The Delta Delta: Gaps in screening and patient assessment for hepatitis D virus infection.

Hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection is highly prevalent in patients with chronic hepatitis B (CHB). AASLD guidelines recommend a risk-based screening approach. Our aim was to ascertain if the risk-based approach leads to appropriate HDV screening, identify targets to improve screening rates, and study HDV clinical burden. CHB patients screened for HDV from 01/2016 to 12/2021 were identified. Level of training and specialty of providers ordering HDV screening tests were determined. HDV seropositive (HDV+) patient charts were reviewed for the presence of individual risk factors per the AASLD guidelines to determine if they met screening criteria. The severity of liver disease at the time of HDV screening was compared between the HDV+ group and a matched (based on age, hepatitis B e antigen status, BMI and sex) HDV seronegative (HDV-) group. During the study period, 1444/11,190 CHB patients were screened for HDV. Most screening tests were ordered by gastroenterology (90.2%) specialists and attending physicians (80.5%). HDV+ rate was 88/1444 (6%), and 72 HDV+ patients had complete information for analysis. 18% of HDV+ patients would be missed by a risk-based screening approach due to unreported or negative risk factors (see Table). A significantly higher number of HDV+ patients had developed significant fibrosis (p = 0.001) and cirrhosis (p < 0.01) by the time of screening than HDV- (n = 67) patients. In conclusion, targeted interventions are needed towards trainees and primary care clinics to improve screening rates. Current risk-based criteria do not appropriately screen for HDV. It is time for universal screening of HDV in CHB patients.

Older patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma: Survival and prognostication across 20 U.S. cancer centers.

There is a paucity of large-scale data delineating outcomes and prognostication of older patients with primary central nervous system lymphoma (PCNSL). We retrospectively analyzed 539 newly-diagnosed PCNSL patients ages ≥60 years across 20 U.S. academic centers. The median age was 70 years (range 60-88); at least one geriatric syndrome was present in 46%; the median Cumulative Index Ratings Scale-Geriatrics (CIRS-G) score was 6 (range, 0-27); and 36% had impairment in activities of daily living (ADL). The most common induction regimens were high-dose methotrexate (HD-MTX) ± rituximab; methotrexate, temozolomide, rituximab (MTR); and rituximab, methotrexate, procarbazine, vincristine (R-MPV). Overall, 70% of patients achieved remission, with 14% undergoing consolidative autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) and 24% receiving maintenance. With 58-month median follow-up, median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) were 17 months (95% CI 13-22 months) and 43 months (95% CI 31-56 months), respectively. Three-year PFS and OS were highest with MTR (55% and 74%, respectively). With single-agent methotrexate ± rituximab, 3-year PFS and OS were 30% (p = .0002) and 47% (p = .0072). On multivariate analysis, increasing age at diagnosis and Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) performance status (PS) was associated with inferior PFS; age, hypoalbuminemia, higher CIRS-G score, and ECOG PS adversely affected OS. Among patients receiving maintenance, 3-year PFS was 65% versus 45% without maintenance (p = 0.02), with 3-year OS of 84% versus 61%, respectively (p = .0003). Altogether, outcomes in older PCNSL patients appeared optimized with HD-MTX combination induction regimens and maintenance therapy. Furthermore, several prognostic factors, including geriatric measures, were associated with inferior outcomes.

Evaluating the safety of intraprocedural chest tube removal during medical thoracoscopy.

BACKGROUND: Medical Thoracoscopy (MT) is a diagnostic procedure during which after accessing the pleural space the patient's negative-pressure inspiratory efforts draw atmospheric air into the pleural cavity, which creates a space to work in. At the end of the procedure this air must be evacuated via a chest tube, which is typically removed in the post-anesthesia care unit (PACU). We hypothesized that its removal intra-operatively is safe and may lead to lesser post-operative pain in comparison to its removal in the PACU. METHODS: A retrospective review was conducted of all the MT with intraprocedural chest tube removal done between 2019 to 2023 in adult patients in a single center in New York, NY by interventional pulmonology. RESULTS: A total of 100 MT cases were identified in which the chest tube was removed intra-operatively. Seventy-seven percent of cases were performed as outpatient and all these patients were discharged on the same day. Post procedure ex-vacuo pneumothorax was present in 42% of cases. Sixty-five percent of cases had some post-procedure subcutaneous emphysema, none reported any complaint of this being painful, and no intervention was needed to relieve the air. Seventy-three percent required no additional analgesia in PACU. Of the 27% that required any form of analgesia, 59% required no additional analgesia beyond the first 24 h. CONCLUSIONS: Intraprocedural CT removal for MT is safe and may decrease utilization of additional analgesia post procedure. Further prospective studies are necessary to validate these conclusions.

Association of Different Anticoagulation Strategies With Outcomes in Patients Hospitalized With Acute Pulmonary Embolism.

