Pediatrician's cough and cold medication prescription for hypothetical cases - A cross-sectional multi-centric study.

BACKGROUND: Concerns over inappropriate use of cough and cold medication (CCM) in children have been raised. In addition to being ineffective, these are now considered toxic for young children. Despite this fact studies from some regions have shown high use of these medications by physicians. However data on pediatricians and from India are negligible. AIM: To study the burden and patterns of cough and cold medications use by pediatricians for hypothetical cases. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study; 172 pediatricians of various hospitals of Delhi and Haryana were enrolled from February 15 to March 15, 2012. They were contacted personally by authors and asked to write their prescriptions for two hypothetical case scenarios [having cough and cold] of two different age groups; (1) less than 2 years and (2) 2-5 years. We made two categories as recommendations exist for children less than 2 years while recommendations for the second category are underway. RESULTS were summarized as percentages, counts and; presented in tables and figures. Chi square test was used to establish association between categorical variables of subgroups. RESULTS: Response rate was 93%. The most used CCM was antihistaminics (82%) and systemic sympathomimetics (48%). The use of CCM was significantly less in teaching hospitals as compared to non-teaching (77% vs. 95%; p-value - 0.025). However there was no statistical difference in the practice of post graduates and more senior pediatricians (p value-0.895). No difference in CCM use in two age groups {(82% (less than 2 years) vs. 85% (2-5 years); p-value - 0.531} was observed. CONCLUSION: Overall use of CCM is still high irrespective of patient age, pediatrician's seniority or hospital setting. Efforts should be made to create awareness among the pediatricians regarding cautious use of these medications.

Procalcitonin for Detecting Culture-Positive Sepsis in Neonates: A Prospective, Multicenter Study.

INTRODUCTION: It is unclear if serum procalcitonin (PCT) estimated at sepsis suspicion can help detect culture-positive sepsis in neonates. We evaluated the diagnostic performance of PCT in culture-positive sepsis in neonates. METHODS: This was a prospective study (February 2016 to September 2020) conducted in four level-3 units in India. We enrolled neonates suspected of sepsis in the first 28 days of life. Neonates with birth weight <750 g, asphyxia, shock, and major malformations were excluded. Blood for PCT assay was drawn along with the blood culture at the time of suspicion of sepsis and before antibiotic initiation. The investigators labeled the neonates as having culture-positive sepsis or "no sepsis" based on the culture reports and clinical course. PCT assay was performed by electrochemiluminescence immunoassay, and the clinicians were masked to the PCT levels while assigning the label of sepsis. Primary outcomes were the sensitivity, specificity, and likelihood ratios to identify culture-positive sepsis. RESULTS: The mean birth weight (SD) and median gestation (IQR) were 2,113 (727) g and 36 (32-38) weeks, respectively. Of the 1,204 neonates with eligible cultures, 155 (12.9%) had culture-positive sepsis. Most (79.4%) were culture-positive within 72 h of birth. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative likelihood ratios at 2 ng/mL PCT threshold were 52.3% (95% confidence interval: 44.1-60.3), 64.5% (60.7-68.1), 1.47 (1.23-1.76), and 0.74 (0.62-0.88), respectively. Adding PCT to assessing neonates with 12.9% pretest probability of sepsis generated posttest probabilities of 18% and 10% for positive and negative test results, respectively. CONCLUSION: Serum PCT did not reliably identify culture-positive sepsis in neonates.

Neonatal Chikungunya: A case series.

Chikungunya virus is an RNA virus that belongs to the family Togaviridae, genus Alphavirus, transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. The disease usually manifests as fever, arthralgia and petechial or maculopapular rash. The illness is usually self-limiting. We report a series of neonates infected with Chikungunya virus, confirmed by ELISA test, showing that viral Chikungunya can be transmitted from mother to babies and its clinical presentation is that of septicemia or meningitis.