, and mechanical ventilation use, and length of pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) stay. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In the prospective observational study, the patients with varying categories of sepsis admitted in the PICU with stay >24 hours were enrolled consecutively. Urine samples were collected at the time of admission (ACR1), 12 hours (ACR2), and 24 hours (ACR3). RESULTS: One hundred and thirty-eight patients including 56 cases of sepsis, 31 of severe sepsis, 22 of septic shock, and 29 of multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) cases were analyzed. There were 29 (21%) deaths. ACR (median, IQR) was significantly higher in nonsurvivors [ACR1 198.9 (111.2-329.4) vs 124.5 (59.37-294.5), p 0.03], [ACR2 213.8 (112.5-350) vs 117.8 (62.6-211.9) p 0.008], [ACR3 231.8 (99.9-441.2 vs 114.4 (44.1-240.3), p 0.005]. The ACR is increased progressively with the increasing severity of sepsis (p < 0.001). The performance of ACR operative characteristics was compared with that of PRISM and PELOD scores. In deceased, ACR was significantly correlated with blood pH, lactate, and base deficit. A cutoff value of ACR 102.7 mg/g had sensitivity 86.2%, specificity 40.4%, positive predictive value 27.8%, and negative predictive value 91.7%. The use of inotropes, mechanical ventilation (>48 hours), and mortality was significantly higher in patients with ACR >102 mg/g. The probability of death varied from 17.6 to 19% in the first 24 hours of admission. ACR was significantly cheaper as compared to PRISM score and PELOD score estimations. CONCLUSION: Urinary ACR, a cost-effective tool, correlates with the severity of sepsis and associated morbidity and mortality in children. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Sachdev A, Raheja K, Gupta N, Chugh P. Association of Urinary Albumin:Creatinine Ratio with Outcome of Children with Sepsis. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(6):465-472.

Flexible Fiber-optic Bronchoscopy-directed Interventions in Children with Congenital Heart Diseases.

OBJECTIVE: In children, pulmonary and cardiac diseases are closely associated, and their integrated evaluation is important. Flexible fiber-optic bronchoscopy (FFB) can be used for both diagnostic and therapeutic purposes in pediatric cardiac intensive care units (PCICU). The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of FFB in children with congenital heart disease (CHD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective, descriptive study was conducted at a tertiary care center in pediatric patients who underwent FFB in PCICU over a period of 6 years (2012-2017). RESULTS: Total 71 bronchoscopies were done in 58 patients with CHD with median age and weight of 2.5 months and 3.4 kg, respectively. Total of 20 different cardiac lesions were present among patients who underwent FFB. While 38 (53.5%) and 30 (42.3%) procedures were performed in pre-op and postoperative patients, respectively, 3 intraoperative bronchoscopies were also performed. The main indications for FFB were persistent atelectasis (42/71), prolonged oxygen requirement (13/71), stridor (8/71), and suspected airway anomaly (6/71). Tracheobronchitis was the commonest bronchoscopy finding (51/71, 71.8%) followed by tracheobronchomalacia (27/71, 38.3%). Cause of stridor detected in 7/8 cases. Associated preoperative and postoperative respiratory complications were detected and necessary interventions were done. These included slide tracheoplasty (5/58), tracheostomy (5/58), antibiotic change based on bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) cultures (11/71), and continued positive pressure ventilation (4/71). Nonconsequential complications were transient hypoxemia (10/71), bleeding (2/71), and transient bradycardia (1/71). CONCLUSION: Bedside FFB is a safe and a valuable diagnostic tool that also helps in guiding interventions in children with cardiac diseases. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Sachdev A, Chhawchharia R, Gupta D, Gupta N, Joshi R, Agarwal N. Flexible Fiber-optic Bronchoscopy-directed Interventions in Children with Congenital Heart Diseases. Indian J Crit Care Med 2020;24(5):340-343.

Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist: An Early Clue to Diagnosis of Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome.

Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) is characterized by shallow breathing during sleep due to negligible ventilatory sensitivity to hypercarbia and hypoxemia. It is diagnosed using a genetic test for PHOX2B mutation, which is not easily available. Neurally adjusted ventilatory assist (NAVA) is a spontaneous ventilatory mode that was designed basically for better adapting the ventilator to the patient by using electrical activity of diaphragm (EAdi) signals. We report a case of a 6-month-old infant who presented with recurrent apneas, where differential decrease in EAdi discharges during sleep using NAVA served as an early clue to the diagnosis of CCHS. Definitive diagnosis was later confirmed by genetic testing. HOW TO CITE THIS ARTICLE: Rauf A, Gupta D, Sachdev A, Gupta N, Gupta S, Kumar P, et al. Neurally Adjusted Ventilatory Assist: An Early Clue to Diagnosis of Congenital Central Hypoventilation Syndrome. IJCCM 2019;23(11):536-537.