Background Therapeutic anticoagulation is the cornerstone of treatment for pulmonary embolism (PE), but the impact of different anticoagulation strategies on patient outcomes remains unclear. In this study, we assessed the association of different anticoagulation strategies with the outcomes of patients with acute PE. Methods A retrospective chart review of 207 patients with acute PE who were admitted to one of three urban teaching hospitals in the Mount Sinai Health System (in New York City) from January 2020 to September 2022 was performed. Demographic, clinical, and radiographic data were recorded for all patients. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess the association of different outcomes with the approach of therapeutic anticoagulation used. Results The median age of the included patients was 65 years, and 50.2% were women. The most common approach (n = 153, 73.9%) to therapeutic anticoagulation was initial treatment with unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin followed by a direct-acting oral anticoagulant (DOAC), while heparin alone (either unfractionated or low molecular weight heparin) was used in 37 (17.9%) patients, and another 17 (8.2%) patients were treated with heparin followed by bridging to warfarin. Hospital length of stay was longer for patients in the "heparin to warfarin" group (risk-adjusted incidence rate ratio of 2.52). The rates of in-hospital bleeding, all-cause 30-day mortality, and all-cause 30-day re-admissions did not have any significant association with the therapeutic anticoagulation approach used. Conclusion Patients with acute PE who were initially treated with heparin and subsequently bridged to warfarin had a longer hospital stay. Rates of in-hospital bleeding, 30-day mortality, and 30-day re-admission were not associated with the strategy of therapeutic anticoagulation employed.

Cardiogenic and obstructive shock: primary laryngeal synovial sarcoma with cardiac metastasis.

A man in his 20s with a history of laryngeal synovial sarcoma presented with dyspnoea. Imaging revealed a large right ventricular (RV) mass, which was resected, and histological analysis indicated synovial sarcoma recurrence. Within 1 month of RV mass resection, the tumour progressed with paratracheal metastasis. The lumen was nearly obliterated, and right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction led to rapid deterioration with mixed cardiogenic and obstructive shock. We present a rare case of primary laryngeal synovial sarcoma metastasising to the heart.

Drug Reaction With Eosinophilia and Systemic Symptoms-Associated Perimyocarditis After Initiation of Anti-tuberculosis Therapy: A Case Report.

A 34-year-old female who was recently placed on anti-tuberculosis medication with rifampin, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, and levofloxacin therapy for suspected tuberculosis reinfection presented with subjective fevers, rash, and generalized fatigue. Labs showed signs of end-organ damage with eosinophilia and leukocytosis. One day later, the patient became hypotensive with a worsening fever, and an electrocardiogram showed new diffuse ST segment elevations with an elevated troponin. An echocardiogram revealed a reduction in ejection fraction with diffuse hypokinesis, and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed circumferential myocardial edema with subepicardial and pericardial inflammation. Prompt diagnosis of drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) syndrome using the European Registry of Severe Cutaneous Adverse Reaction (RegiSCAR) criteria and discontinuation of therapy was initiated. Due to the hemodynamic instability of the patient, the patient was started on systemic corticosteroids and cyclosporine, with the improvement of her symptoms and rash. A skin biopsy was performed, which revealed perivascular lymphocytic dermatitis, consistent with DRESS syndrome. As the patient's ejection fraction improved spontaneously with corticosteroids, the patient was discharged with oral corticosteroids, and a repeat echocardiogram showed full recovery of ejection fraction. Perimyocarditis is a rare complication of DRESS syndrome that is associated with degranulation and the release of cytotoxic agents into myocardial cells. Early discontinuation of offending agents and initiation of corticosteroids are essential to rapid recovery of ejection fraction and improved clinical outcomes. Multimodality imaging, including MRI, should be used to confirm perimyocardial involvement and guide the necessity for mechanical support or transplant. Further research should be on the mortality of DRESS syndrome with and without myocardial involvement, with an increased emphasis on cardiac evaluation in DRESS syndrome.

EBV-positive PCNSL in older patients: incidence, characteristics, tumor pathology, and outcomes across a large multicenter cohort.

The objective of this multicenter retrospective study was to examine the incidence, patient characteristics, pathology, and outcomes associated with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-related CNS lymphoma (CNSL) in older patients. Among 309 CNSL patients aged ≥60, 11.7% had EBV + tumors of which 72.2% were solid organ transplant (SOT)-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (PTLD). Younger age, SOT or autoimmune disease, and immunosuppressive treatment correlated highly with EBV-positivity. EBV + tumors were associated with absent C-MYC and BCL6 expression. EBV + PTLD was more likely to be associated with the absence of CD5 expression. EBV + non-PTLD had better median OS (not reached) compared to EBV + PTLD (10.8 months) and EBV-negative patients (43 months). Multivariable Cox regression analysis showed that age, performance status, and PTLD were negative predictors of OS. EBV status and immunosuppressive treatment were not correlated with OS. Our findings merit further investigation of EBV + PCNSL tumors and EBV-directed therapies.