Altered immune response to the annual influenza A vaccine in patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms.

The seasonal influenza A vaccine is recommended for patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs). We hypothesised that immune deregulation associated with MPNs may affect the immune response gained following vaccinations when compared to healthy controls. Using deep immunophenotyping with high-dimensional single-cell analysis and mass cytometry we could demonstrate an altered immune response in MPN patients following vaccination. We found that prior to vaccination, MPN patients had reduced numbers of naive CD4 T cells. Furthermore, at 3-weeks and 3-months post-vaccination there was evidence of both delayed and impaired B- and T-memory cells responses. Thus, although, the immune systems of MPN patients can 'recognise' the Influenza A vaccine, the response appears inferior compared to healthy controls.

Allogeneic Anti-BCMA CAR T Cells Are Superior to Multiple Myeloma-derived CAR T Cells in Preclinical Studies and May Be Combined with Gamma Secretase Inhibitors.

Multiple myeloma remains an incurable plasma cell malignancy despite the rapidly evolving treatment landscape. Chimeric antigen receptor T cells targeted against BCMA have recently shown great promise in relapsed refractory multiple myeloma; however, all patients ultimately still progress from their disease. Lack of CAR T-cell persistence, impaired T-cell fitness in autologous CAR T-cell products and the presence of an immunosuppressive bone marrow (BM) microenvironment are contributory factors to treatment failure. We generated anti-BCMA CAR T cells from healthy donors (HD) and patients with multiple myeloma at different stages of disease to compare their T-cell profile, fitness, and cytotoxic activity in preclinical studies. We also used an ex vivo assay with multiple myeloma BM biopsies from distinct genomic subgroups to test the efficacy of HD-derived CAR T cells in a clinically relevant model. HD volunteers showed increased T-cell counts, higher CD4/CD8 ratio, and expanded naïve T-cell population compared with patients with multiple myeloma. After anti-BCMA CAR T-cell production, patients with relapsed multiple myeloma had lower frequencies of CAR+ T cells, decreased central memory phenotype, and increased checkpoint inhibitory markers compared with HD-derived products, which compromised their expansion and cytotoxicity against multiple myeloma cells in vitro. Importantly, HD-derived CAR T cells efficiently killed primary multiple myeloma cells within the BM microenvironment of different multiple myeloma genomic subgroups and their cytotoxic activity could be boosted with gamma secretase inhibitors. In conclusion, allogeneic anti-BCMA CAR T cells are a potential therapeutic strategy for patients with relapsed multiple myeloma and should be further developed in the clinic. Significance: Multiple myeloma is an incurable cancer of the plasma cells. A new therapy with anti-BCMA CAR T cells - the patient's own T cells genetically engineered to find and kill myeloma cancer cells - has shown encouraging results. Unfortunately, patients still relapse. In this study, we propose to use T cells from HD volunteers, which have a stronger T-cell fitness, higher cancer killing capacity, and are ready to be administered when needed.

Clinical and prognostic significance of small paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clones in myelodysplastic syndrome and aplastic anemia.

In this large single-centre study, we report high prevalence (25%) of, small (<10%) and very small (<1%), paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH) clones by high-sensitive cytometry among 3085 patients tested. Given PNH association with bone marrow failures, we analyzed 869 myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) and 531 aplastic anemia (AA) within the cohort. PNH clones were more frequent and larger in AA vs. MDS (p = 0.04). PNH clone, irrespective of size, was a good predictor of response to immunosuppressive therapy (IST) and to stem cell transplant (HSCT) (in MDS: 84% if PNH+ vs. 44.7% if PNH-, p = 0.01 for IST, and 71% if PNH+ vs. 56.6% if PNH- for HSCT; in AA: 78 vs. 50% for IST, p < 0.0001, and 97 vs. 77%, p = 0.01 for HSCT). PNH positivity had a favorable impact on disease progression (0.6% vs. 4.9% IPSS-progression in MDS, p < 0.005; and 2.1 vs. 6.9% progression to MDS in AA, p = 0.01), leukemic evolution (6.8 vs. 12.7%, p = 0.01 in MDS), and overall survival [73% (95% CI 68-77) vs. 51% (48-54), p < 0.0001], with a relative HR for mortality of 2.37 (95% CI 1.8-3.1; p < 0.0001) in PNH negative cases, both in univariate and multivariable analysis. Our data suggest systematic PNH testing in AA/MDS, as it might allow better prediction/prognostication and consequent clinical/laboratory follow-up timing.

Monitoring Allogeneic CAR-T Cells Using Flow Cytometry.

Chimeric antigen receptor T cell (CAR-T) therapies have now entered mainstream clinical practice with two approved autologous CAR-T products targeting CD19 and numerous other products in early and late phase clinical trials. This has led to a demand for highly sensitive, specific, and easily reproducible methods to monitor CAR-T cells in patients. Here we describe a flow cytometry based protocol for detection of allogeneic CAR-T cells and for monitoring their phenotype and numbers in blood and bone marrow of patients following CAR-T treatment.