Clinical and molecular characterization of Indian patients with fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase deficiency: Identification of a frequent variant (E281K).

Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphatase deficiency is an autosomal recessive disorder of gluconeogenesis caused by genetic defect in the FBP1 gene. It is characterized by episodic, often life-threatening metabolic acidosis, liver dysfunction, and hyperlactatemia. Without a high index of suspicion, it may remain undiagnosed with devastating consequences. Accurate diagnosis can be achieved either by enzyme assay or gene studies. Enzyme assay requires a liver biopsy and is tedious, invasive, expensive, and not easily available. Therefore, genetic testing is the most appropriate method to confirm the diagnosis. Molecular studies were performed on 18 suspected cases presenting with episodic symptoms. Seven different pathogenic variants were identified. Two common variants were noted in two subpopulations from the Indian subcontinent; p.Glu281Lys (E281K) occurred most frequently (in 10 patients) followed by p.Arg158Trp (R158W, in 4 patients). Molecular analysis confirmed the diagnosis and helped in managing these patients by providing appropriate genetic counseling. In conclusion, genetic studies identified two common variants in the Indian subcontinent, thus simplifying the diagnostic algorithm in this treatable disorder.

Refractory Status Asthmaticus: A Case for Unconventional Therapies.

Status Asthmaticus is a common reason for Emergency Room visits in children. Most of the asthma flares are successfully managed by use of ß agonist and steroids. If these therapies fail to halt the progression of asthma, a number of medical therapies may be used to treat it. However, the data supporting the use of these therapies are conflicting. We present successful use of Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation and isoflurane in a child with Refractory Status Asthmaticus.

Pre-decannulation flexible bronchoscopy in tracheostomized children.

OBJECTIVES: This study was aimed to evaluate the utility and benefits of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) prior to tracheostomy decannulation. METHODS: Besides demographic data, initial cause of tracheostomy, primary diagnosis, pre-tracheostomy and pre-decannulation bronchoscopic findings and duration of tracheostomy were collected from medical charts. The type of active intervention following bronchoscopy and outcome after decannulation were recorded. Departmental decannulation policy and procedure were used in all patients. RESULTS: Forty-nine tracheostomized patients who underwent decannulation attempt were included. The median age of the children at the time of decannulation was 3 years (range 4 months-16 years). The median duration of tracheostomy was 8 months (range 1-86 months). Prolonged mechanical ventilation was the commonest indication for tracheostomy. There were 45 abnormal findings on FFB in 36 patients. Airway granulation was the commonest abnormality (23/45, 51%). Successful decannulation without any intervention was possible in 23 (46.9%) cases. 12 of these had normal bronchoscopy. Fifteen (30.6%) patients required surgical interventions before attempting decannulation. In five patients decannulation failed, while in six children decannulation was not attempted after FFB. CONCLUSION: Pre-decannulation flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in children with tracheostomy helps in identifying the possible causes of decannulation failure and helps in deciding the appropriate intervention.

Hospital-acquired Hyponatremia in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to evaluate the etiology of hospital-acquired hyponatremia (HAH) and its effects on morbidity and mortality in the Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) patients. DESIGN: This study design was a prospective observational case-control study. SETTING: this study was conducted at tertiary care PICU. MATERIALS AND METHODS: All consecutive cases admitted with at least one measured serum sodium (PNa) value were evaluated. Those with normal admission PNa were followed till they develop hyponatremia (PNa < 35 mEq/L) 7 days or PICU discharge whichever was earlier. RESULTS: During the study period, 123 (19.6%) cases developed HAH and 126 patients remained isonatremic (control group). The admission PNa 138.8 ± 3.03 mEq/L decreased to 132 ± 2.58 mEq/L (drop of 6.68 ± 3.39 mEq/L, P < 0.001) in HAH cases. The use of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)-stimulating drugs (odds ratio [OR]: 2.83, P = 0.01), postsurgical status (OR: 2.95, P = 0.006), and fluid intake ml/kg (OR: 1.0, P = 0.001) were found to be significant risk factors in HAH group on multivariate analysis. HAH cases had prolonged PICU stay (P = 0.000) and mechanical ventilation (P = 0.01), but no difference in the mortality when compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS: HAH is associated with increased fluid intake, presence of ADH-stimulating drugs or conditions, and postsurgical status and has an adverse effect on the outcome of PICU patients.

Illness severity and organ dysfunction scoring in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.

The illness severity scoring systems provide objective measures for inter- and intra-unit comparisons with time and also provide useful information for comparing the severity of illness of patients, at the time of enrollment into clinical trials. These scores are an essential part of the improvement in clinical decisions and in stratifying patients with poor outcomes. Appropriate application of these models helps in decision-making at the right time and in decreasing mortality. However, it is also important to note that the choice of illness scores should accurately match the setting in which they are designed. In Indian setting, there is no Pediatric Intensive Care Unit illness severity score is designed until now as per our patient profile and resources. The purpose of this review article is to provide an idea regarding the evolution of illness severity scores in developed countries till date along with their utility. This review emphasizes the need for the development of pediatric illness severity score as per the local resources.

Chest trauma: A case for single lung ventilation.

Chest trauma is one of the important causes of mortality and morbidity in pediatric trauma patients. The complexity, magnitude, and type of lung injury make it extremely challenging to provide optimal oxygenation and ventilation while protecting the lung from further injury due to mechanical ventilation. Independent lung ventilation is used sporadically in these patients who do not respond to these conventional ventilatory strategies using double-lumen endotracheal tubes, bronchial blocker balloons, etc. However, this equipment may not be easily available in developing countries, especially for pediatric patients. Here, we present a case of severe chest trauma with pulmonary contusion, flail chest, and bronchopleural fistula, who did not respond to conventional lung protective strategies. She was successfully managed with bronchoscopy-guided unilateral placement of conventional endotracheal tube followed by single lung ventilation leading to resolution of a chest injury.

Refractory pediatric cardiogenic shock: A case for mechanical support.

Acute left ventricular dysfunction in children justifies aggressive treatment because of the high potential for complete recovery. The options for providing mechanical support to the failing heart in a child include extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, left ventricular assist devices, and the use of the intra-aortic balloon pump (IABP). The IABP is a commonly used method of temporary circulatory support in adults. However, despite the availability of pediatric size balloons, the usage of IABP for temporary circulatory support in children has not been widespread. Current case report, first from India in pediatric age group, aims to aware the pediatric intensivist about the role of IABP in providing temporary mechanical cardiovascular support in managing patients with refractory low cardiac output state.

Continuous renal replacement therapy in children with severe sepsis and multiorgan dysfunction - A pilot study on timing of initiation.

OBJECTIVE: Scanty literature is available regarding continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) utility in severe sepsis with multiorgan dysfunction syndrome (MODS) from developing countries. Author unit's experience in pediatric CRRT is described and outcome of early initiation of CRRT with sepsis and MODS is assessed. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Children aged <16 years with sepsis and MODS who required CRRT from September 2010 to February 2015 were analyzed on demographic factors, timing of initiation of CRRT, mode of CRRT, effect of CRRT onhemodynamics, oxygenation parameters, and outcome. RESULTS: Twenty-seven children required CRRT (male - 16). The median age was 11 years (range 1.1-16). Twenty-one had severe sepsis with MODS. Eighteen patients were given CRRT within 48 h of admission to Intensive Care Unit (ICU). Statistically significant improvement in the P/F ratio, decrement in plateau pressure and vasoactive-inotropic score were noted in survivor group compared to nonsurvivor group (P = 0.022, 0.00, and 0.03, respectively). There was no statistically significant difference in duration of ICU stay, fluid overload, CRRT duration, PRISM score at 12 and 24 h, percentage of decrease in inotrope score, plateau pressure, and percentage of increase in P/F ratio in relation to timing of CRRT initiation. However, the survival rate was 61.1% (11/18) who received CRRT within 48 h of ICU admission compared to 33.3% (3/9) who received after 48 h (P = 0.0001). CONCLUSION: Our study emphasizes the CRRT role in improving the oxygenation status and hemodynamics. Survival benefit may be expected in those children who receive CRRT early in the course of sepsis. However, multicenter RCTs are required to prove mortality benefit.

Understanding the burden of food allergy among urban and rural school children from north India.

Background: There is paucity of reliable epidemiological data regarding the burden of food allergy in most developing countries, including India. Objective: To provide current estimates of the prevalence and distribution of food allergy among urban and rural school children aged 6-14 years in Delhi and the National Capital Region (NCR) of Khekra in India. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from January 2022 to February 2023 to enroll school children, 6-14 years, from select urban and rural schools in Delhi and NCR. A questionnaire consisting of questions focused on household environment, early life factors, and pediatric food allergy characteristics was administered by a trained medical researcher to collect parent-proxy data. Univariate statistics were used to describe frequencies, percentages, and 95% confidence intervals for survey items. Results: The estimated prevalence of parent-reported food allergy was 0.8% (95% CI: 0.4-1.5; urban: 0.4%, 95% CI: 0.1-1.1; rural: 1.7%, 95% CI: 0.7-3.5). Fruits such as mango (0.3%, 95% CI: 0.1-0.9), strawberry (0.1%, 95% CI: 0.0-0.7), orange (0.1%, 95% CI: 0.0-0.7), and custard apple (0.1%, 95% CI: 0.0-0.7) were reported only by urban children, while rural children reported yogurt (0.6%, 95% CI: 0.1-1.8) and wheat (0.3%, 95% CI: 0.0-1.3). Both groups reported brinjal (also known as eggplant) and banana, 0.1% (95% CI: 0.0-0.7) of urban and 0.3% (95% CI: 0.0-1.3) of rural, respectively. Overall, commonly reported clinical symptoms were diarrhea and/or vomiting (100%, 95% CI: 76.2-100), abdominal pain (88.9%, 95% CI: 58.6-98.8), and rash/itchy skin (66.7%, 95% CI: 34.8-89.6). Among children with parent reported food allergy, 66.7% (95% CI: 34.8-89.6) of food allergies were physician diagnosed, of which 33.3% were diagnosed via history alone (95% CI:7.7-71.4) while 66.7% (95% CI: 28.6-92.3) were confirmed via skin prick test and/or blood test. Conclusion: The overall prevalence of food allergy is very low in Delhi and Khekra, India. Future work should focus on elucidating the complex interplay of early-life, environmental, genetic, and lifestyle factors to understand the reasons for India's low food allergy burden and improve epidemiological clues to prevention for the nations with higher disease burden.

Diagnosis of bacterial ventilator-associated pneumonia in children: reproducibility of blind bronchial sampling.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the reproducibility of blind bronchial sampling in patients with suspected diagnosis of bacterial ventilator-associated pneumonia. DESIGN: Prospective study. SETTING: Pediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care, multidisciplinary, teaching hospital in Northern India. PATIENTS: All consecutive patients on mechanical ventilation for >48 hrs were evaluated clinically for ventilator-associated pneumonia. INTERVENTIONS: Children with clinical ventilator-associated pneumonia were subjected to blind bronchial sampling twice. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: Sixty-eight blind bronchial sampling samples from 34 patients were analyzed for polymorphonuclear cells, the presence, type, and number of bacteria. Acinetobacter baumannii was the most common organism grown from distal respiratory secretions. For polymorphonuclear cells, the concordance between two blind bronchial samples was 85.3% and kappa coefficient was 0.65. The concordance for the presence and type of bacteria in Gram staining in two samples was 85.3% and kappa coefficient was 0.68. The intraclass coefficients for bacterial index and predominant species index were 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.65-0.91) and 0.89 (95% confidence interval 0.78-0.94), respectively. The use of prior antibiotics did not adversely affect the reproducibility of blind bronchial sampling. No major complications were recorded during the procedure. CONCLUSIONS: Blind bronchial sampling of lower respiratory tract secretions in mechanically ventilated patients generates reproducible results of quantitative and qualitative cultures. We suggest that blind bronchial sampling may provide valuable clue to the bacterial etiology in ventilated child with suspected clinical ventilator-associated pneumonia.

Utility and safety of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy in mechanically ventilated children in pediatric intensive care unit.

OBJECTIVES: To study the utility, safety, and effects of flexible fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FFB) on oxygenation status, ventilation parameters, and hemodynamics in mechanically ventilated children. DESIGN: Retrospective study. PATIENTS: Children aged >1 month to 18 years suffering from critical medical and surgical diseases. RESULTS: First bronchoscopy data of 131 patients were analyzed. Indication, FFB findings, the microbiological yield from bronchoalveolar lavage, and medical and surgical interventions based on FFB results were recorded. Hemodynamic and ventilation parameters before, during, and 3 h after FFB were also captured. The majority of bronchoscopies were done for diagnostic purposes with a positivity rate of 90.8%. Retained mucopurulent secretion in the airways was the commonest finding in 60 patients. A cause for weaning or extubation failure could be identified in 83.3%. Post-FFB radiological resolution of atelectasis was seen in 34/59 (57.6%; p-value: 0.001) chest radiographs. Forty-seven medical and 25 surgical interventions were done depending on FFB and BAL findings. There was a significant drop in oxygenation parameters and a rise in heart rate during FFB (p-value: <0.0001). The peak inspiratory pressure, positive end-expiratory pressure, and mean airway pressure increased significantly during bronchoscopy (p value: <.0001) while patients were on pressure-regulated volume-controlled ventilation. All these changes reversed to pre-FFB levels. There were minor procedure-related complications. CONCLUSION: FFB was an important diagnostic and therapeutic tool for mechanically ventilated children and the results helped plan interventions. It was a safe procedure with transient reversible cardiopulmonary alterations.